Volume 05 - Surface Engineering Part 12 pot

Table 2 Ranges of alloy content for various types of alloy cast ironsComposition, wt% a Description Matrix structure, as-cast c Abrasion-resistant white irons... • Table 3 Society of Aut

−

=

? (Eq 3)

(Eq 6)

σ σ σ ≠σ

σ ≠σ

Significance and Use.

?

ϕψ =

(Eq 17)

Table 2 Numerical values of dimensionless calibration coefficients and

Through-the-thickness hole (a) Blind hole (b), depth = 0.4 D

D0/D

Table 3 Hole-drilling residual stress measurements on a detonation gun WC-Co coating

Average stress

•

•

•

μ

Phase, mol%

Material

(Eq 4)

(Eq 5)

(Eq 6)

T

Structure Zone Models.

•

•

Table 1 Techniques for microstructural analysis

(Eq 1)

•

•

•

•

=

θ θ

a

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Table 2 Scanning electron microscope imaging modes

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

(Eq 4)

Surfaces, studied directly

Table 1 Comparison of surface and thin-film analysis techniques

Technique Parameter

ϕ (Eq 1)

ϕ υ

ϕ

Chemical Effects and Compound Analysis.

p

ϕ (Eq 2)

ϕ

Chemical Effects and Compound Analysis.

λ λ

Microanalysis and Lateral Resolution.

Limitations and Special Problems.

Energy Analysis of Scattered Primary Ions

=  −   + 

(Eq 7)

Detection of Sputtered Particles

ϕ ϕ

p ϕ

≈

Table 1 Classification of cast iron by commercial designation, microstructure, and fracture

Commercial designation Carbon-rich phase Matrix Fracture Final structure after

Table 2 Ranges of alloy content for various types of alloy cast irons

Composition, wt% (a) Description

Matrix structure, as-cast (c)

Abrasion-resistant white irons

Corrosion-resistant irons

Heat-resistant gray irons

Heat-resistant ductile irons

Heat-resistant white irons

Mechanical Cleaning and Finishing

•

•

•

Table 3 Society of Automotive Engineers shot and grit size specifications for abrasive blast cleaning

Maximum

%

retained

Screen number and aperture (in.)

Maximum

% retained

Screen number and aperture (in.)

Minimum

% retained

Screen number and aperture (in.)

Minimum

% retained

Screen number and aperture (in.)

Shot number

Grit number

Nonmechanical Cleaning

Table 4 Operating conditions and solution compositions for pickling cast irons

variable removal removal

Table 5 Temporary coatings used for corrosion protection

μm (mils)

Table 6 Properties and characteristics of conventional electroplated metal coatings

− −

•

•

•

Table 7 Typical piston ring materials

strength

Modulus of elasticity

specification

Manufacturing method

10 6

Hardness HB

Table 8 Alkaline cyanide cadmium plating baths

Concentration, g/L (oz/gal) Total NaCN-

•

Table 9 Recommended minimum thicknesses and corrosion characteristics for zinc and cadmium coatings electrodeposited on cast iron

Coating thickness Service conditions

Chromate finish

Time to white corrosion in salt spray, h

Electrodeposited zinc

Electrodeposited cadmium

Hardfacing process Consumable form

•

≤

Flame Hardening of Gray Iron

Induction Hardening of Gray Iron

Table 10 Effect of carbon equivalent on surface hardness of induction-hardened gray irons

Carbon equivalent (b)

•

•

•

In the as-cast condition,

In the Normalized Condition.

Quenched and Tempered.

Surface Hardening of Pearlitic Malleable Iron

Table 11 Chemical conversion coatings, structures, and characteristics

Constituent Amount, %

Table 12 Properties of organic coatings on iron castings

Method Resin

Hydro- carbons

for primer

bed

Air dry Bake

Typical applications

Low cost

Moderate cost

High cost

Table 13 Relative effectiveness of fusion-bonding resin coatings

Effectiveness (a)

polyether

Table 1 Net shipment of U.S steel mill products all grades

Steel products

≥

Total Steel Mill Products 82,241 100.0 78,846 100.0

•

•

•

•

Table 2 Carbon steel compositions

Cast or heat chemical ranges and limits, % (a) UNS

number

SAE-AISI

number

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels

•

•

•

•

•

•

Table 3 Compositional limits for HSLA steel grades described in ASTM specifications

Heat compositional limits, % (a) ASTM

specification

Type

or grade

UNS designation

Heat compositional limits, % ASTM

Heat compositional limits, % ASTM

Heat compositional limits, % ASTM

specification

Type

or grade

UNS designation

≥

Alloy Steels

•

•

Table 4 SAE-AISI system of designations for carbon and alloy steels

Numerals

and digits

Type of steel and

nominal alloy content, %

Composition, wt%

Steel

Low-carbon quenched and tempered steels

Medium-carbon ultrahigh-strength steels

Carburizing bearing steels

Through-hardened bearing steels

Chromium-molybdenum heat-resistant steels

Preparation for painting

Preparation for phosphating

Preparation for plating

Removal of unpigmented oils and greases

Removal of chips and cutting fluids

Removal of polishing and buffing compounds

•

•

•

Alkali electrocleaning

Acid pickling

Molten-salt descaling

Table 8 Advantages and limitations of various finishing processes

typical applications

Possible limitations

Table 10 Effect of shot peening on fatigue strength of 4340 steel

Endurance limit in bending, 10 7 cycles Machining operation

Gentle grinding, %

Thermal and Electrochemical Finishing

Table 11 Conditions for electropolishing steels in acid electrolytes

Daily production Bath

volume

Installed power

Current density

parts

Operators

Sulfuric-phosphoric acid electrolytes

Sulfuric-phosphoric-chromic acid electrolytes

•

•

Effect on Fatigue Strength.

Table 12 Typical surface compression stress and fatigue strength of various carbon steels finished mechanically or by electropolishing

compressive stress

% of value for mechanical polishing

≤ ≤

Phosphate Coating

•

•

Table 13 Characteristics of phosphate coatings

Type of coating Characteristics

Chromate Conversion Coatings

Table 14 Typical process sequences for chromating of continuous galvanized strip

Table 15 Typical salt spray data for chromate coatings on zinc-coated steel

chromate coating

Time to corrosion stain, h

− −

Hot Dip Galvanizing

Table 16 Properties of alloy layers of hot dip galvanized steels

Melting point

Crystal structure

Diamond pyramid microhardness

Alloy characteristics

Industrial and Urban Environments.

Rural and Suburban.

Marine Atmospheres.

Table 17 Weight losses of steel and zinc in various locations

Weight loss, g Location

loss ratio

Table 18 Corrosion of zinc in various waters

Approximate material loss Water type

Table 19 Corrosion of zinc in different types of water

Relative corrosion rate

Water Temperature.

Water pH.