Microsoft windows xp professional exam 70 - 270 phần 5 docx

How to Monitor Disk Quotas You use the Quota Entries For dialog box refer to Figure 10-19 to monitor usage forall users who have copied, saved, or taken ownership of files and folders on

F10us18

Figure 10-18 Use the Quota tab of the Properties dialog box for a disk to set disk quotas for users.

To enforce identical quota limits for all users, follow these steps:

1 In Windows Explorer, right-click the volume on which you want to set disk

quo-tas, and then click Properties

Windows opens the Properties dialog box for the volume

2 Click the Quota tab.

3 Select the Enable Quota Management check box.

4 Select the Deny Disk Space To Users Exceeding Quota Limit check box.

Windows XP Professional will monitor usage and will not allow users to createfiles or folders on the volume when they exceed the limit

Log Event When A User

Exceeds Their Quota Limit

Select this option if you want Windows XP Professional to log

an event in the Security log every time a user exceeds his or her quota limit

Log Event When A User

Exceeds Their Warning Level

Select this option if you want Windows XP Professional to log

an event in the Security log every time a user exceeds the ing level

warn-Quota Entries Click this button to open the Quota Entries For window, in

which you can add a new entry, delete an entry, and view the per-user quota information

Table 10-3 Quota Tab Options

Lesson 3 Managing Disk Quotas

5 Click Limit Disk Space To In the Limit Disk Space To text box and in the Set

Warn-ing Level To text box, enter the values for the limit and warnWarn-ing levels that youwant to set

6 Click OK.

To enforce different quota limits for one or more specific users, use these steps:

1 In Windows Explorer, right-click the volume on which you want to set disk

quo-tas, and then click Properties

Windows opens the Properties dialog box for the volume

2 Click the Quota tab.

3 Select the Enable Quota Management check box.

4 Select the Deny Disk Space To Users Exceeding Quota Limit check box.

5 Click Quota Entries.

6 In the Quota Entries For window shown in Figure 10-19, click the Quota menu,

and then click New Quota Entry

F10us19

Figure 10-19 Use the Quota Entries For dialog box to enter quotas for specific users.

7 In the Select Users dialog box, type the name of the user for which you want to

set a quota, and then click OK (You can also click Advanced to search for a user.)

8 In the Add New Quota Entry dialog box shown in Figure 10-20, click Limit Disk

Space To, enter the limit and warning levels, and then click OK

F10us20

Figure 10-20 Use the Add New Quota Entry dialog box to specify limits for a user.

How to Determine the Status of Disk Quotas

You can determine the status of disk quotas in the Properties dialog box for a disk bychecking status message to the right of the traffic light icon (refer to Figure 10-18) Thecolor shown on the traffic light icon indicates the status of disk quotas as follows:

■ A red traffic light indicates that disk quotas are disabled

■ A yellow traffic light indicates that Windows XP Professional is rebuilding diskquota information

■ A green traffic light indicates that the disk quota system is active

How to Monitor Disk Quotas

You use the Quota Entries For dialog box (refer to Figure 10-19) to monitor usage forall users who have copied, saved, or taken ownership of files and folders on the vol-ume Windows XP Professional scans the volume and monitors the amount of diskspace in use by each user Use the Quota Entries For dialog box to view the following:

■ The amount of hard disk space that each user uses

■ Users who are over their quota warning threshold, signified by a yellow triangle

■ Users who are over their quota limit, signified by a red circle

■ The warning threshold and the disk quota limit for each user

Guidelines for Using Disk Quotas

Use the following guidelines for using disk quotas:

■ If you enable disk quota settings on the volume where Windows XP Professional

is installed, and your user account has a disk quota limit, log on as Administrator

to install additional Windows XP Professional components and applications Inthis way, Windows XP Professional will not charge the disk space that you use toinstall applications against the disk quota allowance for your user account

■ You can monitor hard disk usage and generate hard disk usage information out preventing users from saving data To do so, clear the Deny Disk Space ToUsers Exceeding Quota Limit check box when you enable disk quotas

with-■ Set more-restrictive default limits for all user accounts, and then modify the limits

to allow more disk space to users who work with large files

■ If multiple users share computers running Windows XP Professional, set diskquota limits on computer volumes so that disk space is shared by all users whoshare the computer

Lesson 3 Managing Disk Quotas

■ Generally, you should set disk quotas on shared volumes to limit storage for users.Set disk quotas on public folders and network servers to ensure that users sharehard disk space appropriately When storage resources are scarce, you might want

to set disk quotas on all shared hard disk space

■ Delete disk quota entries for users who no longer store files on a volume You candelete quota entries for a user account only after all files that the user owns havebeen removed from the volume or after another user has taken ownership of thefiles

Practice: Managing Disk Quotas

In this practice, you configure default quota management settings to limit the amount

of data users can store on drive C (their hard disk drive) Next, you configure a customquota setting for a user account You increase the amount of data the user can store ondrive C to 10 MB with a warning level set to 6 MB Finally, you turn off quota manage-ment for drive C

Note If you did not install Windows XP Professional on drive C, substitute the NTFS tion on which you did install Windows XP Professional whenever drive C is referred to in the practice.

parti-Exercise 1: Configure Quota Management Settings

In this exercise, you configure the quota management settings for drive C to limit thedata that users can store on the volume You then configure custom quota settings for

a user account

To configure default quota management settings

1 Log on with an account that is a member of the Administrators group.

2 Use the User Accounts tool in Control Panel to create a user account named User5

and assign it a Limited account type

3 In Windows Explorer, right-click the drive C icon, and then click Properties.

Windows XP Professional displays the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box withthe General tab active

4 Click the Quota tab.

Notice that disk quotas are disabled by default

5 In the Quota tab, select the Enable Quota Management check box.

Notice that by default, the Do Not Limit Disk Usage option is selected

!

6 Click Limit Disk Usage To.

7 What is the default disk space limit for new users?

8 Click Do Not Limit Disk Usage.

If you want to place the same quota limit on all users of this computer, you use theLimit Disk Usage To option

9 Select the Deny Disk Space To Users Exceeding Quota Limit check box.

10 Select the Log Event When A User Exceeds Their Quota Limit and Log Event When

A User Exceeds Their Warning Limit check boxes, and then click Apply

Windows XP Professional displays the Disk Quota dialog box, telling you that youshould enable the quota system only if you will use quotas on this disk volumeand warning you that the volume will be rescanned to update disk usage statistics

if you enable quotas

11 Click OK to enable disk quotas.

12 What happens to the quota status indicator?

To configure quota management settings for a user

1 In the Quota tab of the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box, click Quota Entries.

Windows XP Professional displays the Quota Entries For Local Disk (C:) dialogbox

2 Are any user accounts listed? Why or why not?

3 On the Quota menu, click New Quota Entry.

Windows XP Professional displays the Select Users dialog box

4 In the Name text box, type User5, and then click OK.

Windows XP Professional displays the Add New Quota Entry dialog box

5 Click Limit Disk Space To What are the default settings for the user you just set a

quota limit for?

Lesson 3 Managing Disk Quotas

6 Increase the amount of data that the user can store on drive C by changing the

Limit Disk Space To setting to 10 MB and the Set Warning Level To setting to 6 MB

7 Click OK to return to the Quota Entries For Local Disk (C:) window.

8 Close the Quota Entries For Local Disk (C:) window.

9 Click OK to close the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box.

10 Log off.

11 Log on as User5.

12 Start Windows Explorer and create a User5 folder on drive C.

13 Insert the ROM you used to install Windows XP Professional into your

CD-ROM drive

14 If a dialog box appears as a result of inserting the CD-ROM, close it.

15 Copy the i386 folder from your CD-ROM to the User5 folder.

Windows XP Professional begins copying files from the i386 folder on the ROM to a new i386 folder in the User5 folder on drive C After copying some files,Windows XP Professional displays the Error Copying File Or Folder dialog box,indicating that there is not enough room on the disk

CD-16 Why did you get this error message?

17 Click OK to close the dialog box.

18 Right-click the User5 folder, and then click Properties.

Notice that the Size On Disk value is slightly less than your quota limit of 10 MB

19 Delete the User5 folder.

20 Close all open windows and log off.

Exercise 2: Disable Quota Management

1 Log on with an account that is a member of the Administrators group.

2 Start Windows Explorer.

3 Right-click the drive C icon, and then click Properties.

Windows XP Professional displays the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box withthe General tab active

4 Click the Quota tab.

5 In the Quota tab, clear the Enable Quota Management check box.

All quota settings for drive C are no longer available

6 Click Apply.

Windows XP Professional displays the Disk Quota dialog box, warning you that ifyou disable quotas, the volume will be rescanned if you enable them later

7 Click OK to close the Disk Quota dialog box.

8 Click OK to close the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box.

9 Close all windows and log off Windows XP Professional.

Lesson Review

Use the following questions to help determine whether you have learned enough tomove on to the next lesson If you have difficulty answering these questions, reviewthe material in this lesson before beginning the next lesson You can find answers tothese questions in the “Questions and Answers” section at the end of this chapter

1 What is the purpose of disk quotas?

2 Which of the following statements about disk quotas in Windows XP Professional

is correct? (Choose the correct answer.)

a Disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-user, per-disk basis.

b Disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-group, per-volume basis.

c Disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-user, per-volume basis.

d Disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-group, per-disk basis.

3 Which of the following statements about disk quotas in Windows XP Professional

is correct? (Choose all that apply.)

a Disk quotas can be applied only to Windows XP Professional NTFS volumes.

b Disk quotas can be applied to any Windows XP Professional volume.

c You must be logged on with the Administrator user account to configure

default quota management settings

d Members of the Administrators and Power Users groups can configure quota

management settings

Lesson 3 Managing Disk Quotas

4 You get a call from an administrator who cannot delete a quota entry for a user

account What would you tell the administrator to check?

Lesson Summary

■ Use Windows XP Professional disk quotas to allocate disk space usage to users.Windows XP Professional disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-user,per-volume basis You can set disk quotas, quota thresholds, and quota limits forall users and for individual users You can apply disk quotas only to Windows XPProfessional NTFS volumes

■ You can set identical quotas for all users or you can configure different quotas forindividual users

■ You can determine the basic status of the quota management system by looking atthe traffic light indicator and the status text display on the Quota tab of a volume’sProperties dialog box

■ You can monitor disk quotas by using the Quota Entries For dialog box, whichyou access by clicking Quota Entries on the Quota tab of a volume’s Propertiesdialog box

■ There are a number of guidelines you should follow when using disk quotas Themost important guideline is that installing applications can use up disk quotas rap-idly, so you should log on as an administrator without quota limits to install appli-cations

Lesson 4: Increasing Security by Using EFS

Encryption is the process of making information indecipherable to protect it from thorized viewing or use A key is required to decode the information The Encrypting File System (EFS) provides encryption for data in NTFS files stored on disk This encryp-

unau-tion is public key–based and runs as an integrated system service, making it easy to age, difficult to attack, and transparent to the file owner If a user who attempts to access

man-an encrypted NTFS file has the private key to that file (which is assigned when the userlogs on), the file can be decrypted so that the user can open the file and work with ittransparently as a normal document A user without the private key is denied access

Windows XP Professional also includes the Cipher command, which provides the

capability to encrypt and decrypt files and folders from a command prompt Windows

XP Professional also provides a recovery agent, a specially designated user accountthat can still recover encrypted files if the owner loses the private key

After this lesson, you will be able to

■ Describe EFS.

■ Encrypt folders and files.

■ Decrypt folders and files.

■ Control encryption from the command line by using the Cipher command.

■ Create an EFS recovery agent.

Estimated lesson time: 40 minutes

Overview of EFS

EFS allows users to encrypt NTFS files by using a strong public key–based graphic scheme that encrypts all files in a folder Users with roaming profiles can usethe same key with trusted remote systems No administrative effort is needed to begin,and most operations are transparent Backups and copies of encrypted files are alsoencrypted if they are in NTFS volumes Files remain encrypted if you move or renamethem, and temporary files created during editing and left unencrypted in the paging file

crypto-or in a tempcrypto-orary file do not defeat encryption

You can set policies to recover EFS-encrypted data when necessary The recovery icy is integrated with overall Windows XP Professional security policy (see Chapter 16,

pol-“Configuring Security Settings and Internet Options,” for more on security policy) trol of this policy can be delegated to individuals with recovery authority, and differentrecovery policies can be configured for different parts of the enterprise Data recoverydiscloses only the recovered data, not the key that was used to encrypt the file Severalprotections ensure that data recovery is possible and that no data is lost in the case oftotal system failure

Con-Lesson 4 Increasing Security by Using EFS

EFS is configured either from Windows Explorer or from the command line It can beenabled or disabled for a computer, domain, or organizational unit (OU) by resettingrecovery policy in the Group Policy console in Microsoft Management Console (MMC).You can use EFS to encrypt and decrypt files on remote file servers but not to encryptdata that is transferred over the network Windows XP Professional provides networkprotocols, such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) authentication, to encrypt data over thenetwork.

Table 10-4 lists the key features provided by Windows XP Professional EFS

Security Alert Even when you encrypt files, an intruder who accesses your computer can access those files if your user account is still logged on to the computer Be sure to lock your console when you are not using the computer, or configure a screensaver to require a pass- word when the computer is activated If the computer is configured to go to standby mode when it is idle, you should require a password to bring the computer out of standby These precautions are particularly important on portable computers, which people are more likely to leave unattended while the user is logged on.

Table 10-4 EFS Features

Transparent encryption In EFS, file encryption does not require the file owner to decrypt and

re-encrypt the file on each use Decryption and encryption happen transparently on file reads and writes to disk

Strong protection of

encryption keys

Public key encryption resists all but the most sophisticated methods of attack Therefore, in EFS, the file encryption keys are encrypted by using a public key from the user’s certificate (Note that Windows XP Professional and Windows 2000 use X.509 v3 certificates.) The list of encrypted file encryption keys is stored with the encrypted file and is unique to it To decrypt the file encryption keys, the file owner sup-plies a private key, which only he or she has

Integral data-recovery

system

If the owner’s private key is unavailable, the recovery agent can open the file using his or her own private key There can be more than one recovery agent, each with a different public key, but at least one pub-lic recovery key must be present on the system to encrypt a file.Secure temporary and

paging files

Many applications create temporary files while you edit a document, and these temporary files can be left unencrypted on the disk On computers running Windows XP Professional, EFS can be imple-mented at the folder level, so any temporary copies of an encrypted file are also encrypted, provided that all files are on NTFS volumes EFS resides in the Windows operating system kernel and uses the nonpaged pool to store file encryption keys, ensuring that they are never copied to the paging file

How to Encrypt a Folder

The recommended method to encrypt files is to create an encrypted folder and placefiles in that folder To encrypt a folder, use these steps:

1 In Windows Explorer, right-click the folder and click Properties.

2 In the Properties dialog box for the folder, on the General tab, click Advanced.

3 In the Advanced Attributes dialog box (refer to Figure 10-14), select the Encrypt

Contents To Secure Data check box, and then click OK

4 Click OK to close the Properties dialog box for the folder.

The folder is now marked for encryption, and all files placed in the folder areencrypted Folders that are marked for encryption are not actually encrypted; only thefiles within the folder are encrypted

Exam Tip Compressed files cannot be encrypted, and encrypted files cannot be pressed with NTFS compression.

com-After you encrypt the folder, when you save a file in that folder, the file is encryptedusing file encryption keys, which are fast symmetric keys designed for bulk encryption.The file is encrypted in blocks, with a different file encryption key for each block Allthe file encryption keys are stored and encrypted in the Data Decryption field (DDF)and the Data Recovery field (DRF) in the file header

Caution If an administrator removes the password on a user account, the user account will lose all EFS-encrypted files, personal certificates, and stored passwords for Web sites or net- work resources Each user should make a password reset disk to avoid this situation To cre- ate a password floppy disk, open User Accounts and, under Related Tasks, click Prevent A Forgotten Password The Forgotten Password Wizard steps you through creating the password reset disk.

How to Decrypt a Folder

Decrypting a folder or file refers to clearing the Encrypt Contents To Secure Data checkbox in a folder’s or file’s Advanced Attributes dialog box, which you access from thefolder’s or file’s Properties dialog box Once decrypted, the file remains decrypted untilyou select the Encrypt Contents To Secure Data check box The only reason you mightwant to decrypt a file is if other people need access to the folder or file—for example,

if you want to share the folder or make the file available across the network

!

Lesson 4 Increasing Security by Using EFS

How to Control Encryption From the Command Line by Using the Cipher Command

The Cipher command provides the capability to encrypt and decrypt files and foldersfrom a command prompt The following example shows the available switches for theCipher command, which are described in Table 10-5:

cipher [/e | /d] [/s:folder_name] [/a] [/i] [/f] [/q] [/h] [/k] [file_name [ ]]

If you run the Cipher command without parameters, it displays the encryption state ofthe current folder and any files that it contains You can specify multiple file names anduse wildcards You must put spaces between multiple parameters

How to Create an EFS Recovery Agent

If you lose your file encryption certificate and associated private key through disk

fail-ure or for any other reason, a user account designated as the recovery agent can open

the file using his or her own certificate and associated private key If the recovery agent

is on another computer in the network, send the file to the recovery agent

Table 10-5 Cipher Command Switches

Switch Description

/e Encrypts the specified folders Folders are marked so any files that are added later

are encrypted

/d Decrypts the specified folders Folders are marked so any files that are added later

are not encrypted

/s Performs the specified operation on files in the given folder and all subfolders./a Performs the specified operation on files as well as folders Encrypted files could

be decrypted when modified if the parent folder is not encrypted Encrypt the file and the parent folder to avoid problems

/i Continues performing the specified operation even after errors have occurred By

default, Cipher stops when an error is encountered

/f Forces the encryption operation on all specified files, even those that are already

encrypted Files that are already encrypted are skipped by default

/q Reports only the most essential information

/h Displays files with the hidden or system attributes, which are not shown by

default

/k Creates a new file encryption key for the user running the Cipher command Using

this option causes the Cipher command to ignore all other options

file_name Specifies a pattern, file, or folder

designa-The person designated as the recovery agent has a special certificate and associatedprivate key that allow data recovery To recover an encrypted file, the recovery agentdoes the following:

■ Uses Backup or another backup tool to restore a user’s backup version of theencrypted file or folder to the computer where his or her file recovery certificate

is located

■ In Windows Explorer, opens the Properties dialog box for the file or folder, and inthe General tab, clicks Advanced

■ Clears the Encrypt Contents To Secure Data check box

■ Makes a backup version of the decrypted file or folder and returns the backup sion to the user

ver-Practice: Increasing Security by Using EFS

In this practice, you log on as an administrator and encrypt a folder and its files Youthen log on using a different user account, and attempt to open an encrypted file anddisable encryption on the encrypted file

1 In Windows Explorer, create a folder named Secret on the C drive.

2 In the Secret folder, create a text file named SecretFile.txt.

3 Right-click the Secret folder, and then click Properties.

Windows XP Professional displays the Secret Properties dialog box with the eral tab active

Gen-4 Click Advanced.

The Advanced Attributes dialog box appears

5 Select the Encrypt Contents To Secure Data check box, and then click OK.

6 Click OK to close the Secret Properties dialog box.

The Confirm Attribute Change dialog box informs you that you are about toencrypt a folder You have two choices: You can encrypt only this folder, or youcan encrypt the folder and all subfolders and files in the folder

Lesson 4 Increasing Security by Using EFS

7 Select the Apply Changes To This Folder, Subfolders And Files option, and then

click OK

8 Open the Secret folder.

9 What color is the SecretFile.txt text file? Why?

10 In the Secret folder, right-click the SecretFile.txt text file, and then click Properties.

The SecretFile.txt Properties dialog box appears

11 Click Advanced.

The Advanced Attributes dialog box appears Notice that the Encrypt Contents ToSecure Data check box is selected

12 Close the Advanced Attributes dialog box.

13 Close the Properties dialog box.

14 Close all windows and log off.

21 Clear the Encrypt Contents To Secure Data check box, and then click OK.

22 Click OK to close the SecretFile.txt Properties dialog box.

The Error Applying Attributes dialog box appears and informs you that access tothe file is denied

10-55the material in this lesson before beginning the next lesson You can find answers tothese questions in the “Questions and Answers” section at the end of this chapter.

1 What is encryption and what is the EFS?

2 Which of the following files and folders does Windows XP Professional allow you

to encrypt? (Choose all that apply.)

a A file on an NTFS volume

b A folder on a FAT volume

c A file stored on a floppy

d A folder on an NTFS volume

3 How do you encrypt a folder? Is the folder actually encrypted?

4 If the private key belonging to the owner of an encrypted file is not available, how

can you decrypt the file?

5 By default, the recovery agent for a computer running Windows XP Professional

in a workgroup is , and the recovery agent for a computer runningWindows XP Professional in a domain environment is _

Lesson Summary

■ EFS allows users to encrypt files and folder on an NTFS volume by using a strongpublic key–based cryptographic scheme that encrypts all files in a folder Backupsand copies of encrypted files are also encrypted if they are in NTFS volumes Filesremain encrypted if you move or rename them, and encryption is not defeated byleakage to paging files

Lesson 4 Increasing Security by Using EFS

■ To encrypt a folder, select the Encrypt Contents To Secure Data check box in theAdvanced Attributes dialog box, which you can access by clicking Advanced onthe General tab of the folder’s Properties dialog box.

■ To decrypt a folder, clear the Encrypt Contents To Secure Data check box in theAdvanced Attributes dialog box

■ You can control file and folder encryption from the command line using theCipher command

■ Windows XP Professional also provides a recovery agent If an owner loses theprivate key, the recovery agent can still recover the encrypted file

Lesson 5: Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter,

Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup

Windows XP Professional saves files and folders in the first available space on a harddisk and not necessarily in an area of contiguous space The parts of the files and fold-ers are scattered over the hard disk rather than being in a contiguous area This scat-

tering of files and folders across a hard disk is known as fragmentation When your

hard disk contains numerous fragmented files and folders, your computer takes longer

to access them because it requires several additional disk reads to collect the variouspieces Creating new files and folders also takes longer because the available freespace on the hard disk is scattered Your computer must save a new file or folder invarious locations on the hard disk

Temporary files, Internet cache files, and unnecessary programs also take up space onyour computer’s hard drive Sometimes there are file system errors, and sometimes sec-tors on your hard disk go bad, which can cause you to lose data that you have stored

on your hard disk This lesson introduces three Windows XP Professional tools—Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup—that help you organize your hard

disks, recover readable information from damaged areas on your hard disk, and clean

up any temporary files and unnecessary programs taking up space on your hard drive

After this lesson, you will be able to

■ Use Disk Defragmenter to organize your hard disks

■ Use Check Disk to search for and repair file system errors and to recover readable mation from bad sectors

infor-■ Use Disk Cleanup to remove unnecessary files from your hard disks

Estimated lesson time: 60 minutes

How to Analyze and Defragment Disks with Disk Defragmenter

The process of finding and consolidating fragmented files and folders is called menting Disk Defragmenter locates fragmented files and folders, and then defrag-ments them by moving the pieces of each file or folder to one location so that eachoccupies a single contiguous space on the hard disk Consequently, your system canaccess and save files and folders more efficiently By consolidating files and folders,Disk Defragmenter also consolidates free space, making it less likely that new files will

defrag-be fragmented Disk Defragmenter can defragment FAT, FAT32, and NTFS volumes.You access Disk Defragmenter by selecting Start, pointing to All Programs, pointing toAccessories, pointing to System Tools, and then clicking Disk Defragmenter The DiskDefragmenter dialog box is split into three areas, as shown in Figure 10-21

Lesson 5 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup

Figure 10-21 Use Disk Defragmenter to defragment a volume.

The upper portion of the dialog box lists the volumes that you can analyze and ment The middle portion provides a graphic representation of how fragmented theselected volume is The lower portion provides a dynamic representation of the vol-ume that continuously updates during defragmentation The display colors indicate thecondition of the volume as follows:

defrag-■ Red indicates fragmented files

■ Blue indicates contiguous (nonfragmented) files

■ Green indicates system files, which Disk Defragmenter cannot move

■ White indicates free space on the volume

By comparing the Analysis Display band to the Defragmentation Display band duringand after defragmentation, you can easily see the improvement in the volume

You can also open Disk Defragmenter by selecting a drive you want to defragment inWindows Explorer or My Computer On the File menu, click Properties, click the Toolstab, and click Defragment Now Then select one of the options described in Table 10-6.Table 10-6 Disk Defragmenter Options

Option Description

Analyze Click this button to analyze the disk for fragmentation After the analysis, the

Analysis Display band provides a graphic representation of how fragmented the volume is

Defragment Click this button to defragment the disk Defragmenting automatically performs

an analysis After defragmentation, the Defragmentation Display band provides a graphic representation of the defragmented volume Additionally, you can view

a report showing files that could not be defragmented

10-59Figure 10-22 shows the Disk Defragmenter dialog box after you have analyzed the Cdrive Windows XP Professional displays another Disk Defragmenter dialog box, indi-cating that you need to defragment the volume You can view a report that shows moredetails about the fragmentation on your volume, close the dialog box and run thedefragmenter at a later time, or defragment the volume now.

F10us22

Figure 10-22 Use the Disk Defragmenter window to analyze the fragmentation on a volume.

If there is not enough fragmentation to require you to defragment the volume, dows XP Professional displays a Disk Defragmenter dialog box, indicating that there is

Win-no need to defragment the volume at this time

The following list provides some recommended guidelines for using Disk menter:

Defrag-■ Run Disk Defragmenter when the computer will receive the least usage Duringdefragmentation, data is moved around on the hard disk, and that process ismicroprocessor-intensive The defragmentation process will adversely affectaccess time to other disk-based resources

■ Educate users to defragment their local hard disks at least once a month to preventaccumulation of fragmented files

■ Analyze the target volume before you install large applications and defragment thevolume if necessary Installations complete more quickly when the target mediahas adequate contiguous free space Additionally, accessing the application afterinstallation is faster

■ When you delete a large number of files or folders, your hard disk might becomeexcessively fragmented, so be sure that you analyze it afterward Generally, youshould defragment hard disks on busy file servers more often than those on sin-gle-user client computers

Lesson 5 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup

Real World When to Defragment

Windows XP actually uses volumes formatted with NTFS pretty efficiently, so theneed to routinely defragment a disk is not as great as it used to be In fact, severalrecent tests have shown that there is not really a significant improvement in com-puter performance after defragmenting even a very fragmented drive Nonethe-less, defragmentation is a quick safe process that, simply put, just makes usersfeel better Consider defragmenting drives two or three times per year Better yet,show users how to do it themselves You can also use Scheduled Tasks to sched-ule Disk Defragmenter to run automatically Just configure a task to run at thedesired times and launch the defrag.exe program located in the %system-root%\system32 folder After scheduling the task, open the advanced propertiesfor the task and add the drive you want to defragment to the command line An

e x a m p l e c o m m a n d l i n e w o u l d l o o k s o m e t h i n g l i k e % S y s t e m Root%\System32\Defrag.exe d For more information on using Scheduled Tasks,see Chapter 18, “Using Windows XP Tools.”

-How to Scan a Hard Disk for Errors with Check Disk

Check Disk attempts to repair file system errors, locate bad sectors, and recover able information from those bad sectors All files must be closed for this program torun To access Check Disk, select the drive you want to check in Windows Explorer or

read-My Computer Click the File menu, click Properties, click the Tools tab, and click CheckNow Select one of the options on the Check Disk dialog box shown in Figure 10-23.The options are explained in Table 10-7

F10us23

Figure 10-23 Use Check Disk to analyze and fix the file structure on a volume.

Chkdsk [volume[[path]filename]]] [/f] [/v] [/r] [/x] [/i] [/c] [/l[:size]]

The switches used by Chkdsk are explained in Table 10-8

Table 10-7 Check Disk Options

Automatically Fix File

Scan For And Attempt

Recovery Of Bad Sectors

Select this check box to have Windows XP Professional attempt to repair file system errors found during disk checking, locate bad sec-tors, and recover any readable information located in those bad sectors All files must be closed for this program to run If the drive

is currently in use, a message asks if you want to reschedule the disk-checking for the next time you restart your computer Your drive is not available to run other tasks while the disk is being checked If you select this check box, you do not need to select Automatically Fix File System Errors because Windows XP Profes-sional attempts to fix any errors on the disk

Lesson 5 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup

Used without parameters, Chkdsk displays the status of the disk in the current volume.

How to Free Up Disk Space with Disk Cleanup

You can use Disk Cleanup to free up disk space by deleting temporary files and stalling programs Disk Cleanup lists the temporary files, Internet cache files, andunnecessary programs that you can safely delete To access Disk Cleanup, select thedrive you want to check in Windows Explorer or My Computer On the File menu,click Properties, and in the General tab, click Disk Cleanup The Disk Cleanup dialogbox is shown in Figure 10-24, and its options are explained in Table 10-9

unin-Table 10-8 Chkdsk Switches

Switch Description

filename Specifies the file or set of files to check for fragmentation You can use the

wild-cards * and ? This switch is valid only on volumes formatted with FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32 file systems

path Specifies the location of a file or set of files within the folder structure of the

vol-ume This switch is valid only on volumes formatted with FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32 file systems

size Changes the log file size You must use the /l switch with this switch This switch is

valid only on volumes formatted with NTFS

volume Specifies the drive letter (followed by a colon), mount point, or volume name This

switch is valid only on volumes formatted with FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32 file tems

sys-/c Skips the checking of cycles within the folder structure This switch is valid only on

volumes formatted with NTFS

/f Fixes errors on the volume If Chkdsk cannot lock the volume, you are prompted

to have Chkdsk check it the next time the computer starts

/i Performs a less-vigorous check of index entries This switch is valid only on

vol-umes formatted with NTFS

/l Displays the current size of the log file This switch is valid only on volumes

for-matted with NTFS

/r Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information If Chkdsk cannot lock the

volume, you are prompted to have Chkdsk check it the next time the computer starts

/v On volumes formatted with FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32, displays the full path and

name of every file on the volume On volumes formatted with NTFS, displays any cleanup messages

/s Forces the volume to dismount first, if necessary

/? Displays this list of switches

F10us24

Figure 10-24 Use Disk Cleanup to remove unnecessary files from a volume.

Table 10-9 Disk Cleanup Deletion Options

Check box Description

Downloaded

Program Files

Select this check box to have Windows XP Professional delete the ActiveX controls and Java applets that have been downloaded automati-cally from the Internet when users viewed certain pages

These files are temporarily stored in the Downloaded Program Files folder on the computer’s hard disk

Temporary

Internet Files

Select this check box to have Windows XP Professional delete the files in the Temporary Internet Files folder on the computer’s hard drive.These files are Web pages stored on the hard disk for quick viewing Users’ personalized settings for Web pages are not deleted

Recycle Bin Select this check box to have Windows XP Professional delete the files in

the Recycle bin

When you delete a file from your computer, it is not permanently removed from the computer until the Recycle Bin is emptied (by delet-ing the files contained in the Recycle Bin)

Lesson 5 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup

There are additional ways to free up space on your hard disk using Disk Cleanup Clickthe More Options tab in the Disk Cleanup For dialog box (see Figure 10-25) The avail-able options are explained in Table 10-10.

Compress Old Files Select this check box to compress files that have not been accessed in a

while

No files are deleted and all files are still accessible

Because files compress at different rates, the value displayed for the amount of space you will recover is an approximation

Catalog Files For

The Content Indexer

Select this check box to have Windows XP Professional delete any old catalog files left over from previous indexing operations

The Indexing Service speeds up and enriches file searches by ing an index of the files on this disk

maintain-Table 10-9 Disk Cleanup Deletion Options

Check box Description

Practice: Maintaining Disks

In this practice, you use the Disk Defragmenter to determine whether your hard disk

is fragmented If it is, you will defragment your hard disk You then use Check Disk toexamine your hard disk for file system errors, fix them, locate any bad sectors, andrecover any readable information from those bad sectors Finally, you use DiskCleanup to free up disk space by deleting temporary files and uninstalling programs

Note If you started with a clean hard disk and installed Windows XP Professional in ter 2, these disk maintenance tools will probably not find much to clean up or repair.

Chap-Exercise 1: Defragment a Hard Drive

1 Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and

then click Disk Defragmenter

Windows XP Professional displays the Disk Defragmenter dialog box

2 If there are multiple volumes on your computer, select C, and then click Analyze.

3 If Windows XP Professional displays a dialog box, indicating that there is no need

to defragment your volume at this time, click Close, and then read through Steps

Com-The Windows Components include Accessories and Utilities, Fax Services, Indexing Services, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Internet Information Services (IIS), Management and Monitoring Tools, Message Queuing, MSN Explorer, Networking Services, Other Network File and Print Services, and Update Root Certificates

Installed Programs Click Clean Up under Installed Programs to launch Add Or Remove

Pro-grams, which allows you to install programs and to uninstall programs that are no longer in use

The list of programs available to be uninstalled depends on which grams are installed on your computer

pro-System Restore Click Clean Up under System Restore to delete all but the most recent

restore points

For more information about restore points and System Restore, see Chapter

4, “Modifying and Troubleshooting the Startup Process.”

Lesson 5 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup

4 If Windows XP Professional displays a Disk Defragmenter dialog box, indicating

that you need to defragment your volume now, click View Report

5 In the Analysis Report dialog box, scroll through the Volume Information box.

6 Scroll through the Most Fragmented Files box, and then click Save As.

Windows XP Professional displays the Save Defragmentation Report dialog box.Notice that the default title for the report is VolumeC, and the default location forthe report is in the My Documents folder

7 Click Save to save the report as VolumeC in the My Documents folder.

You are returned to the Analysis Report dialog box

8 Click Defragment.

Disk Defragmenter defragments the volume This process could take a longtime to complete, depending on the size of the volume and the amount of frag-mentation

9 Compare the Analysis Display with the Defragmentation Display.

10 Close Disk Defragmenter.

Leave the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box open for the next exercise

Exercise 2: Run Check Disk

In Exercise 2, you run Check Disk to examine your hard disk for file system errors Ifany errors are found, you fix them You also locate any bad sectors and recover anyreadable information from those bad sectors

1 In the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box, click the Tools tab.

2 In the Tools tab, click Check Now.

Windows XP Professional displays the Check Disk Local Disk (C:) dialog box

3 Select Scan For And Attempt Recovery Of Bad Sectors.

4 Click Start.

It might take a few minutes to complete all five phases

5 When prompted that the Disk Check is complete, click OK.

Leave the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box open for the next exercise

Exercise 3: Run Disk Cleanup

1 In the General tab of the Local Disk (C:) Properties dialog box, click Disk Cleanup.

A Disk Cleanup dialog box appears, indicating that it is calculating how muchspace you can free on the C drive

2 In the Files To Delete list box in the Disk Cleanup For (C:) dialog box, review the

files that Disk Cleanup is recommending you delete

Security Alert If you started with a clean hard disk and installed Windows XP sional in Chapter 2, there might be few, if any, files that Disk Cleanup found to delete If you want to delete any files that Disk Cleanup recommends that you delete, make sure that the files you want to delete are selected (a check mark is in the check box in front of the files), and then click OK.

Profes-3 Click the More Options tab.

4 When would you use the options available in the More Options tab?

1 What is fragmentation and what problems does it cause?

2 The process of finding and consolidating fragmented files and folders is called

_ The Windows XP Professional system tool that locates

frag-m e n t e d f i l e s a n d f o l d e r s a n d a r r a n g e s t h e frag-m i n c o n t i g u o u s s p a c e i s _

Lesson 5 Maintaining Disks with Disk Defragmenter, Check Disk, and Disk Cleanup

3 Windows XP Professional provides a tool to locate fragmented files and folders

and arrange them in contiguous space on volumes formatted with which filesystems?

4 Which of the following functions does Check Disk perform? (Choose all that

apply.)

a Locates fragmented files and folders and arranges contiguously

b Locates and attempts to repair file system errors

c Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information from those bad sectors

d Deletes temporary files and offline files

Lesson Summary

■ Windows XP Professional saves files and folders in the first available space on ahard disk and not necessarily in an area of contiguous space, which can lead tofile and folder fragmentation Disk Defragmenter, a Windows XP Professional sys-tem tool, locates fragmented files and folders and defragments them, whichenables your system to access and save files and folders more efficiently

■ Check Disk attempts to repair file system errors, locate bad sectors, and recoverreadable information from those bad sectors

■ Disk Cleanup frees up disk space by locating temporary files, Internet cache files,and unnecessary programs that you can safely delete; and it also deletes tempo-rary files and uninstalls programs

Lesson 6: Configuring Offline Folders and Files

When the network is unavailable, or when you are on the road and your laptop isundocked, offline folders and files allow you to continue working on files that arestored on shared folders on the network These network files are cached on your localdisk so that they are available even if the network is not When the network becomesavailable or when you dock your laptop, your connection to the network is re-estab-

lished The Offline Files feature synchronizes the cached files and folders on your

local disk with those stored on the network

After this lesson, you will be able to

■ Enable the Offline Files feature on your computer

■ Make folders and files available offline

■ Configure your computer to share folders for use offline

■ Synchronize offline folders and files

Estimated lesson time: 30 minutes

How to Enable the Offline Files Feature On Your Computer

Before you can use offline folders and files, you must configure your computer to usethem You configure offline folders and files by using the Folder Options selectionlocated on the Tools menu of My Computer In the Offline Files tab of Folder Options,you must select the Enable Offline Files and the Synchronize All Offline Files BeforeLogging Off check boxes (see Figure 10-26)

F10us26

Figure 10-26 Use the Offline Files tab in the Folder Options dialog box to enable offline files.

Lesson 6 Configuring Offline Folders and Files

On the Offline Files tab, you can click Delete Files to delete the locally cached copy of

a network file Click View Files to view the files stored in the Offline Files folder; theseare the locally cached files that you have stored on your system Click Advanced toconfigure how your computer responds when a network connection is lost For exam-ple, when a network connection is lost, you can configure your computer to notify youand allow you to begin working offline

Note To use Offline Files, you must disable the Fast User Switching feature in Windows If your computer is a member of a domain, Fast User Switching is already turned off, anyway If your computer is a member of a workgroup, you can disable Fast User Switching by opening the User Accounts tool in Control Panel and clicking Change The Way Users Log On Or Off For more details on Fast User Switching, see Chapter 7, “Setting up and Managing User

Accounts.”

How to Make Folders and Files Available Offline

To make a specific file or folder available offline and enable automatic synchronizationwith the network, follow these steps:

1 In My Network Places, right-click the shared folder or file that you want to make

available offline, and then select the Make Available Offline option

2 In the Offline Files Wizard’s Welcome page, click Next.

3 Select the Automatically Synchronize The Offline Files When I Log On And Log

Off My Computer check box, and then click Next

4 Optionally, you can enable reminders and create a shortcut to the Offline Files

folder on your desktop Click Finish

The files will be synchronized to your computer

Files with extensions that are associated with certain database applications initially not be cached By default, the following files types cannot be cached:

can-*.slm; *.mdb; *.ldb; *.mdw; *.mde; *.pst; *.db

When you make network resources available offline, Windows automatically copies them

to the computer’s local hard disk drive, along with a reference to the original networkpath Windows stores offline files and information about the files in a database in the

%systemroot%\CSC folder (CSC is an acronym for client-side caching, which is anothername for offline files.) The database emulates the network resource when it is offline.When a user works offline, she continues to access offline resources as if she wereconnected to the network, but she is actually using the local copy of the file When thenetwork share becomes available again, the client will switch from the local offline files

to the live files automatically, provided that the following conditions are met:

■ The user does not have any files currently open from that network share

■ Synchronization is not required for any offline files in the share

■ The user is not connecting to the network over a slow link

If any of these conditions are not met, the user will continue to work with the offlineversion of the share until all files are closed and synchronization occurs

Note Users have the same permissions to the locally stored versions of offline files as they

do to the original network versions.

How to Configure Your Computer to Share Offline Folders and Files

Before other users on the network can use shared folders and files on your computeroffline, you must configure the resource to allow caching for offline use You configureoffline folders and files through Windows Explorer or My Computer Figure 10-27shows the Allow Caching Of Files In This Shared Folder check box in WindowsExplorer

F10us27

Figure 10-27 Configure shared files for offline use.

Windows XP Professional provides the following three settings for caching:

Manual Caching Of Documents The default setting Users must manually specifyany files that they want available when they are working offline To ensure properfile sharing, the server version of the file is always open

Automatic Caching Of Documents Every file a user opens is automatically loaded and cached on the user’s hard drive so that it will be available offline If anearlier version of a file is already loaded on the user’s hard drive, it is automaticallyreplaced with the newer version To ensure proper file sharing, the server version

down-of the file is always opened

Lesson 6 Configuring Offline Folders and Files

Automatic Caching Of Programs and Documents Opened files are automaticallydownloaded and cached on the user’s hard drive so that they will be availableoffline If an earlier version of a file is already loaded on the user’s hard drive, it

is automatically replaced with the newer version File sharing is not ensured

How to Synchronize Offline Folders and Files

By default, synchronization of offline files is configured to happen at logoff whenoffline files are initially made available on the client File synchronization is straightfor-ward if the copy of the file on the network does not change while you are editing acached version of the file Your edits are incorporated into the copy on the network.However, it is possible that another user could edit the network version of the filewhile you are working offline If both your cached offline copy of the file and the net-work copy of the file are edited, you must decide what to do You are given a choice

of retaining your edited version and not updating the network copy with your edits, ofoverwriting your cached version with the version on the network, or of keeping a copy

of both versions of the file In the last case, you must rename your version of the file,and both copies will exist on your hard disk and on the network

You can reconfigure or manually launch synchronization by using SynchronizationManager, which is available from the Items To Synchronize dialog box You can accessthe Items To Synchronize dialog box (see Figure 10-28) in the following ways:

■ From the Start menu, select All Programs, Accessories, and then Synchronize

■ From the Tools menu in Windows Explorer, select Synchronize

F10us28

Figure 10-28 Choose an item to synchronize manually.

10-73Notice that you can manually synchronize your offline files with those on the network

by clicking Synchronize You can also configure the Synchronization Manager by ing Setup

click-When configuring the Synchronization Manager, you have three sets of options to figure synchronization The first set of options is accessed through the Logon/Logofftab (see Figure 10-29) You can configure synchronization to occur when you log on,when you log off, or both You can also specify that you want to be prompted beforesynchronization occurs You can specify the items to be synchronized at log on or logoff, or both, and you can specify the network connection

con-F10us29

Figure 10-29 Logon/Logoff tab of the Synchronization Settings dialog box.

The second set of options in configuring the Synchronization Manager is accessedthrough the On Idle tab The items configurable are similar to those configurablethrough the Logon/Logoff tab The following items are configurable through the OnIdle tab:

When I Am Using This Network Connection This option allows you to specify thenetwork connection and which items to synchronize

Synchronize The Following Checked Items This option allows you to specifywhich items you want to synchronize

Synchronize The Selected Items While My Computer Is Idle This option allowsyou to turn synchronization off or on during idle time

Lesson 6 Configuring Offline Folders and Files

Click Advanced on the On Idle tab to configure the following options: Automatically

Synchronize The Specified Items After My Computer Has Been Idle For X Minutes; While My Computer Remains Idle, Repeat Synchronization Every X Minutes; and Pre-

vent Synchronization When My Computer Is Running On Battery Power

The third set of options for scheduling synchronization is accessed through the uled tab You can click Add to start the Scheduled Synchronization Wizard After thewelcome page, the first page of the Scheduled Synchronization Wizard allows you tospecify the connection, specify the items to synchronize, and whether you want thecomputer to automatically connect if you are not connected when the scheduled timefor synchronization arrives The second page of the wizard is the Select The Time AndDay You Want The Synchronization To Start page It allows you to configure the start-ing time and date for the synchronization You can also configure the frequency of thesynchronization, which can be set for every day, every weekday, or at a specified inter-val measured in days On the third page of the wizard, you assign a name to this sched-uled synchronization, and on the final page, you review your settings

Sched-Practice: Configuring Offline Folders and Files

In this practice, you configure your computer running Windows XP Professional just asyou would if it were a laptop computer running Windows XP Professional so that youcan use offline folders and files

Exercise 1: Configure Offline Folders and Files

1 Log on with a user account that is a member of the Administrators group.

2 Click Start, right-click My Computer, and then click Open.

3 On the Tools menu, click Folder Options.

Windows XP Professional displays the Folder Options dialog box

4 Click the Offline Files tab.

Important If Fast User Switching is enabled, Offline Files cannot be enabled Click Cancel

to close the Folder Options dialog box Open User Accounts in Control Panel, and select Change The Way Users Log On Or Off Clear the Use Fast User Switching check box and click Apply Options Close User Accounts In My Computer, on the Tools menu, click Folder Options, and then click the Offline Files tab Go to Step 5.

5 Select the Enable Offline Files check box.

6 Ensure that the Synchronize All Offline Files Before Logging Off check box is

selected, and then click OK

Your computer is now configured so that you can use offline folders and files

7 Close the My Computer window.

Exercise 2: Configure Offline Folders for Sharing

In this exercise, you configure a network share on a computer running Windows XPProfessional so that users can access the files in the share and use them offline

1 Ensure that you are still logged on as Administrator, and start Windows Explorer.

2 Create a folder on the C drive named Offline.

3 Right-click the Offline folder, and then click Sharing And Security.

Windows Explorer displays the Offline Properties dialog box with the Sharing tabactive

4 Click Share This Folder, and then click Caching.

Windows Explorer displays the Caching Settings dialog box

5 From the Setting list, ensure that Manual Caching Of Documents is selected, and

then click OK

6 Click OK to close the Offline Properties dialog box.

Leave Windows Explorer open

Exercise 3: Configure Synchronization Manager

1 Click Tools, and then click Synchronize.

Windows XP Professional displays the Items To Synchronize dialog box, whichallows you to specify which folders you want to synchronize

2 If nothing is selected, click My Current Home Page, and then click Setup.

Windows XP Professional displays the Synchronization Settings dialog box withthe Logon/Logoff tab selected

3 Review the options on the Logon/Logoff tab, and then review the options on the

On-Idle tab and the Scheduled tab

4 On the Logon/Logoff tab, select My Current Home Page.

5 Ensure that both the When I Log On To My Computer and When I Log Off My

Computer check boxes are checked

6 Select the Ask Me Before Synchronizing The Items check box, and then click OK.

7 Click Close to close the Items To Synchronize dialog box, and then close Windows

Explorer

Lesson 6 Configuring Offline Folders and Files

Lesson Review

Use the following questions to help determine whether you have learned enough tomove on to the next lesson If you have difficulty answering these questions, reviewthe material in this lesson before beginning the next lesson You can find answers tothese questions in the “Questions and Answers” section at the end of this chapter

1 How do you configure your computer to use offline folders and files?

2 Which tools does Windows XP Professional provide for you to configure your

computer to provide offline files? What must you do to allow others to access files

■ After enabling the Offline Files feature, you can use My Network Places to makeany network-accessible folder for which offline caching is enabled availableoffline

■ To make shared folders on your own computer available for other users to useoffline, you must use the Sharing tab of the folder’s Properties dialog box to con-figure the offline caching for the folder By default, shared folders are configuredfor offline use

■ Synchronization Manager allows you to configure synchronization to occur whenyou log on, when you log off, or both; and you can specify that you want to beasked before synchronization occurs

Case Scenario Exercise

In this exercise, you will read a scenario about working with data storage, and thenanswer the questions that follow If you have difficulty completing this work, reviewthe material in this chapter before beginning the next chapter You can find answers tothese questions in the “Questions and Answers” section at the end of this chapter

Questions

1 Iris’ new notebook computer has a 16 GB hard disk that you want to configure as

a single volume It is the only hard disk on the computer Should you create abasic or dynamic disk?

2 When she is running the exhibit booth at tradeshows, Iris’ attention is often

diverted, and she is worried that she cannot always keep an eye on her notebookcomputer The computer contains trade secrets that she does not want to see com-promised Iris wants to secure the files on her computer, even if the computer isstolen Can you configure encryption on her notebook computer? If so, what pre-cautions should you take?

3 Iris’ notebook computer does not have the biggest hard drive She often works on

large sales documents and also stores many picture files of the products she sells.She wants to compress these files to save space What should you tell Iris to do?

Case Scenario Exercise

4 What utility should you teach Iris to use that might also help maximize the free

space on her hard disk?

5 You have configured Iris’ notebook computer to connect securely via the Internet

to the company network so that Iris can access the company e-mail server and fileservers Iris also wants to be able to access certain shared files on the companynetwork when she cannot connect to the network What should you do?

Troubleshooting Lab

You are an administrator for a company named Humongous Insurance, a provider ofgroup medical insurance policies throughout the Midwest On Friday morning, youreceive a call from Jonas, a user in the claims department who has a workstation run-ning Windows XP Professional Jonas says that on his computer, he always stores doc-uments on drive E However, when he tried to transfer a large document to his localcomputer and store it on drive E, he received an error message stating that the drivecould not be located He checked My Computer, and the drive is not listed

You use Computer Management to connect to Jonas’ computer, and then open the DiskManagement tool You see the following configuration:

■ Disk 0 is configured as a basic disk and it contains one partition The drive letterfor the partition is C, and the partition is labeled as the System partition Disk Man-agement reports the disk as online and the C partition as healthy

■ Disk 1 is configured as a dynamic disk, but Disk Management reports the disk asmissing

■ Disk 2 is configured as a CD-ROM drive with the drive letter D

10-79What do you suspect is the problem? What would you do to help Jonas?

Chapter Summary

■ Windows XP Professional supports two types of disk storage: basic disks anddynamic disks All disks are basic disks by default, but you can upgrade the basicdisks to dynamic disks with no loss of data You can also downgrade a dynamic disk

to a basic disk, but all data on the disk is lost Windows XP Professional provides theDisk Management utility to configure, manage, and monitor hard disks and volumes.You can also manage disks from the command line by using the Diskpart command

■ Windows XP Professional provides two types of compression: Compressed ers and NTFS compression A compressed folder appears in Windows Explorer as

Fold-an icon of a zipper across a folder NTFS compression is a function of the NTFS filesystem that allows you to compress files, folders, or an entire volume

■ Use Windows XP Professional disk quotas to allocate disk space usage to users.Windows XP Professional disk quotas track and control disk usage on a per-user,per-volume basis You can set disk quotas, quota thresholds, and quota limits forall users and for individual users You can apply disk quotas only to Windows XPProfessional NTFS volumes

■ EFS allows users to encrypt files and folder on an NTFS volume by using a strongpublic key–based cryptographic scheme that encrypts all files in a folder You can-not apply both compression and encryption to a file or folder at the same time.Files remain encrypted if you move or rename them, or if you back them up

■ Windows XP Professional provides three utilities for maintaining disks:

❑ Windows XP Professional saves files and folders in the first available space on

a hard disk and not necessarily in an area of contiguous space, which can lead

to file and folder fragmentation Disk Defragmenter, a Windows XP sional system tool, locates fragmented files and folders and defragments them,enabling your system to access and save files and folders more efficiently

Profes-Chapter Summary

❑ Check Disk attempts to repair file system errors, locate bad sectors, andrecover readable information from those bad sectors.

❑ Disk Cleanup frees up disk space by locating temporary files, Internet cachefiles, and unnecessary programs that you can safely delete

■ The Offline Files feature allows Windows to create a temporary copy of sharedfiles on the network so that you can use them when you are disconnected fromthe network Before you can use offline files, you must use the Folders Optionsselection on the Tools menu of Windows Explorer to enable the feature Afterenabling Offline Files, you can use My Network Places to make any networkaccessible folder for which offline caching is enabled available offline

■ When you convert a basic disk to a dynamic disk, data on the disk is preserved.When you revert a dynamic disk to a basic disk, data on the disk is lost

■ Compressed files cannot be encrypted, and encrypted files cannot be compressedwith NTFS compression

■ NTFS allocates disk space based on uncompressed file size If you copy a pressed file to an NTFS volume with enough space for the compressed file, butnot enough space for the uncompressed file, you might get an error message thatstates that there is not enough disk space for the file, and the file will not be cop-ied to the volume

com-Key Terms

basic disk A physical disk that can be accessed locally by MS-DOS and all based operating systems Basic disks can contain up to four primary partitions orthree primary partitions and an extended partition with multiple logical drives If youwant to create partitions that span multiple disks, you must first convert the basic disk

Windows-to a dynamic disk using Disk Management or the Diskpart.exe command-line utility.Note that whether a disk is basic or dynamic has no bearing on whether computersrunning other operating systems can connect to shared folders on the disk