Volume 05 - Surface Engineering Part 7 docx

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Annual Book of ASTM Standards,... Table 3 Typical applications

BO−

Metalloberfl.; Angew Elektrochem.,

Physicochemical Principles of Nickel Plating,

μ μ

μ

μΩ

°C °F

nickel-phosphorus (a) nickel-boron (b)

hydrochloric acid

Corrosion rate

Heat

treatment

Deposit hardness,

HV 100

Finish Manage.,

Symposium on Electroless Nickel Plating,

Plat Surf Finish.,

Plat Surf Finish.,

Table 6 Physical and mechanical properties of electroless nickel-boron and nickel-phosphorus deposits

nickel- boron (a)

Electroless nickel-

μΩ

μ

Trans Inst Met Finish.,

Tijdschr, Oppervlakte Tech Metalen,

Plating,

Alloy steel (Cr or Ni > 1 %)

300 or 400 series stainless steel

300 series stainless steel (complex shapes)

400 series stainless steel (complex shapes)

Nickel sulfamate strike

Caution: Insoluble anodes cannot be used Chlorine gas would be liberated from insoluble anodes.

•

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Table 9 Comparison of piping and valve materials for electroless nickel plating systems

temperatures

Resistance to plate out

Relative cost

Availability

Piping

μ

• Hydrogen evolution:

• Electrical contact:

• Rinsing:

• Soldier-style racking:

• Baskets:

• Trays:

• Barrels:

MPa ksi

Chemical (Electroless) Nickel Plating, Metals Handbook,

μm mils

Automotive

Aircraft/aerospace

Textiles

Molds and dies

Military

Firearms

Electronics

Railroad

Chemical and petroleum

Medical and pharmaceutical (g)

Food (g)

Material handling

Mining

Wood and paper

Miscellaneous

•

•

μ μ

Met Prog.,

•

Operating conditions Bath 1 Bath 2

Chemical (Electroless) Nickel Plating,

Nickel and Chromium Plating,

↔ E

E

e E

e E

High build (quadrol)

Plating of Plastics with Metals,

Surf Coat Technol.,

Plat Surf Finish.,

μΩ

J Electrochem Soc.,

panel pattern

subtractive

Table 2 Methods of EMI shielding

Material/

method

Shielding capability (a)

Process cost (b)

μ

AES Proc., Circuit World,

Printed Circuits Handbook,

Standards and Guidelines for Electroplated Plastics,

Prod Finish.,

Electroless Plating: Fundamentals and Applications,

Plating,

Plat and Surf Finish.,

Plastics Finishing and Decoration,

Printed Circuit Fab.,

Proc 42nd Electronic Components and Technology Conference,

Thin Film Multichip Modules,

Proc International Society for Hybrid Microelectronics,

J Electrochem Soc.,

J Micromech Microeng.,

• The MLB etch or promoter

• The conditioner or pre-etch

• The etch

• The neutralizer

• Binary precious metal salt:

• Sequential tin, then palladium (so-called "two-step"):

• Palladium-tin colloid:

• Ionic (alkaline) complexed palladium:

≤ μ μ

μ μ

μ μ

Met Finish.,

J Electrochem Soc.,

Circuit World,

Circuit World,

Electroless Plating: Fundamentals and Applications,

Proc Electrochem Soc.,

(Eq 2)

μ

autocatalytic

(Eq 3)

Table 1 Compositions and operating conditions for cyanide-base electroless gold plating baths

Table 2 Composition and operating conditions for a sulfite-base electroless gold plating bath

Table 3 Composition and operating conditions for a cyanide-base electroless gold plating bath

M

J Electrochem Soc.,

Table 1 Features and types of metallic nonelectrolytic alloy coatings

overvoltage potential.

corrosion resistance

Table 4 Electroless cobalt alloy plating systems

Table 5 Electroless ternary alloy plating systems

Significant properties and applications

Availability

Hypophosphite-reduced alloys

•

μ

surge hopper

μ

mechanical galvanizing cold-impact galvanizing

Table 1 Corrosion resistance of threaded bolts with various coatings

thickness, μm

Hours to red rust (a)

•

•

Table 2 Minimum coating mass and thickness ranges for continuous hot dip coatings on steel wire

Table 3 Typical applications of continuous hot-dip-coated steel sheet, wire, and tubing

Product Coating

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Annual Book of ASTM Standards,

Corrosion, ASM Handbook Metals Handbook

Materials Performance,

Table 5 Corrosion of zinc and steel at 45 locations (10 × 15 cm test specimens)

2-year exposure, grams lost Location

Table 7 Effects of hot dip coatings on threshold voltages for cratering of cathodic electrophoretic primer

Proceedings of the Second Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference, P-136,

Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM Handbook,

galvanneal

μ

δ

μ μ

Severe marine

Moderate marine

Rural

Industrial

Proceedings of the 13th International Galvanizing Conference,

μ

terne

Table 1 Worldwide capacity for electrolytic tin- and chromium-coated steel for canstock by region, 1991

Number of continuous plating lines

capacity, tons/yr

ETLs

Table 2 Worldwide capacity for electrolytic zinc and alloy (Zn-Ni, Zn-Fe) coated steel strip for primarily automotive body panels, 1991

Number of plating lines

tons/yr

Proceedings of Galvatech 1989,

Proceedings of Galvatech 1989,

Table 3 Typical applications for continuous electrodeposited coatings for steel strip

electrogalvanized sheet

Table 4 Major U.S electrogalvanizing lines and their capabilities

Total 3,530,000

Table 5 Major European electrogalvanizing lines started since 1980

location

Nominal capacity, tons/yr

Total amperage, kA

Coatings

Start-up

Proceedings of the Fifth International Tinplate Conference,

Progress in the Understanding and Prevention of Corrosion,

The Canmaker,

Proceedings of Galvatech 1989,

Proceedings of Galvatech 1989,

μ μ

μ

μ

μ

μ

Table 7 Electrolytic tin coating weight and mass designations

lb/base box (a)(b)

Coating weights per ASTM A 624

Coating masses per ASTM A 624M

The Technology of Tinplate,

Materials Performance,

Proceedings of the Fifth Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

Iron and Steel Engineer,

Proceedings of Galvatech 1989,

• Proprietary rinses, phosphates, and dry film lubricants

the Fifth Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

The Production of Wide Steel Strip,

Table 8 Classification of continuous processes for the main electrodeposited coatings for steel strip, and key features of each category

Proceedings of Galvatech 1992

Iron Age,

Proceedings of the Fourth Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

Proceedings of the Fifth Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

Proceedings of the Fifth Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

Proceedings of the Fifth Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

Iron and Steel Engineer,

Proceedings of Galvatech 1989,

Proceedings of the Fifth Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

Proceedings of the Seventh Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

Proceedings of the Fifth Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

Proceedings of the Fourth Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

Proceedings of the Seventh Continuous Steel Strip Plating Symposium,

AASHTO

Galvanizing for Corrosion Protection: A Specifier's Guide to Bridge and Highway Applications,

Zinc Steel Zinc Steel

Table 4 Corrosion of zinc in different types of water

Corrosion products Water

type

Attacking substances

Passivating substances

Relative corrosion rate

Freshly galvanized (a)

Weathered galvanized (b)

Cold or hot phosphated

Sweep-blasted and galvanized

Metal in contact Environment

Halides

Nitriles (cyanides)

Esters

Amines and Amine salts

Galvanizing for Corrosion Protection: A Specifier's Guide to Bridge and Highway Applications,

Hot Dip Galvanizing for Corrosion Protection of Steel Products,

Zinc Handbook: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design,