Drought Management and Planning for Water Resources - Chapter 1 pot

His main research interests are decision support systems for water agement, and he has conducted several research projects funded by theEuropean Union, the Spanish Ministries of Science

Drought Management

Water Resources

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

Drought Management

Water Resources

Edited by

Joaquín Andreu Giuseppe Rossi Federico Vagliasindi

Alicia Vela

Boca Raton London New York

Published in 2006 by

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Drought management and planning for water resources /edited by Joaquin Andreu …[et al.].

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1 Water-supply Management 2 Droughts Management I Andreu, J (Joaquin) TD345.D76 2005

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Water resources management in the arid and semiarid areas is a complextask, involving a large number of hydrologic, environmental, and manage-ment factors that have to be considered in order to supply sufficient waterand to ensure the minimum levels of environmental protection and quality

of life Droughts, so frequent in the semiarid areas, intensify these problemseven more Since they are unpredictable phenomena (both in their occurrenceand duration), prevision and preparation against droughts are key elementsfor minimizing their impact

These circumstances have driven researchers to invest an importanteffort in the study of alternative, nonconventional means for obtaining water

in prevision of drought periods, such as wastewater treatments, tion, or exploitation of deep groundwater, as well as the development oftools and strategies for conjunctive management and water saving that allowfor optimizing the water resources management and preventing the scarcityperiods

desaliniza-The WAMME project (Water Resources Management Under DroughtConditions: Criteria and Tools for Conjunctive Use of Conventional andMarginal Waters in Mediterranean Regions) has investigated these subjectsand applied the obtained methodologies and results to a series of study caseslocated in representative basins of the Mediterranean area The objective ofthis book is to present these results to the potential users and the members

of the international scientific community

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About the Editors

Joaquín Andreu, Ph.D., is a professor of hydraulic engineering at theUniversity Politécnica de Valencia and presently technical director at theJúcar River Basin Agency (Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar) He grad-uated with a degree in civil engineering (1977), obtained his MSc in civilengineering at the Colorado State University (1982), and obtained a Ph.D

in civil engineering (1984) at the University Politécnica de Valencia Since 1979 he has been developing a researching and teaching career atthe University Politécnica de Valencia He became a professor of hydraulicengineering in 1993, and from 2001 to 2004 he was the director of the Institute

of Water Engineering and Environment at the University Politécnica deValencia

His main research interests are decision support systems for water agement, and he has conducted several research projects (funded by theEuropean Union, the Spanish Ministries of Science and Developmentand Foreign Affairs, and other European and international institutions) anddirected 11 doctoral theses He is also author or coauthor of 11 books andhas published more than 40 papers and contributions to several researchpublications

man-Giuseppe Rossi, Ph.D., is a professor of hydrology and water resources atthe University of Catania, College of Engineering, Italy He graduated with

a degree in civil engineering from the University of Palermo He was aresearch associate at the Institute of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Man-agement, University of Catania (1971–1979) He was a visiting scientist atColorado State University, Fort Collins (1977–1978) and at UniversidadPolitécnica de Valencia, Spain (2003–2004)

His main research interests are stochastic hydrology, analysis of logic extremes (floods and droughts), and models for water resources man-agement

hydro-He was a partner or coordinator of several research projects on droughtanalysis and mitigation funded by the European Union (CEE-EPOCH,INCO-DC, INCO-MED, and MEDA programs) and coordinator on behalf ofthe University of Catania for several projects on water resources systemsplanning and operation funded by the Italian Ministry for University andResearch and National Research Council

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He is the author of over 130 papers and editor of seven books in thefields of floods, droughts, and water resources He is a member of theeditorial boards of Water Resources Management, International Journal of Water,

Professor Rossi is a member of several international associations(Hydraulics Research IAHR, Water Resources IWRA, EWRA, Water HistoryIWHA, Irrigation and Drainage ICID), of Associazione Idrotecnica Italiana,Indian Association of Hydrologists, and Zelanti and Gioenia Academies)

Federico G A Vagliasindi, Ph.D., is a professor of environmental andsanitary engineering at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engi-neering, University of Catania (Italy) He received his MSc from ColoradoState University, Fort Collins, and his Ph.D from University of Washington,Seattle He was a research associate at University of Salerno, Italy (1992), aresearch assistant at University of Washington, Seattle (1994–1997), and anassociate professor at University of Catania, Italy (1998–2002)

Professor Vagliasindi’s main research interests are in the fields of waterand wastewater treatment and reuse, integrated solid waste management, andcontaminated site characterization and remediation He has participated inresearch projects funded by the European Commission, AWWARF (AmericanWater Works Association Research Foundation, USA), EPRI (Energy andPower Research Institute, USA), Italian Ministry for University and Research,and Italian National Research Council He has authored over 50 papers forjournals or proceedings He is coauthor of an AWWA research foundationmanual on arsenic removal, and coauthor of the wastewater treatment chap-ter of the Italian Handbook of Civil Engineering.

Professor Vagliasindi is a member of the American Association of ronmental Engineering Professors and the International Water Association

Envi-He is a member of the Environmental and Sanitary Section of the ItalianGreat Risks Commission

Alicia Vela, Ph.D., geologist, is currently a private consultant on hydrology,hydrogeology, and GIS applications to hydrology She received her Ph.D fromthe University Complutense de Madrid (1999), and worked as a researcher atthe Remote Sensing and GIS Section of the University of Castilla–La Mancha(1999–2002), and at the Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering ofthe Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (2002–2003)

Dr Vela has focused her research on remote sensing and GIS applications

to hydrology, and mainly toward the development of GIS applications formodeling soil-water, soil-atmosphere, and soil-subsoil processes She hasparticipated in several research projects funded by the European Commis-sion, the European Space Agency, and the Spanish Ministry for Science andTechnology She has authored or coauthored 20 papers for journals, proceed-ings, or monographies

Dr Vela is a member of the International Association of Hydrogeologists.L1672_C000.fm Page viii Thursday, September 22, 2005 12:02 PM

Contributors

Joaquín Andreu

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Instituto de Ingeniería del

Agua y Medio Ambiente

Javier Paredes

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Dpto de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente

Valencia, Spain

Miguel Angel Pérez

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Instituto de Ingeniería del

Agua y Medio AmbienteValencia, Spain

Javier Ferrer Polo

Confederación Hidrográficadel Júcar

Valencia, Spain

Paolo Roccaro

University of CataniaDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringCatania, Italy

Giuseppe Rossi

University of CataniaDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringCatania, Italy

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Andres Sahuquillo

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Dpto de Ingeniería Hidráulica y

A Solera

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Dpto de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente

Valencia, Spain

Federico G A Vagliasindi

University of CataniaDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringCatania, Italy

Paola Zuddas

Dip Ingegneria del Territorio Sezione Hidráulica

Piazza d’ArmiCagliari, ItalyL1672_C000.fm Page x Thursday, September 22, 2005 12:02 PM

Chapter 1 Water management in Mediterranean regions

prone to drought: The Júcar Basin experience 1

Chapter 2 Criteria for marginal water treatment and reuse

under drought conditions 19

Chapter 3 Strategies for the conjunctive use of surface

and groundwater 49

Chapter 4 Optimization model for the conjunctive use

of conventional and marginal waters 73Chapter 5 Decision support systems for drought management 119

Chapter 6 Methodology for the analysis of drought mitigation

measures in water resource systems 133

Chapter 7 Droughts and the European water framework

directive: Implications on Spanish river basindistricts 169

Chapter 8 Water reuse and desalination at Comunitat-Valenciana

region, Spain 193

Chapter 9 Role of decision support system and multicriteria

methods for the assessment of drought mitigationmeasures 203

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chapter one

Water management in Mediterranean regions prone to drought: The Júcar Basin experience

Javier Ferrer Polo Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar, Valencia, Spain Javier Paredes

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain

Contents

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Current Spanish legal framework 3

1.3 Droughts in the Júcar Basin Agency 4

1.4 Indicators and watch alert systems in the JBA 5

1.5 Analysis of drought events in the JBA 7

1.5.1 Measures in the 1990–1995 drought 7

1.5.2 Measures taken in the 1998–2002 drought 8

1.5.2.1 Facilities 14

1.5.2.2 Legal framework 14

1.5.2.3 Complementary administrative measures 15

1.6 Conclusion 17

1.7 Acknowledgments 17

References 17

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2 Drought Management and Planning for Water Resources

1.1 Introduction

It is in the Mediterranean basins where the scarcity of water, irregular ogy, and great water demands cause droughts to have important economic,social, and environmental consequences Drought concept is complex due

hydrol-to the subjectivity function of the field of study and the development of thesystem Many authors have defined the drought concept (Dracup et al., 1980;Yevjevich et al., 1983; Easterling, 1988; Rossi et al., 1992; Wilhite, 2000) Itcould be defined as a significant circumstantial decrease of the hydrologicresources, during a timeframe sufficiently prolonged, that affects an exten-sive area and that has adverse socioeconomic consequences

Drought’s importance lies in its slow and progressive nature, whichmakes Basin managers deny the event until they are completely inside it

An added difficulty is the impossibility of identifying cycles or periodicalevents For these reasons mitigation actions are not implemented until thesituation is critical, which means that emergency actions are not alwaysefficient

The subjectivity of the concept bases in the necessity of establishingdifferent factors to characterize the drought, such as duration, threshold ofdefinition, type of effect considered, or the degree of the consequence isconsidered This subjectivity carries into the consideration of different con-cepts of droughts:

• Meteorological drought: defined as the precipitation decrease, withrespect to the regular regional value, during a specific timeframe

• Agricultural drought or soil humidity shortage, which does not isfy specific crop growing needs during a specific timeframe

sat-• Hydrologic drought: decrease in surface and groundwater ity, with respect to regular values, within a management systemduring a temporary timeframe

availabil-• Socioeconomic drought: defined as the effects of water scarcity onpeople and on economic activity due to drought Avoiding theseeffects or minimizing them is part of management success

The encircling character of the drought phenomenon has consequentlybeen reduced to a traditional point of view with emergency actions andextraordinary resources used only when facing a critical situation This point

of view has been followed in Spain during the most recent droughts There

is another option where drought management is included inside the ning process with the analysis of the risk and planning for drought events.Several authors have examined this approach (Wilhite and Wood, 1985;Dziegielewski, 1986, 2003; Easterling and Riebsame, 1987; Riebsame et al.,1990; Grig and Vlachos, 1989; Wilhite, 2000) To obtain this objective a watchalert system has to be active in the region with objective indicators anddrought scenarios examined in the planning process Moreover, there must

plan-be an appropriate legal and administration framework

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Chapter one: Water management in Mediterranean regions 3

1.2 Current Spanish legal framework

Article 58 of the Refunded Text of the Spanish Water Law provides ment with guidelines to measure the hydraulic public domain in order tofight exceptional situations of droughts These measures carry the declara-tion of public interest of the constructions and the proceedings with theobjective of surpassing water scarcity situations This point of view is thetraditional focus that considers droughts as emergency situations, rejectingthe planning approach and its advantages The White Water Spanish Book

govern-(MIMAM, 2000) concludes that the most efficient solution is not to expectthe emergency situation for using groundwater, but planning and managingwater resources systems in an optimum way, with special attention todrought times It was not until 2001, in the National Hydrologic Plan (Law10/ 2001, July 5), when the basis of drought planned management wasestablished in the legal framework Article 27 of the cited law provides threeways of acting against drought:

• The Environmental Ministry will establish a global system of logical indicators that are alert to these kinds of situations and works

hydro-as a general reference to the bhydro-asin agencies for states emergencysituations

• The statement of these situations will be accompanied with the vations of the Special Plan developed by the agency basin and itsalert measurements, containing exploitation rules and measurementsrelated to the use of the hydraulic public domain By law it is man-datory to develop these plans within two years of the law’s promul-gation

acti-• Public administration is responsible for the supply of urban systemswith more than 20,000 people will develop a Drought EmergencyPlan These plans have to be working within four years of the law’spromulgation

With this new legal framework four tools have been created in order toplan and manage droughts:

• The Basin Drought Special Plan must contain operation rules of thesystems in scarcity situations, structural actions, and rules of use ofhydraulic public domain

• Drought indicators established by the Environmental Ministry allowthe control, identification, and warning of droughts in basins

• River Basin District Drought Indicators allow the same functions asthe global ones

• Finally, emergency plans of water supply systems for populationsover 20,000 materialize the actions, provide for the droughts plans,and allow administrative cooperation

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4 Drought Management and Planning for Water Resources

1.3 Droughts in the Júcar Basin Agency

According to the Spanish Constitution, water competence relapses over thecentral government if the basin spreads into different autonomic communi-ties Júcar Basin Agency (JBA) manages the water resources and the hydrau-lic public domain of the territory defined in Article 17 of Royal Decree650/1987, of May 8, where territories of the basin agencies and the hydro-logical plans are defined The territory of the JBA has a surface of 42,988.6 km2,and it spreads over four autonomic communities Figure 1.1 is a map of theterritory where several basins are grouped in nine exploitation systems Thetotal population is 4,420,878 with a high seasonal growth of more than 4.7million due to tourism

The major water demand is from the agricultural sector, with an irrigatedsurface over 400,000 ha, which is 80% of the total demand Precipitation inJBA is characterized by a remarkable spatial and temporal variability, with

an annual mean value of 500 mm/year There is spatial variability in someareas such as near the Júcar and Cabriel rivers and within the Marina Altasystem, where the mean precipitation is over 800 mm/year, and otherssuch as the Vinalopó basin, where the annual mean precipitation is under

250 mm/year This situation of spatial irregularity among different system

Figure 1.1 Location map of the territory of the Júcar Basin Agency

Galicia

Cantabria

Principado de Asturias

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