Soil and Environmental Science DICTIONARY - Part 4 (end) pps

Appendix A 562 UnitsTABLE A.3 Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units Soil Science Society of America, 1997 To Convert Column 1 into Column 2, Multiply by Column 1 SI Unit Column 2

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Appendix A

UNITS

TABLE A.1

SI Prefixes

TABLE A.2

SI Base Units

SI Base Unit

3115_book Page 561 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM

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Appendix A 562 Units

TABLE A.3

Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units (Soil Science Society of America, 1997)

To Convert Column 1 into

Column 2, Multiply by Column 1 SI Unit Column 2 non-SI Units

To Convert Column 2 into Column 1, Multiply by Length

Area

Volume

Mass

Yield and Rate

continued

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ton (2000 lb) per acre, ton

2.24

Specific Surface

square centimeter per

0.1

square millimeter per

0.001

Pressure

gram per cubic centimeter,

1.00

Temperature

Energy, Work, Quantity of Heat

centimeter (langley)

centimeter minute

698

minute (irradiance), cal

Transpiration and Photosynthesis

gram per square decimeter

27.8

square centimeter

180

milligram per square centimeter second, mg

104

TABLE A.3 (continued)

To Convert Column 2 into Column 1, Multiply by

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milligram per square

h-1

Plane Angle

Electrical Conductivity, Electricity, and Magnetism

0.1

Water Measurement

ft3 s-1

101.9

0.227

Concentrations

milliequivalent per 100

1

Radioactivity

man)

0.01

Plant Nutrient Conversion

TABLE A.3 (continued)

To Convert Column 2 into Column 1, Multiply by

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Appendix B

SOIL PROPERTIES

TABLE B.1 Types and Classes of Soil Structure

Structureless: no observable aggregation or

no deÞnite orderly arrangement around natural lines of weakness

Single grain structure: loose, incoherent mass of individual particles as in sands

Amorphous (massive) structure: a coherent mass showing no evidence

of any distinct arrangement of soil particles

Blocklike: soil particles are arranged around a point and bounded by ßat or rounded surfaces

Blocky (angular blocky): faces rectangular and ßattened, vertices sharply angular

Fine blocky Medium blocky Coarse blocky Very coarse blocky

<10 10-20 20-50

>50

Subangular blocky: faces subrectangular, vertices mostly oblique, or subrounded

Fine subangular blocky Medium subangular blocky Coarse subangular blocky Very coarse subangular blocky

<10 10-20 20-50

>50

Granular: spheroidal and characterized by rounded vertices

Fine granular Medium granular Coarse granular

<2 2-5 5-10

Platelike: soil particles are arranged around a horizontal plane and generally bounded

by relatively ßat horizontal surfaces

Platy structure: horizontal planes more or less developed

Fine platy Medium platy Coarse platy

<2 2-5

>5

Prismlike: soil particles are arranged around a vertical axis and bounded

by relatively ßat vertical surfaces

Prismatic structure: vertical faces well deÞned, and edges sharp

Fine prismatic Medium prismatic Coarse prismatic Very coarse prismatic

<20 20-50 50-100

>100

Columnar structure: vertical edges near top of columns not sharp; columns ßat-topped, round-topped or irregular

Fine columnar Medium columnar Coarse columnar Very coarse columnar

<20 20-50 50-100

>100 3115_book Page 565 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM

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Appendix B 566 Soil Properties

FIGURE B.1 Types, kinds, and classes of soil structure. Reproduced from Soil Classification Working Group

(1998), with permission of NRC Research Press, Ottawa

FIGURE B.2 Soil texture classes Percentages of clay and sand in the main textural classes of soil; the

NRC Research Press, Ottawa

fine

<2mm

medium 2–5mm

fine <2mm

coarse >5mm medium 2–5mm Larger

fine

<10mm medium

10–20mm

very coarse >50mm

fine

<10mm

medium 10–20mm

coarse 20–50mm

very coarse >50mm

fine prismatic including spikelike

fine columnar flat top fine columnarround top

medium columnar flat or round top medium prismatic

fine prismatic medium blocky

fine blocky

medium blocky

fine blocky fine

blocky

Platy Granular

coarse 5–10mm

Angular Blocky

Fine Prismlike Structures

<20mm

Medium Prismlike

20–50mm

Subangular Blocky

faces less than 5 sides

faces more than 5 sides

fine columnar

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

HC

SiC

SC

Si

SL

LS S

0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

C

SCL

HC heavy clay

C clay SiC silty clay SiCL silty clay loam

CL clay loam

SC sandy clay SiL silty loam

L loam SCL sandy clay loam

SL sandy loam

Si silt

LS loamy sand

S sand

Percent sand

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Appendix C

GEOLOGICAL TIMESCALE

TABLE C.1 The Geological Time Scale and Major Geological and Biological Events

Years BP (Millions) Epoch Major Events

beings

Homo sapiens

orogenies; early homonid evolution

apes evolve

and Himalayas; mammalian evolution

Antarctica separate; widespread mammals

evolution; early primates

dinosaurs become extinct; angiosperms and insects emerge

gymnosperms dominant

appear; gymnosperms and ferns dominant

complete; glaciation; reptiles evolve

glaciation; age of amphibians; insects and reptiles evolve; extensive forests

land plants evolve

fungi evolve

evolve

continued

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Appendix C 568 geological timescale

about 1.5 billion years ago, and multi-celled animals about 0.7 billion years ago

fossil record aged about 3.8 billion years

TABLE C.1 (continued) The Geological Time Scale and Major Geological and Biological Events

Years BP (Millions) Epoch Major Events

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Appendix D

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

TABLE D.1 Soil Classification at Levels of Order, Great Group, and Subgroup

Eluviated Melanic Brunisol Gleyed Melanic Brunisol Gleyed Eluviated Melanic Brunisol

Eluviated Eutric Brunisol Gleyed Eutric Brunisol Gleyed Eluviated Eutric Brunisol

Eluviated Sombric Brunisol Duric Sombric Brunisol Gleyed Sombric Brunisol Gleyed Eluviated Sombric Brunisol

Eluviated Dystric Brunisol Duric Dystric Brunisol Gleyed Dystric Brunisol Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol

Rego Brown Chernozem Calcareous Brown Chernozem Eluviated Brown Chernozem Solonetzic Brown Chernozem Vertic Brown Chernozem Gleyed Brown Chernozem Gleyed Rego Brown Chernozem Gleyed Calcareous Brown Chernozem Gleyed Eluviated Brown Chernozem Gleyed Solonetzic Brown Chernozem Gleyed Vertic Brown Chernozem

Rego Dark Brown Chernozem Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozem Eluviated Dark Brown Chernozem Solonetzic Dark Brown Chernozem Vertic Dark Brown Chernozem Gleyed Dark Brown Chernozem Gleyed Rego Dark Brown Chernozem Gleyed Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozem

continued

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Appendix D 570 Table D.1

Gleyed Eluviated Dark Brown Chernozem Gleyed Solonetzic Dark Brown Chernozem Gleyed Vertic Dark Brown Chernozem

Rego Black Chernozem Calcareous Black Chernozem Eluviated Black Chernozem Solonetzic Black Chernozem Vertic Black Chernozem Gleyed Black Chernozem Gleyed Rego Black Chernozem Gleyed Calcareous Black Chernozem Gleyed Eluviated Black Chernozem Gleyed Solonetzic Black Chernozem Gleyed Vertic Black Chernozem

Rego Dark Gray Chernozem Calcareous Dark Gray Chernozem Solonetzic Dark Gray Chernozem Vertic Dark Gray Chernozem Gleyed Dark Gray Chernozem Gleyed Rego Dark Gray Chernozem Gleyed Calcareous Dark Gray Chernozem Gleyed Solonetzic Dark Gray Chernozem Gleyed Vertic Dark Gray Chernozem

Orthic Dystric Turbic Cryosol Brunisolic Eutric Turbic Cryosol Brunisolic Dystric Turbic Cryosol Gleysolic Turbic Cryosol Regosolic Turbic Cryosol Histic Eutric Turbic Cryosol Histic Dystric Turbic Cryosol Histic Regosolic Turbic Cryosol

Orthic Dystric Static Cryosol Brunisolic Eutric Static Cryosol Brunisolic Dystric Static Cryosol Luvisolic Static Cryosol Gleysolic Static Cryosol Regosolic Static Cryosol Histic Eutric Static Cryosol Histic Dystric Static Cryosol Histic Regosolic Static Cryosol

Mesic Organic Cryosol Humic Organic Cryosol Terric Fibric Organic Cryosol

continued

TABLE D.1 (CONTINUED) Soil Classification at Levels of Order, Great Group, and Subgroup

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Terric Mesic Organic Cryosol Terric Humic Organic Cryosol Glacic Organic Cryosol

Fragic Luvic Gleysol Humic Luvic Gleysol Fera Luvic Gleysol Orthic Luvic Gleysol Vertic Luvic Gleysol

Fera Humic Gleysol Orthic Humic Gleysol Rego Humic Gleysol Vertic Humic Gleysol

Fera Gleysol Orthic Gleysol Rego Gleysol Vertic Gleysol

Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol Podzolic Gray Brown Luvisol Vertic Gray Brown Luvisol Gleyed Gray Brown Luvisol Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisol Gleyed Podzolic Gray Brown Luvisol Gleyed Vertic Gray Brown Luvisol

Dark Gray Luvisol Brunisolic Gray Luvisol Podzolic Gray Luvisol Solonetzic Gray Luvisol Fragic Gray Luvisol Vertic Gray Luvisol Gleyed Gray Luvisol Gleyed Dark Gray Luvisol Gleyed Brunisolic Gray Luvisol Gleyed Podzolic Gray Luvisol Gleyed Solonetzic Gray Luvisol Gleyed Fragic Gray Luvisol Gleyed Vertic Gray Luvisol

Mesic Fibrisol Humic Fibrisol Limnic Fibrisol Cumulic Fibrisol Terric Fibrisol

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Terric Humic Fibrisol Hydric Fibrisol

Fibric Mesisol Humic Mesisol Limnic Mesisol Cumulic Mesisol Terric Mesisol Terric Fibric Mesisol Terric Humic Mesisol Hydric Mesisol

Fibric Humisol Mesic Humisol Limnic Humisol Cumulic Humisol Terric Humisol Terric Fibric Humisol Terric Mesic Humisol Hydric Humisol

Humic Folisol Lignic Folisol Histic Folisol

Ortstein Humic Podzol Placic Humic Podzol Duric Humic Podzol Fragic Humic Podzol

Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol Duric Ferro-Humic Podzol Fragic Ferro-Humic Podzol Luvisolic Ferro-Humic Podzol Sombric Ferro-Humic Podzol Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol Gleyed Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol Gleyed Sombric Ferro-Humic Podzol

Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol Placic Humo-Ferric Podzol Duric Humo-Ferric Podzol Fragic Humo-Ferric Podzol Luvisolic Humo-Ferric Podzol Sombric Humo-Ferric Podzol Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol Gleyed Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol

continued

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Gleyed Sombric Humo-Ferric Podzol

Cumulic Regosol Gleyed Regosol Gleyed Cumulic Regosol

Cumulic Humic Regosol Gleyed Humic Regosol Gleyed Cumulic Humic Regosol

Dark Brown Solonetz Black Solonetz Alkaline Solonetz Gleyed Brown Solonetz Gleyed Dark Brown Solonetz Gleyed Black Solonetz

Dark Brown Solodized Solonetz Black Solodized Solonetz Dark Gray Solodized Solonetz Gray Solodized Solonetz Gleyed Brown Solodized Solonetz Gleyed Dark Brown Solodized Solonetz Gleyed Black Solodized Solonetz Gleyed Dark Gray Solodized Solonetz Gleyed Gray Solodized Solonetz

Dark Brown Solod Black Solod Dark Gray Solod Gray Solod Gleyed Brown Solod Gleyed Dark Brown Solod Gleyed Black Solod Gleyed Dark Gray Solod Gleyed Gray Solod

Dark Brown Vertic Solonetz BlackVertic Solonetz Gleyed Brown Vertic Solonetz Gleyed Dark Brown Vertic Solonetz Gleyed BlackVertic Solonetz

Gleyed Vertisol Gleysolic Vertisol Humic Vertisol Orthic Humic Vertisol Gleyed Humic Vertisol Gleysolic Humic Vertisol

TABLE D.1 (CONTINUED)

Soil Classification at Levels of Order, Great Group, and Subgroup

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TABLE D.2

Correlation of Horizon Definitions and Designations

(U.S and FAO limits): lower limit of organic horizons ranges proportionately from 20% organic matter (OM) with 0% clay to 30%

OM with >50% clay

OM ranges proportionately from 20% OM with 0% clay to 30% OM with clay >50%

C to Fep ratio

Other suffixes

May be used with A, B, or C horizons

continued

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(U.S and FAO limits): y - gypsum, z - other more soluble salts

* 17% organic C is equivalent to about 30% organic matter

TABLE D.3

Correlation of United States and FAO Diagnostic Horizons with Nearest Canadian Equivalents

TABLE D.2 (CONTINUED)

Correlation of Horizon Definitions and Designations

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TABLE D.4

Taxonomic Correlation at the Canadian Order and Great Group Levelsl

Chernozem, Greyzem, Phaeozem

AlÞsols

Solonetz

AlÞsols

Mollic, Haplic, or Gleyic Solonetz

AlÞsols

Mollic, Haplic, or Gleyic Solonetz

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Appendix E

ECOZONES OF CANADA

FIGURE E.1 Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada

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