Anatomy & Physiology - part 1 potx

Table of ContentsPretest Questions 1Key to Pretest Questions 29 Chapter 1: Introductory Anatomical Terms and Physiological Concepts 37Directional Terms 37Anatomical Position 38Superfici

CliffsStudySolver ™

Anatomy & Physiology

By Steven Bassett

CliffsStudySolver ™

Anatomy & Physiology

By Steven Bassett

Copyright © 2005 Wiley, Hoboken, NJ

Published by Wiley, Hoboken, NJ

Published simultaneously in Canada

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About the Author

Steven Bassett received his MS from Kearney State College while researching the concentration

of a 3-methylhistidine in urine while the patients were subjected to varying conditions Stevenstarted teaching anatomy and physiology at the high school level in 1978 He has been the leadinstructor for anatomy and physiology at Southeast Community College in Lincoln, Nebraska,since 1990 He is currently an adjunct professor in the Physician’s Assistance Program at UnionCollege in Lincoln

Steven has published workbooks, lab manuals, student study guides, and teacher’s guides inthe field of anatomy and physiology He is an active member of the Human Anatomy andPhysiology Society

In his spare time, Steven likes to watch his four kids grow while teaching them the value ofworking harder and studying harder than is expected

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Table of Contents

Pretest Questions 1Key to Pretest Questions 29

Chapter 1: Introductory Anatomical Terms and Physiological Concepts 37Directional Terms 37Anatomical Position 38Superficial Landmarks 42Body Quadrants 49Abdominopelvic Regions 51

Negative Feedback Mechanism 58Positive Feedback Mechanism 59Chapter Problems and Solutions 60Problems 60Answers and Solutions 61Supplemental Chapter Problems 63Problems 63Answers 64

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Anatomy and Physiology 65

Chapter Problems and Solutions 80Problems 80Answers and Solutions 81Supplemental Chapter Problems 81Problems 81Answers 82

The Cell Organelles 83Protein Synthesis 83The Cell Membrane 84Osmosis 85Cell Reproduction 88Chapter Problems and Solutions 91Problems 91Answers and Solutions 91Supplemental Chapter Problems 92Problems 92Answers 93

The Four Tissue Groups 95Epithelial 96Muscular 97Neural 98Connective 98Body Membranes 103Chapter Problems and Solutions 105Problems 105Answers and Solutions 105Supplemental Chapter Problems 106Problems 106Answers 106

Chapter 5: The Integumentary System 109

Chapter Problems and Solutions 113Problems 113Answers and Solutions 113Supplemental Chapter Problems 114Problems 114Answers 114

Chapter 6: The Axial Skeletal System 115

Bones of the Cranium 115Bones of the Face 117Internal Ear Bones 119The Hyoid Bone 119Foramen of the Skull 120The Thoracic Cage 122The Sternum 122

The Vertebral Column 123Chapter Problems and Solutions 126Problems 126Answers and Solutions 127Supplemental Chapter Problems 127Problems 127Answers 128

Chapter 7: The Appendicular Skeletal System 129The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs 129The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs 133Chapter Problems and Solutions 138Problems 138Answers and Solutions 138Supplemental Chapter Problems 139Problems 139Answers 139

Chapter 8: The Muscular System 141Select Muscles of the Face 141Select Muscles of the Arm 143Select Muscles of the Leg 145Select Muscles of the Torso 147Table of Contents vii

Muscle Structure 150Chapter Problems and Solutions 152Problems 152Answers and Solutions 152Supplemental Chapter Problems 153Problems 153Answers 153

Chapter 9: General Nervous System 155Neurons 155

One-Way Transmission 159All-or-None Principle 160Threshold 160The Neuroglial Cells 161

Chapter Problems and Solutions 163Problems 163Answers and Solutions 163Supplemental Chapter Problems 164Problems 164Answers 164

Chapter 10: The Central Nervous System 167

The Brain’s Five Major Divisions 169Other Structures of the Brain 171The Spinal Cord 175Nerve Plexuses 176Transverse View of the Spinal Cord 177Protecting the Central Nervous System 179Chapter Problems and Solutions 180Problems 180Answers and Solutions 181Supplemental Chapter Problems 182Problems 182Answers 182

Chapter 11: The Peripheral Nervous System 185The Spinal Nerves 186The Cranial Nerves 187

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Chapter Problems and Solutions 190Problems 190Answers and Solutions 191Supplemental Chapter Problems 192Problems 192Answers 192

Introducing the Five Senses 195The Tongue 196The Pathway of Light into the Eyes 197The Pathway of Sound Waves into the Ear 200Chapter Problems and Solutions 204Problems 204Answers and Solutions 204Supplemental Chapter Problems 205Problems 205Answers 206

Chapter 13: The Endocrine System 207The Pituitary Gland 207Other Endocrine Glands 209Chapter Problems and Solutions 213Problems 213Answers and Solutions 214Supplemental Chapter Problems 214Problems 214Answers 215

Blood Composition 217Red Blood Cells 218Erythrocyte Structure 218Erythrocyte Life Span 219White Blood Cells 219Leukocyte Response 220Platelets and Platelet Response 221

Glycolipids and Blood Typing 224Donating Packed Cells 224Table of Contents ix

Donating Whole Blood 228Donating Plasma 230The Rh Factor 233Chapter Problems and Solutions 236Problems 236Answers and Solutions 237Supplemental Chapter Problems 237Problems 237Answers 238

Chapter 15: The Heart and Blood Vessels 239Structure of the Internal Heart 239Other Features of the Internal Heart 243The Conducting System of the Heart 244The Electrocardiogram (ECG) 245More Heart Information 246Blood Vessels (Arteries) 247Blood Vessels (Veins) 254More Blood Vessel Information 261Chapter Problems and Solutions 262Problems 262Answers and Solutions 262Supplemental Chapter Problems 263Problems 263Answers 264

Chapter 16: The Lymphatic System 265Lymph and Lymph Vessels 265Lymph Organs 265The Lymphatic System and Defense 266Passive and Active Immunity 268Chapter Problems and Solutions 270Problems 270Answers and Solutions 271Supplemental Chapter Problems 271Problems 271Answers 272

Chapter 17: The Respiratory System 273The Respiratory Organs 273The Process of Inhaling and Exhaling 275

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The Chloride Shift 277The Control Mechanisms of Breathing 280Abnormal Breathing 281Protecting the Respiratory System 282Chapter Problems and Solutions 283Problems 283Answers and Solutions 284Supplemental Chapter Problems 284Problems 284Answers 285

Chapter 18: The Digestive System 287

Teeth 287Salivary Glands 288The Tongue 288

The Esophageal Sphincter 291The Gastric Rugae 291Hydrochloric Acid, Pepsinogen, Pepsin 291Pyloric Sphincter 292The Small Intestine 292The Duodenum 293The Jejunum 294

The Pancreas 296Buffers 296Digestive Enzymes from the Pancreas 296The Liver and Gallbladder 297The Large Intestine 300Summary of Digestive Enzymes 302Hormones of the Digestive System 303Chapter Problems and Solutions 304Problems 304Answers and Solutions 305Supplemental Chapter Problems 305Problems 305Answers 306Table of Contents xi

Chapter 19: Metabolism 307

Catabolism 307Anabolism 308Metabolism of Carbohydrates 308Metabolism of Protein 309Metabolism of Fat 310Essential and Nonessential Products 313Metabolism of Other Nutritional Products 314Vitamins and Metabolism 315Cholesterol and Metabolism 317Chapter Problems and Solutions 318Problems 318Answers and Solutions 319Supplemental Chapter Problems 319Problems 319Answers 320

Chapter 20: The Urinary System 321The Functions and Structures of the Urinary System 321The Internal Structures of the Kidney 323Blood Vessels Associated with the Nephron 326Function of the Nephron 327The Urinary Bladder 330Other Functions of the Kidneys 331Chapter Problems and Solutions 333Problems 333Answers and Solutions 333Supplemental Chapter Problems 334Problems 334Answers 334

Chapter 21: The Reproductive System 335The Male Reproductive System and Sperm Cells 335The Three Glands of the Male Reproductive System 336Structure of Sperm Cells 337Hormones and Nerves Associated with the Male Reproductive System 337

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The Female Reproductive System and Egg Cells 339Sperm Cells Fertilizing the Egg 339The Fertilized Egg 340Hormones Associated with the Female Reproductive System 341General Reproductive System Information 342Chapter Problems and Solutions 343Problems 343Answers and Solutions 344Supplemental Chapter Problems 344Problems 344Answers 345Customized Full-Length Exam 347

Table of Contents xiii

Pretest

Pretest Questions

The following questions are multiple choice Determine which choice would be the best answer

to the question The answers to the pretest questions are located at the end of this section

1. The thumb is considered to be to the little finger

6. The spleen is located in the _ region.

A. positive feedback mechanism

B. negative feedback mechanism

C. homeostasis

D. catabolism

E. anabolism

9. Which of the following would be an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

A. The fluctuation of calcium ions in the bloodstream

B. The process of childbirth

C. The rise of insulin production during food intake and the fall of insulin production afterfood intake

10. In order to determine the atomic mass unit of an atom; you have to do which of thefollowing?

A. Add the number of protons to the number of electrons

B. Add the number of protons to the number of neutrons

C. Add the number of neutrons to the number of electrons

D. Subtract the number of protons from the number of neutrons

11. Which of the following orbit around the nucleus of an atom?

12. When the number of _ change, the atom becomes an isotope.

A. they have the same number of protons

B. they have common characteristics

C. they have the same number of electrons

D. they are the smallest atoms

14. Which of the following subatomic particles of an atom cannot change?

19. Atoms that have the same number of protons but yet a different number of neutrons arecalled an .

A. the number of protons sodium has

B. the number of electrons sodium has

C. the atomic mass unit of sodium

D. the number of neutrons sodium has

22. Amino acids bonded together will form a

A. lipid molecule

B. protein molecule

C. fat molecule

D. nucleic acid molecule

23. Molecules that store and process information in the cells are collectively called

25. A solution that has a pH of 3 is times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6.

31. The cell membrane is composed of layer/s.

37. The phase of mitosis where the paired chromatids are being pulled apart is called .

42. Cells that contract under involuntary control are

A. skeletal muscle cells

B. smooth muscle cells

C. dense connective cells

D. glial cells

43. The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the .

A. stratum germinativum

B. stratum corneum

C. stratum spinosum

D. stratum granulosum

44. Melanocytes are cells that

A. produce a pigment to protect the skin

B. give the skin its elasticity

C. protect the skin from dehydration

D. are involved in hair growth

45. Which layer of skin provides protection against invading pathogens?

49. The suture of the skull that articulates the two parietal bones is called the suture.

53. The inferior portion of the nasal septum is called the

A. perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

55. What is the name of the foramen the spinal cord passes through?

D. It depends on the sex of the person

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61. Which bone consists of the “elbow”?

67. Which muscle is lateral to the palmaris longus?

A. Flexor carpi radialis

B. Flexor carpi ulnaris

73. What is the name of the cells that are responsible for conducting impulses?

76. Stimulation of the reticular activating system will

A. put a person to sleep

B. keep a person alert

C. cause the brain to cease functioning

D. cause spinal cord spasms

77. The bundle of nerve fibers that “connect” the left hemisphere with the right hemisphereare called the

80. The brachial plexus consists of nerves that emerge from the .

A. cervical region

B. brachial region

C. cervical and brachial region

D. cervical and thoracic region

81. The phrenic nerve is part of the plexus

A. cervical

B. brachial

C. lumbar

D. sacral

82. The meninges are

A. specific lobes of the brain

B. membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

C. cavities within the brain

D. tracts of nerves that ascend and descend the spinal cord

83. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the

A. cerebrum

B. cerebellum

C. choroid plexus

D. corpus callosum

84. Cerebrospinal fluid flows between the

A. pia mater and arachnoid

B. arachnoid and dura mater

C. the brain and pia mater

D. dura mater and the skull

85. Stimulation of a nerve will cause the pupils of the eyes to constrict