Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 1 pot

Contents Preface ...viiEditor ...ixContributors ...xi PART I Occurrence and Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment Chapter 1 Environmental Presence and Persistence of Pharmaceut

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Edited by

Diana S Aga

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment and in water treatment systems /

edited by Diana S Aga.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4200-5232-9 (alk paper)

1 Drugs Environmental aspects 2 Water Pollution 3 Water Purification

I Aga, Diana S., 1967- II Title

Contents

Preface viiEditor ixContributors xi

PART I Occurrence and Analysis of

Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Chapter 1 Environmental Presence and Persistence of Pharmaceuticals:

An Overview 3

Susan T Glassmeyer, Dana W Kolpin, Edward T Furlong,

and Michael J Focazio

Chapter 2 Advances in the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic

Environment 53

Sandra Pérez and Damià Barceló

Chapter 3 Sample Preparation and Analysis of Solid-Bound

Pharmaceuticals 81

Christine Klein, Seamus O’Connor, Jonas Locke, and Diana Aga

Resonance Imaging (MRI): Investigations on the

Environmental Fate and Effects 101

Claudia Neubert, Reinhard Länge, and Thomas Steger-Hartmann

PART II Environmental Fate and Transformations

of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals

Chapter 5 Fate and Transport of Veterinary Medicines in the Soil

Environment 123

Alistair B.A Boxall

Chapter 6 Sorption and Degradation of Selected Pharmaceuticals in Soil

and Manure 139

Nadia Carmosini and Linda S Lee

vi Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems

Chapter 7 Mobility of Tylosin and Enteric Bacteria in Soil Columns 167

Keri L Henderson,Thomas B Moorman, and Joel R Coats

Chapter 8 Plant Uptake of Pharmaceuticals from Soil: Determined

by ELISA 179

Rudolf J Schneider

Chapter 9 Antibiotic Transformation in Plants via Glutathione

Conjugation 199

Michael H Farkas, James O Berry, and Diana S Aga

PART III Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Drinking

Water and Wastewater

Chapter 10 Drugs in Drinking Water: Treatment Options 217

Howard S Weinberg, Vanessa J Pereira, and Zhengqi Ye

Chapter 11 Removal of Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals during

Water Treatment 229

Shane A Snyder, Hongxia Lei, and Eric C Wert

Chapter 12 Reaction and Transformation of Antibacterial Agents with

Aqueous Chlorine under Relevant Water Treatment Conditions 261

Ching-Hua Huang, Michael C Dodd, and Amisha D Shah

Chapter 13 Hormones in Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding

Operations 291

Z Zhao, K.F Knowlton, and N.G Love

Chapter 14 Treatment of Antibiotics in Swine Wastewater 331

Craig D Adams

Chapter 15 Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Biological Wastewater

Treatment Plants 349

Sungpyo Kim, A Scott Weber, Angela Batt, and Diana S Aga

Chapter 16 Chemical Processes during Biological Wastewater Treatment 363

Willie F Harper, Jr., Tamara Floyd-Smith, and Taewoo Yi

Preface

Recent advances in analytical instrumentation have been mirrored by our increasedability to detect and quantify organic contaminants at trace levels, even in highlycomplex matrices such as wastewater, manure, and soil In contrast to the hydro-phobic persistent organic pollutants (for example, PCBs, DDT) that are often found

in the environment at parts-per-million or parts-per-billion concentrations, ceutical compounds are generally present at the parts-per-trillion or low parts-per-billion range and are mostly polar Consequently, the detection of pharmaceuticalresidues in the environment remained elusive until modern instruments such as liq-uid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) became commonplace in manyenvironmental laboratories As a result, many scientists have now documented theoccurrence of residues of pharmaceuticals and personal-care products, which havebeen termed “emerging contaminants” in various environmental compartments.Questions regarding persistence and long-term adverse effects of pharmaceuticals

pharma-in the environment have been raised because there have been reports that very lowdrug concentrations (for example, ng/L) in the environment can have undesirableecological and potentially human health effects

The first section of this book, “Occurrence and Analysis of Pharmaceuticals inthe Environment,” includes a chapter prepared by leading researchers from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S Geological Survey, which provides

an overview of the momentous publications that have been instrumental in the nition of emerging contaminants A compilation of the most current (2004 through2006) literature on the presence and concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the envi-ronment is also presented This information is complemented by the subsequentreview chapters on the recent advances in instrumentation and sample preparationtechniques in environmental analysis that have played a critical role in the advance-ment of our knowledge on the environmental fate of pharmaceuticals Finally, anexample of how risk assessment is conducted to investigate the fate and effects ofpharmaceutical contaminants is included in this first section

recog-An important source of pharmaceutical contaminants is through land tion of livestock manure to fertilize crops Many animal operations generate manurethat contains antibiotics since animals receive these drugs in feed rations, either asgrowth promoters or as therapeutic agents Therefore, the second section of thisbook, “Environmental Fate and Transformations of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals,”

applica-is dedicated to chapters that explore the behavior of pharmaceuticals in soil and thepotential effects of antibiotics on plants after uptake

Pharmaceuticals are also introduced into the environment via wastewater ment plants (WWTPs), which are currently not designed and operated to removelow concentrations of organic contaminants Because increasing amounts of treatedwastewater are recycled for industrial and domestic use, it is important to improvetreatment technologies for both wastewater and drinking water sources Therefore,the third section of this book, “Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water and

treat-viii Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems

Wastewater,” includes chapters that examine various treatment processes that can beemployed to reduce the concentrations of pharmaceuticals at the source

This book covers important issues regarding the analysis, occurrence, tence, treatment, and transformations of pharmaceuticals in the environment Topicsrange from field studies documenting the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in sev-eral environmental compartments to laboratory studies determining the degrada-tion kinetics and formation of byproducts during treatment This book will provideinformation that will help scientists, regulators, and engineers understand the factorsthat affect the environmental fate of pharmaceuticals in soil and water to facilitatethe development of best management practices and optimize treatment systems foreffective removal of these compounds in the environment

persis-Diana S Aga Department of Chemistry Univers ity at Buffalo Buffalo, New York

Editor

Diana Aga, Ph.D., is an associate professor of chemistry at the University at Buffalo,

The State University of New York Her current research involves the investigations

on the fate, transport, and ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals, disrupting chemicals, and persistent organic pollutants in the environment A majorfocus of her research is to identify unknown transformation products of pharmaceu-ticals in various environmental matrices (for example, manure, plants, soil, waste-water) using a combination of novel strategies in sample preparation, bioassays, andmodern mass spectrometric techniques Dr Aga received her B.S in agriculturalchemistry at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños (1988) and her Ph.D inenvironmental and analytical chemistry at the University of Kansas (1995) She was

endocrine-a reseendocrine-arch endocrine-assistendocrine-ant endocrine-at the U.S Geologicendocrine-al Survey, Lendocrine-awrence, Kendocrine-ansendocrine-as (1993–1996),and a postdoctoral fellow at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Tech-nology (EAWAG), Switzerland (1996–1998) Dr Aga is recipient of various researchawards, such as the National Science Foundation CAREER Award, the North Atlan-tic Treaty Organization Scientific and Environmental Affairs Fellowship, and theAlexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship

Craig D Adams

Department of Civil, Architectural,

and Environmental Engineering

University of Missouri at Rolla

Office of Research and Development

U.S Environmental Protection

Buffalo, New York

Alistair B.A Boxall

Central Science Laboratory

Michael H Farkas

Biology DepartmentUniversity at BuffaloBuffalo, New York

Contributors

xii Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems

Department of Dairy Science

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University

Blacksburg, Virginia

Dana W Kolpin

U.S Geological Survey

Iowa City, Iowa

Reinhard Länge

Bayer Schering Pharma

Nonclinical Drug Safety

Southern Nevada Water Authority

Las Vegas, Nevada

Blacksburg, Virginia

Thomas B Moorman

U.S Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service(ARS)

National Soil Tilth LaboratoryAmes, Iowa

Claudia Neubert

Bayer Schering PharmaNonclinical Drug SafetyBerlin, Germany

Seamus O’Connor

Department of ChemistryUniversity at BuffaloBuffalo, New York

Consejo Superior de InvestigacionesCientificas (CSIC)

Contributors xiii

Shane A Snyder

Water Quality Research and

Development Division

Southern Nevada Water Authority

Las Vegas, Nevada

Thomas Steger-Hartmann

Bayer Schering Pharma

Nonclinical Drug Safety

Sciences and Engineering

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Eric C Wert

Water Quality Research andDevelopment DivisionSouthern Nevada Water AuthorityLas Vegas, Nevada

Zhengqi Ye

Enthalpy Analytical, Inc

Durham, North Carolina

Blacksburg, Virginia

Part I

Occurrence and Analysis

of Pharmaceuticals

in the Environment

and Persistence of

Pharmaceuticals

An Overview

Susan T Glassmeyer, Dana W Kolpin,

Edward T Furlong, and Michael J Focazio

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Emerging contaminants (ECs) in the environment—that is, chemicals with domestic, municipal, industrial, or agricultural sources that are not commonly monitored but may have the potential for adverse environmental effects—is a rapidly growing field

of research The use of “emerging” is not intended to infer that the presence of these compounds in the environment is new These chemicals have been released into the environment as long as they have been in production or, in the case of hormones and other endogenous compounds, since the rise of animal life What is emerging is the interest by the scientific and lay communities in the presence of these chemicals in the environment, the analytical capabilities required for detection, and the subtle effects that very small concentrations of these chemicals appear to have on aquatic

biota In December 2006, Environmental Science & Technology devoted an entire

special issue (volume 40, number 23) to the topic of ECs, illustrating the increased interest in the subject Within the ECs, one particular class that has seen a substan-tial increase in research over the past 10 years is pharmaceuticals and personal-care products (PPCPs) This increased research interest can be demonstrated by several means, including requests for proposals from funding agencies, but the clearest indi-cation of a focused effort to understand the introduction, transformation, and poten-tial health and environmental effects of PPCPs and ECs, in general, is the number

of published reports This increase can be shown by examining six environmental

journals that regularly publish PPCP-related papers—Chemosphere, Environmental

Science & Technology, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Science of the

Contents

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Overview of Recent Literature 5

1.3 Introduction into the Environment 35

1.4 Environmental Presence and Fate 37

References 41

4 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems

Total Environment, Water Research, and Water Science and Technology In 1998

there were 22 papers published on pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, or drugs in these 6journals; by 2006, this number increased sixfold to 132 papers (Figure1.1)

This growth can be attributed to a number of factors The presence of ceuticals in surface-water samples from Europe and the United States was docu-mented in several sentinel papers.1–4 These ground-breaking works encouragedother scientists to examine the rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs in their regionsfor such chemicals In addition the intense public attention paid to news reports onthe environmental detections of these chemicals and possible effects on aquatic lifehas made this issue visible to the wastewater-treatment, drinking-water treatment,and regulatory communities This has driven the funding bodies associated withthese communities to fund studies or request proposals that address the presence,fate, and effects of PPCPs in aquatic systems The release of the first comprehensivereconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other wastewater contaminants in the UnitedStates2provides an example of the intense media interest in this topic Within 6 days

pharma-of online publication pharma-of this study, 72 newspapers across the United States had lished articles describing the results, either locally written or based on internationalmedia syndicate reports There also was substantial concurrent coverage by local

pub-and national radio pub-and television outlets, including the Cable News Network, ABC

World News Tonight, and National Public Radio A substantial fraction of these news

stories may be attributable to press releases and media briefings prior to publication.However, the interest by television and print journalists in reporting the results of apeer-reviewed journal article to the general public was motivated by the recognitionthat describing the presence of PPCPs in water supplies would be of interest to the

public To better convey the results of the study published by Kolpin et al.2to the

FIGURE 1.1 Cumulative yearly number of pharmaceutical-related papers published in six

environmental journals from 1998 to 2006.

Environmental Presence and Persistence of Pharmaceuticals 5

public, a separate general-interest fact sheet was published to summarize the tant points of the study.5Because PPCPs are commonly and widely used by indi-viduals, there is likely a preexisting, personal identification with these compoundsthat does not occur for the wide range of other organic and inorganic contaminantswhose presence in the environment has previously been described This greater pub-lic “name recognition” makes itself known through the media to the regulatory andtechnical community and has prompted interest in sponsoring research that definesthe composition and concentrations of PPCPs in potential sources and their fate andeffects following release into the environment

impor-Independent of the drivers that potentially fuel the interest in studies of PPCPs,

it is clear that PPCP research has grown beyond surface-water studies to examineissues such as:

Presence in other matrices, such as groundwater,6–11landfill leachates,12–15

sediments,16,17and biosolids.18,19

Environmental transport and fate in surface water,20–23groundwater,8,9,24–30

and soils amended with reclaimed water31,32or biosolids.33–35

PPCP source elucidation, such as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)effluents,20,23,36–40 confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs),41,42 andaquaculture.43,44

Removal during wastewater23,45–53and drinking-water10,54–61treatment

Effects on aquatic ecosystems,62–66 terrestrial ecosystems,67,68and humanhealth.69,70

The chapters in this book provide an extensive examination of current mental pharmaceutical research and are divided into three sections: “Occurrenceand Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment,” “Environmental Fate andTransformations of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals,” and “Treatment of Pharmaceuti-cals in Drinking Water and Wastewater.” The purpose of this introductory overviewchapter is to outline current (2004–2006) knowledge about the presence and con-centration of PPCPs as described in the published literature Previous reviews1,71–73

environ-should be consulted for discussions on pre-2004 publications Those reviews willprovide the reader with a comprehensive introduction to the topic of PPCPs in theenvironment This chapter describes the sources of PPCPs and other organic con-taminants often associated with human wastewater into the environment, the range

of concentrations present in various environmental compartments, and the potentialroutes of removal/sequestration An overview of the sources and fate of veterinarypharmaceuticals will be discussed inChapter 5, “Fate and Transport of VeterinaryMedicines in the Soil Environment.”

1.2 OVERVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE

Between January 2004 and July 2006, more than 80 papers were published cussing the worldwide presence of PPCPs in different environmental compartments,such as raw and treated wastewater and surfacewater (Table 1.1), biosolids and slud-ges, sediments, groundwater, and drinking water (Table 1.2).Figure 1.2is an analy-sis of the papers listed in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2, categorized by sample location

6 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems

Although the United States had the most recently published papers of any individualcountry, the total number of publications from Europe slightly exceeds those fromNorth America This result likely reflects the earlier attention paid to the environ-mental presence of PPCPs in Europe, particularly in Germany, Switzerland, Italy,and the United Kingdom The global nature of this issue is illustrated by the number

of countries reporting studies Whereas PPCPs once were only found on WesternEuropean and North American research agendas, the importance of the issue hasresulted in the expansion of studies into other parts of the world, including EasternEurope and Asia.74–78The presence of PPCPs also has been reported for some ofthe countries missing from this list, such as Australia and Brazil, in articles thatpredate the time addressed in this review Their absence likely reflects the timing ofpublication and the publication in journals that were missed in the searches used forthis review However, in many other regions of the world where detection of thesecompounds would be expected, such as urbanized watersheds in Latin America,Africa, the Middle East, and China, no concentrations have been reported in theliterature.79There may be decreased access to PPCPs in some of the remote parts

of these regions; however, wastewater and drinking-water treatment in these sameregions is also likely to be minimal Therefore, detectable, and perhaps substantial,concentrations would be expected Studies are necessary to assess the concentrationand composition of PPCPs present in the aquatic environments of these regions todetermine the potential for the environmental effect of PPCPs in regions of the globewith rapidly growing populations and less advanced water treatment

In the 80 papers cited inTable 1.1andTable 1.2,detections and concentrationsfor more than 120 chemicals were reported It should be noted that “nondetections”

orw ay

FIGURE 1.2 Distribution of recent publications on pharmaceuticals and personal-care

products by location sampled.

Water, Reported in the Literature Since 2004

WWTP Influent Concentration μg/L Reference

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

1,4-dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 nd a -0.91 (0.11) 20 nd-0.28 (nd)

0.027-0.098 0.095 max b

20 116 102 1,7-dimethylxanthine 611-59-6 nd-8.55 (nd) 20 nd-1.76 (nd)

0.294 max

20 102 17-alpha-ethynyl estradiol 57-63-6 0.1-0.13 117

17-beta-estradoil 50-28-2 0.003-0.022 (0.009)

0.0081med c

45 118

nd-0.002 (0.002) 45 0.1 only d

nd-0.005

117 119 1-methylnaphthalene 90-12-0 nd-0.1 (nd) 20 nd-0.095 (nd) 20

2-methylnaphthalene 91-57-6 nd-0.06 (nd) 20 nd-0.061 (nd)

0.056 max

20 102 3,4-dichlorophenyl isocyanate 102-36-3 0.047-0.32 (0.15) 20 nd-0.28 (0.047)

0.055-0.23

20 112

a nd = not detected

b max = maximum concentration reported

c med = median concentration reported

d only = only measured concentration reported

e ave = average concentration reported

Note: Entries in bold are concentrations reported for multiple related compartments in individual studies For concentration ranges, the median (if available) is

pre-sented in parentheses.

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

4-cumylphenol 599-64-4 nd-0.76 116

4-tert-octylphenol 140-66-9 0.38-3.56 (3.08) 45 0.01-0.47 (0.06)

nd-1.1 (nd)

45 20

0.02-0.19

nd-0.29 (nd)

nd-0.18 0.22 max

117 20 116 102 5-methyl-1h-benzotriazole 136-85-6 nd-1.7 (0.82) 20 nd-1.1 (nd)

0.27 max

20 102 acetaminophen 103-90-2 0.13-26.09

5.529-69.57

23 53

nd-5.99 nd-1.06 (0.006) nd-9

0.5-29

23 20 40 120

nd-0.25 nd-1.78 (nd) nd-3.6

nd-0.066 0.555 max 0.025-0.065 1.95 max nd-0.014

23 20 40 121 103 119 102 112 acetophenone 98-86-2 nd-0.26(nd) 20 nd-0.78 (nd)

0.22 max

20 102 albuterol 18559-94-9 nd-0.0327 (nd)

0.009 med

20 36

nd-0.343 (nd) 0.001 med

0.003 max 0.268 max

20 36 122 103 alkylphenol 68555-24-8 nd-6.2 37 nd-1.3 37

anthraquinone 84-65-1 nd-0.096 20 nd-0.58 (nd)

0.066 max nd-0.073

20 102 112

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

aspirin 50-78-2 nd-0.037 77

atenolol 29122-68-7 nd-0.74

0.03 only

23 50

nd-1.15 0.16 only 0.466 med

0.19 med 0.1-122

23 50 36 123 120

nd-0.25 0.06 max 0.017 med

0.042 max

23 50 36 122

azithromycin 83905-01-5 nd-0.3

0.09-0.38 (0.17)

0.26ave e

23 87 78

0.05-0.21 0.08-0.4 (0.16)

0.085-0.255 0.015-0.066

23 87 124 113

nd-0.02 23

bezafibrate 41859-67-0 nd-0.05

2.775 ave 1.738 ave 2.2 ave 2.6 ave 1.55-7.6

1.9 only

23 46 47 125 48 49 126

nd-0.01 0.565 ave 0.018 ave 0.14 ave 0.24 ave nd-4.8 0.0548 med nd-0.81 0.004-0.024

23 46 47 125 48 49 36 40 38

nd-0.01 0.847 ave

nd-0.088 0.003 max 0.78 max

0.002 med nd-0.47 nd-0.004

23 46 121 122 104 36 40 38 benzophenone 119-61-9 0.081-0.61 (0.2) 20 nd-0.51 (0.06)

nd-0.16 0.11 max nd-0.17

20 116 102 112

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

bha (butylated hydroxyanisole) 25013-16-5 nd-0.32 (nd) 20 nd-0.23 (nd) 20

bht (butylated hydroxytoluene) 128-37-0 2.53 only 50 0.61 only 50 0.47 max 50

bisphenol A 80-05-7 0.72-2.376

0.21-2.4 (1.28)

49 45

0.026-1.53 0.02-0.45 (0.18) nd-0.31 (0.12)

49 45 20

nd-0.114 0.01-0.02

nd-0.3 (nd)

nd-0.147 0.7 max nd-0.23

121 117 20 119 102 112 bromacil 314-40-9 nd-0.69 (nd) 20 nd-0.34 (nd)

nd-0.79 0.39 max

20 116 102 bromoform 75-25-2 nd-0.22 (nd) 20 nd-0.62 (nd)

nd-0.041 0.16 max nd-0.071

20 116 102 112 caffeine 58-08-2 3.69 only

16.3 max 42.4-43.8

50 51 127

0.22 only 4.52 max 0.013-0.036 nd-7.99 (0.0532) nd-9.9 1.742-8.132

0.46-1.56 0.036 ave

50 51 127 20 22 39 128 129

0.11 max

nd-0.88 nd-0.038

nd-2.6 (0.0458) nd-0.31 nd-1.59

0.428-9.7 1.39 max 0.021-0.055

50 116 119 20 22 39 77 102 112

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

camphor 76-22-2 nd-0.13 (nd) 20 nd-0.084 (nd)

0.084

20 102 carbamazepine 298-46-4 1.68 only

nd-0.95 2.1 max 1.45 med 0.356 ave 0.325-1.85

50 23 51 130 52 49

1.18 only nd-0.63 0.75 max 1.65 med 0.251 ave 0.465-1.594

50 23 51 130 52 49

0.5 max nd-0.11

nd-7.1 0.043 max 1.15 max 0.043-0.114

50 23 121 10 104 119

nd-0.27 (0.0802) 0.291 med nd-0.24

nd-0.059 0.42 (only) 0.44 med 0.03-0.07

20 36 40 37 75 123 120

nd-0.186 (0.03) 0.023 med nd-0.17

nd-0.075 nd-0.024 0.263 max 0.0002-0.016 0.044-0.13

20 36 40 77 131 102 132 112 carbaryl 63-25-2 nd-0.22 (nd)

nd-0.076

20 116 chlortetracycline 64-72-2 0.26 133 nd-0.16

0.192 only 0.1 max

133 131 102 cholesterol 57-88-5 nd-8.7 (2) 20 nd-8 (0.89)

nd-1.6 4.3 max

20 116 102

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

cimetidine 51481-61-9 nd-0.426 (nd) 20 nd-0.354 (nd)

0.338 max

20 102 ciprofloxacin 85721-33-1 0.09-0.3

0.228 max nd-0.21

3.6-101

134 100 135 136

nd-0.06 0.054 max nd-0.14 0.251 med 0.091-5.6

nd-0.37

134 100 135 36 22 137

0.026 max nd-0.039 0.03 max

0.014 only 0.031-0.36

122 116 102 36 22 clarithromycin 81103-11-9 0.33-0.6 (0.38)

0.647

87 78

0.11-0.35 (0.24) 0.018 med

0.22-0.329

87 36 124

0.02 max

0.002 med

122 36

clindamycin 18323-44-9 nd-1 22 nd-0.14 22

clofibric acid 882-09-7 nd-0.36

0.163 ave 0.098 ave nd-0.651

0.34 only

23 46 47 53 126

0.02-0.03 0.109 ave 0.023 ave nd-0.044

nd-0.038

23 46 47 53 40

0.01-0.02 0.279 ave

nd-0.022 0.003-0.027

23 46 121 119 clotrimazole 23593-75-1 0.023-0.033 53 0.01-0.027 53 0.006-0.034 53

codeine 76-57-3 nd-0.73 (0.139)

0.01-5.7

20 120

nd-0.217 (0.0092)

nd-0.054 0.119 max

20 77 102 coprostanol 360-68-9 nd-5.9 (1.3) 20 nd-5.6 (0.26)

nd-1.5 1.3 max

20 116 102

TABLE 1.1

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

cotinine 486-56-6 nd-1.03 (0.024) 20 nd-0.481 (0.0183)

nd-0.052 0.528 0.013-0.024

20 116 102 112 dehydronifedipine 67035-22-7 nd-0.0214 (0.0112) 20 nd-0.0216 (0.0026)

0.01 max 0.0051-0.018

20 102 112 demeclocyclin 127-33-3 1.14 only 133 0.09 only 133 nd-0.53 133

dextropropoxyphene 469-62-5 0.022-0.033 53 0.037-0.064

nd-0.585 (0.195)

53 21

nd-0.098 nd-0.682 (0.058)

53 21 diazepam 439-14-5 0.31 only 126 nd-0.034 77

dibutyl phthalate 84-74-2 0.15 only 50 0.03 only 50 0.06 max

0.11-6.58

50 117 diisobutyl phthalate 84-69-5 0.04 only 50 0.01 only 50 0.02 max 50

diclofenac 15307-86-5 0.16 only

0.05-0.54 2.333 ave 1.532 ave 0.46 ave 0.28 ave 0.905-4.11 0.901-1.036 0.14 med 0.05-2.45 (0.17)

50 23 46 47 125 48 49 53 118 45

0.12 only nd-0.39 1.561 ave 0.437 ave 0.4 ave 1.9 ave 0.78-1.68 0.261-0.598 0.14 med 0.07-0.25 (0.11)

50 23 46 47 125 48 49 53 118 45

0.12 max nd-0.06 0.272 ave

nd-0.069 nd-0.282 (nd)

50 23 46 121 74

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

diclofenac (cont’d) 0.33-0.49

4.1 only

127 126

nd-2.349 (0.424) nd-0.5 0.011-0.04

0.032-0.457 0.29 med 0.06-1.9

21 40 38 39 123 120

nd-0.568 (nd) nd-0.089 nd-0.003

21 40 38

diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 0.19 only 50 0.02

nd-0.71 (nd)

50 20

diethylhexyl phthalate 117-81-7 0.27 only 50 0.02

nd-27 (nd)

50 20

0.04 max nd-7.5 (nd)

nd-12.74

50 20 117 diltiazem 42399-41-7 nd-0.146 (0.0491) 20 nd-0.0736 (0.0042)

0.106 max

20 102 diphenhydramine 58-73-1

nd-0.387 (0.0784) 20 nd-0.273 (nd)

0.023 max nd-0.0058

20 102 112 d-limonene 5989-27-5 0.029 only

0.94 max

116 102

doxycycline 564-25-0 0.22 only

nd-2.21

0.6-6.7

133 134 136

0.09 only nd-0.88

133 134

nd-0.08

nd-0.073

133 131

TABLE 1.1

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

enalaprilat 76420-72-9 0.0005 max

0.0001 med

122 36 enrofloxacin 93106-60-6 0.1 max 128 0.01 max 102

erythromycin 114-07-8 0.71-0.141 53 0.145-0.29

0.047med nd-1.842 (nd)

0.01-0.03

53 36 21 120

nd-0.07 0.003 med nd-1.022 (nd)

0.016 max nd-0.175

53 36 21 122 116 nd-0.051

nd-0.03 nd-0.007

131 23 132 erythromycin-H2O

(anyhydro-erythromycin)

114-07-8 0.2 ave

0.06-0.19 (0.07) nd-1.2 0.09-0.35

138 87 135 139

0.08 ave 0.06-0.11 (0.07) nd-0.3 0.04-0.12 nd-0.48 (0.15)

0.055-0.075

138 87 135 139 20 124

0.17 only

nd-1.209 0.22 max

nd-0.61 (nd)

138 116 102 20 estrone 53-16-7 0.032 med

0.008-0.052 (0.016) 2.4 max

118 45 140

0.013 med nd-0.054 (0.005) 4.4 max

118 45 140

nd-0.022 (0.004) nd-0.005

7 119 estrone-3-sulfate 481-97-0 nd-0.007 (0.006) 7

ethyl citrate 77-93-0 0.11-0.52 (0.27) 20 nd-0.4 (0.072)

nd-0.27 0.17 max

20 116 102 fluoxetine 54910-89-3 0.0004-0.0024 141 nd-0.0013 141 nd-0.0212 (nd) 20

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

furosemide 54-31-9 0.585 med 36 0.0035 med

0.067 max

36 122 gadolinium 7440-54-2 0.0023-0.14 (0.094) 142 0.026-0.076 142

galaxolide (HHCB)* 1222-05-5 0.79 only

0.83-4.443 1.701 med 2.1-3.4

50 49 118 140

1.08 only 0.451-0.87 0.876 med 0.49-0.6

50 49 118 140

0.23 max

0.106 only nd-1.4 0.172-0.313

50 10 116 77

0.66-2.6 (1) 20 nd-2.1 (0.14)

1.2 max 0.43-1.1

20 102 112 gemfibrozil 25812-30-0 0.71 only

nd-0.36 0.418 med 0.12-36.53 (0.26)

0.19 only

50 23 118 45 126

0.18 only nd-0.32 0.255 med 0.08-2.09 (0.19) 0.11-1.4 nd-0.158 0.08-0.478

0.56 med

50 23 118 45 40 37 39 123

0.17 max nd-0.06

nd-0.027 0.014 ave

nd-0.58 nd-0.18 nd-0.035

nd-0.013

50 23 121 131 40 37 39 132 hydrochlorothiazide 58-93-5 0.439 med 36 0.005 med

0.024 max

36 122

*The original USGS publications (References 20, 102, 112, and 116) mislabeled galaxolide and tonalide The concentrations presented here are correct See http://

nwql.usgs.gov/Public/tech_memos/nwql.07-03.html (accessed August 13, 2007) for a detailed explanation.

TABLE 1.1

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

ibuprofen 15687-27-1 3.59 only

nd-0.9 7.741-33.764

143 max 23.4 ave 9.5-14.7 5.7 ave 1.2-2.679 8.84 med 4.1-10.21 (6.77)

2.64-5.7 5.518 ave 5.533 ave

50 23 53 51 125 127 48 49 118 45 140 47 46

0.15 only 0.04-0.8 1.979-4.239 10.1 max 0.04 ave 0.01-0.022 0.18 ave nd-2.4 0.353 med 0.11-2.17 (0.31)

0.91-2.1

0.121 med nd-27.256 (3.086)

50 23 53 51 125 127 48 49 118 45 140 36 21

0.22 max nd-0.15 0.144-2.37

nd-0.146 0.01 max 0.014 only 3.08 max 5.6 max nd-0.034 nd-0.115

0.013 med nd-5.044 (0.826)

50 23 53 121 122 10 103 104 119 77 36 21 3.8 only 126 nd-22

0.005-0.425 2.235-6.718

0.0035-0.064

40 37 39 38

nd-6.4 0.003-0.25 nd-0.0095 nd-0.014

40 37 39 38 0.018 ave

0.11 med 1.1-151 0.03 only

129 123 120 75 indole 120-72-9 nd-0.2 (nd) 20 nd-0.026 116

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

indomethacin 53-86-1 0.151 ave

0.196 med 0.03-0.43 (0.28)

0.22 only

46 118 45 126

0.091 ave 0.149 med 0.04-0.49 (0.18) nd-0.31

46 118 45 40

0.066 ave

nd-0.01

nd-0.15

46 23 40 iopromide 73334-07-3 nd-3.84

6.6 max

0.13 only

49 140 126

nd-5.06 9.3 max

49 140

0.011 max 10

isopropylphenazone 479-92-5 nd-0.033 121

ketoprofen 22071-15-4 0.94 only

0.321 ave 2.1 max 2.9 ave 0.41-0.52

50 46 51 125 127

0.33 only 0.146 ave 1.76 max 0.23 ave 0.08-0.023

50 46 51 125 127

0.07 max 0.329 ave

50 46

0.47 ave 0.16-0.97 0.136 med

48 23 118

0.18 ave 0.13-0.62 0.114 med

48 23 118

0.06-0.15 (0.08) 45 0.04-0.09 (0.05)

nd-0.31 nd-0.029 nd-0.039

0.008-0.351 0.023 ave

45 40 37 38 39 129

nd-0.079 nd-0.01 nd-0.023

40 37 38

TABLE 1.1

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

lincomycin 154-21-2 0.031 med 36 0.033 med

0.249 max nd-0.355 0.01 max nd-0.046

36 122 131 102 132 loratadine 79794-75-5 nd-0.02 23

mefenamic acid 61-68-7 nd-0.005

0.136-0.363

23 53

nd-0.01 0.29-0.396 nd-1.44 (0.133)

23 53 21

nd-0.003

0.242 max

nd-0.366 (0.062)

23 103 21 metformin 657-24-9 nd-0.698 (nd) 20 nd-0.112 (nd) 20

methyl salicylate 119-36-8 nd-0.099 (nd)

0.19 max

20 102 metoprolol 37350-58-6 0.16 only 50 0.19 only

0.08 med

50 123

20 143 116 102 112 n4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole 21312-10-7 0.85-1.6 (1.4) 87 0.21-0.88 (0.4)

0.071-0.082

87 124 naphthalene 91-20-3 nd-0.15 (nd) 20 nd-0.16 (nd)

nd-0.02 0.082 max

20 116 102

(Continued)

WWTP Effluent Concentration μg/L Reference

Surface-Water Concentration μg/L Reference

naproxen 22204-53-1 3.65 only

nd-0.19 11.4 max 8.6 ave 10.3-12.8 0.95 ave 5.22 med 0.732 ave 1.73-6.03 (2.76) 1.79-4.6

0.806 ave 0.54 only

50 23 51 125 127 48 118 46 45 140 47 126

0.25 only nd-0.16 3.12 max 0.42 ave 0.012-0.038 0.27 ave 0.351 med 0.261 ave 0.36-2.54 (0.82) 0.8-2.6 0.17 only nd-14 nd-0.172 0.633-7.962

50 23 51 125 127 48 118 46 45 140 75 40 37 39

0.25 max nd-0.05

nd-0.032 nd-0.313 (0.021) nd-0.135 0.042 ave nd-0.045 nd-0.041

0.03 only nd-4.5 nd-0.105 nd-0.271

50 23 121 74 119 131 38 132

75 40 37 39 0.031 ave

0.41 med 0.017-0.057

129 123 38 norfloxaxin 70458-96-7 0.319 max

0.066-0.174

100 134

0.071 max nd-0.037

100 134

0.03 max 102 nonylphenol monoethoxylate 4.06-7.299 49 nd-2.58

nd-18 (0.88)

49

20 nd-12 (0.35) 20 nonylphenol diethoxylate 0.6-4.645 49 nd-1.36

nd-38 (2.2)

49 20

nd-7.4

nd-15 (0.56)

2.5 max

116 20 102

TABLE 1.1

(Continued)