Bioremediation of Relcalcitrant Compounds - Chapter 1 potx

The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program SERDP sponsored this project under its cleanup thrust area and assigned it project number CU-720.. Army Engineer Research and

B ioremediation

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

EDITED BY JEFFREY W TALLE Y

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bioremediation of recalcitrant compounds / edited by Jeffrey Talley.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56670-656-4

1 Organic compounds Biodegradation 2 Organochlorine compounds Biodegradation 3

Bioremediation I Talley, Jeffrey.

TD196.O73B558 2005

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This book summarizes many of the results of a 7-year research effort con-ducted by the Federal Integrated Biotreatment Research Consortium (FIBRC) The purpose of the work presented in this book was to develop bioremediation technologies for soil, sediment, and groundwater contami-nated with chloricontami-nated solvents, polychloricontami-nated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) sponsored this project under its cleanup thrust area and assigned it project number CU-720 The U.S Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) directed the FIBRC research program, which was entitled “Biotreatment: Flask to Field Initiative.”

Active membership of the FIBRC whose work is represented in this book consisted of the following organizations:

U.S ERDC, Environmental Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS

U.S Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA

U.S Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Baltimore District, Baltimore, MD

U.S Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C

U.S Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center Research, Development, Test and Evaluation Division (NRaD), San Diego, CA U.S Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA

USEPA Robert S Kerr Laboratory, Ada, OK Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic Hazardous Substance Research Center (GLMAC), Ann Arbor, MI

In addition, the following organizations participated in the FIBRC in an advisory capacity:

ERDC, Cold Regions Research Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, NH

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ERDC, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Champaign, IL

U.S Army Environmental Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD U.S Department of Energy (DOE), Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL

I was the FIBRC director for most of the work, although Dr Mark Zappi, P.E (ERDC/Mississippi State University) and Dr Kurt Preston (ERDC/Army Research Office) served as the initial directors Dr Rakesh Bajpai (University

of Missouri–Columbia) served as an interim director for 1 year Thank you, Mark, Kurt, and Rakesh, for providing great leadership My executive assis-tant was Ms Deborah Felt, Applied Research Associates (ARA), whose daily contributions were invaluable … thanks, Debbie

To my lead authors, Dr Jim Tiedje (Michigan State University), Dr Hap Prichard (Naval Research Laboratory), and Dr Guy Sewell (EPA Robert S Kerr Research Laboratory/East Central University), your long hours of work are greatly appreciated Equally important is the list of other coauthors and contributors My thanks to all of you

Thank you, SERDP, for funding this work and giving us great folks to work with, such as Ms Cathy Vogel (SERDP’s program manager for the cleanup thrust area), Dr Femi Ayorinde (program manager), and Mr Bradley Smith and Dr John Harrison (SERDP directors) Special thanks to ERDC and Daniel E Averett for their support of this project

Thank you, Technical Advisory Committee (all great scholars and too many to mention here) and Mr Richard Conway (SERDP project shepherd), for keeping us focused to produce this work

Thank you, Dr Xiangru Zhang (University of Notre Dame) and Mr Tim Ruggaber (University of Notre Dame) for your valuable assistance in proof-reading this manuscript!

Finally, thank you to all the staff at CRC Press and Taylor & Francis Without your prodding, this book would never have been completed

Jeffrey W Talley

Notre Dame, Indiana

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The Editor

Dr Jeffrey W Talley, P.E., is an Assistant Professor of Bioengineering and Environmental Engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana He specializes in the treatment of contaminated surface water, groundwater, soil, and sediment His research interests include the examination of phys-iochemical and microbial processes for application to waste reduction and treatment Special interests are phase partitioning and the treatment and fate

of hydrophobic organic compounds (Dioxins, PCBs, PAHs, DDT), other tightly bound pollutants (TNT, RDX, HMX), and select inorganic contami-nants (Hg, Pb, Cr, and As) in the environment He is especially interested in the integration of engineering, microbial ecology, and toxicology for pur-poses of enhancing detection, characterization, and remedial strategies Pro-fessor Talley teaches Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Sci-ence, Hazardous Waste Management and Design, and Physiochemical Processes and Treatment of Pollutants

Professor Talley is noted for his innovative applications of thermal pro-grammed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD/MS) for the assessment of pollutants and his contributions to the development of treatment technolo-gies with focus on field remediation His work involving the bioavailability

of PAHs in sediments was part of the team project honored as 1999 SERDP Research Project of the Year (Cleanup) and best research presented (poster)

at the 2000 Gordon Research Conference on Environmental Science His recent collaborative work involving the detection and analyses of toxic heavy metals and organic acids in herbal dietary supplements was part of a team project honored as best research presented at the 2004 International Sympo-sium on Recent Advances in Pharmacology

Prior to his appointment at Notre Dame, Dr Talley spent 20 years in design, consulting, and military positions involving more than 100 different environmental sites throughout the United States and abroad In 2003, Pro-fessor Talley was in the Middle East with the U.S Army Corps of Engineers conducting civil and environmental engineering projects throughout Kuwait and Iraq Of special significance was his environmental work with Task Force Restore Iraqi Oil (TF RIO), where he assisted in the assessment and remedi-ation recommendremedi-ations for multiple oil-waste impacted sites in Iraq

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Dr Michael Annable

Department of Environmental

Engineering and Science

University of Florida–Gainesville

Gainesville, Florida

Dr Herbert Fredrickson

U.S Army Engineer Research and

Development Center

Environmental Laboratory at

Waterways Experiment Station

Vicksburg, Mississippi

John S Furey

U.S Army Engineer Research and

Development Center

Environmental Laboratory at

Waterways Experiment Station

Vicksburg, Mississippi

Dr Lance D Hansen

U.S Army Engineer Research and

Development Center

Cold Regions Research and

Engineering Laboratory

Hanover, New Hampshire

Dr John Hind

Maryland Biotechnology Institute

Baltimore, Maryland

Desirée P Howell

RMT, Inc

Jackson, Mississippi

Dr William Jones

Maryland Biotechnology Institute Baltimore, Maryland

Dr Joanne Jones-Meehan

Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C

Susan C Mravik

USEPA-RSK Lab Ada, Oklahoma

Cathy Nestler

Applied Research Associates, Inc., Southern Division

Vicksburg, Mississippi

Dr Kurt D Pennell

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia

Dr Hap Prichard

Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C

Dr Guy Sewell

East Central University Department of Environmental Health Sciences

Ada, Oklahoma

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Dr Randy Sillan

LFR Levine Fricke

Emeryville, California

William Straube

Geo-Centers, Inc

Washington, D.C

Dr Jeffrey W Talley, P.E.

Department of Civil Engineering

and Geological Sciences

University of Notre Dame

Notre Dame, Indiana

Dr James M Tiedje

Center for Microbial Ecology

Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan

Dr Tamara V Tsoi

Center for Microbial Ecology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan

Dr Altaf Wani

U.S Army Engineer Research and Development Center

Vicksburg, Mississippi

Kevin Warner

LFR Levine Fricke Emeryville, California

Dr A Lynn Wood

USEPA-RSK Lab Ada, Oklahoma

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This book provides an authoritative state-of-the-art biotreatment review for three key contaminant groups: chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphe-nyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Issues such as availability, toxicity, and treatability are discussed along with a summary of the latest bioremediation technologies Special innovative research and development projects are presented for each contaminant group These projects are the results of a 7-year concerted effort by the Strategic Environ-mental Research Development Program’s (SERDP) Federal Integrated Biotreatment Research Consortium funded by the Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Energy (DOE), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The consortium’s objective was to develop field-ready biotechnolo-gies The technologies developed through this program yielded successful field or large-scale lab demonstrations for each contaminant group Cosol-vent extraction of chlorinated solCosol-vents was validated at a field site, and a guidance document explaining the technology was developed Bioaugmen-tation-enhanced PAH degradation was compared to traditional land-farming methods and provided new insight on how to optimize biotreatment Genet-ically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) that enhanced PCB degradation were developed and field tested, and a GEM guidance document was writ-ten These projects discuss both the science and engineering challenges that were encountered as each project advanced from the flask to the field They serve as useful guides for the implementation of any new bioremediation technology

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Chapter 1

Introduction to recalcitrant compounds 1

Jeffrey W Talley

Chapter 2

Toxicological exposure of bound recalcitrant compounds 11

Herbert Fredrickson, John S Furey, and Jeffrey W Talley

Chapter 3

Roadblocks to the implementation of biotreatment strategies 33

Jeffrey W Talley

Chapter 4

The federal integrated biotreatment research consortium

(flask to field) 51

Jeffrey W Talley

Chapter 5

Chlorinated solvent contaminated soils and groundwater:

field application of the solvent extraction residual

biotreatment technology 59

Guy Sewell, Susan C Mravik, A Lynn Wood,

Michael Annable, Randy Sillan, and Kevin Warner

Chapter 6

Enhancing PCB bioremediation 147

James M Tiedje, Tamara V Tsoi, Kurt D Pennell,

Lance D Hansen, Altaf Wani, and Desirée P Howell

Chapter 7

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): improved land

treatment with bioaugmentation 215

Hap Prichard, Joanne Jones-Meehan, Cathy Nestler,

Lance D Hansen, William Straube, William Jones, John Hind, and

Jeffrey W Talley

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Chapter 8

Future needs for research and development 301

Jeffrey W Talley

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chapter one

Introduction to recalcitrant compounds

Jeffrey W Talley

Contents

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Relevance 2

1.3 Biodegradation and bioavailability 3

1.4 The sequestration of recalcitrant compounds 4

References 7

1.1 Introduction

Bioremediation is defined by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a managed or spontaneous process in which microbiological pro-cesses are used to degrade or transform contaminants to less toxic or nontoxic forms, thereby remedying or eliminating environmental contamination (EPA, 1994) These microbiological processes may reduce hydrocarbon con-centrations in various types of soils and sediments to levels that no longer pose an unacceptable risk to the environment or human health (Linz and Nakles, 1997) However, hydrocarbons that remain in treated soils and sed-iments still might not meet stringent regulatory levels, even if they represent site-specific, environmentally acceptable endpoints (NRC, 1997) This unre-solved issue of the availability of residual hydrocarbon contaminants is the focus of this work

There is a great need to understand contaminant soil–sediment interac-tions and their effect on bioavailability and toxicity (NCR, 1997) This is especially true for recalcitrant compounds The adherence and slow release

of recalcitrant compounds from soils and sediments is an obstacle to

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