Conditionnal in Gmat 1 potx

B Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so' 'And': Sarah often works late.. day —> days journey —> journeys B The present simple s ending In the third person singular, a present

153 Links across sentences

A Introduction

Rita: You go to United's games, don't you, Tom?

You watch them on TV, too Tom: Well, I'm a

fan It's wonderful when United win

On the other hand, it's terrible when they lose

Rita: Why not have a change? After all, there are

other things in life Tom: Such as? Rita:

There's music, for example Why don't you go

to a concert some time? Tom:

But I don't like classical music

Look at the words and phrases too, on the other hand,

after all and for example They all make a link with an

earlier sentence When Rita says There's musk, for

example, she is giving an example of other things in

life, which she has already mentioned

B Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so'

'And': Sarah often works late She works on Saturdays sometimes, too/as well Sarah often works late She also works on Saturdays sometimes Arlene Black has a yacht and a helicopter In addition, she has five cars I'm not inviting my cousin — I don't like him Besides, he didn't invite me to his party The buildings are in a very poor condition Furthermore, there is no money to repair

them

'But': I haven't been very well recently Still, it could be worse

Nick is in love with Rita Rita, however, is in love with Tom

Everyone thought that Emma should accept the offer Nevertheless/All the same, she turned it down

I don't want to be late for the meeting On the other hand, I don't want to get there too early 'So': The holiday had been a complete disaster We therefore decided to fly home early if we could Someone switched the freezer off Consequently/As a result, all the food was spoilt

Some of these words and phrases are rather formal and typical of written English They are consequently, furthermore, however, in addition, nevertheless and therefore

C Other linking words and phrases

Rephrasing: Jessica isn't the most popular person around here In other words, no one likes her

Correcting yourself: We play basketball I mean/Or rather volleyball

Contradicting: Sarah isn't lazy On the contrary, she works extremely hard

Picking up a topic: I like Natasha I went on holiday with her ~ Talking of holidays, what are your

plans for this year?

Changing the subject: It's a lovely day, isn't it? ~ Yes, beautiful By the way, have you seen Melanie? Supporting a statement: We don't need to drive to the club, do we? After all, it's only about

200 metres from here Dismissing something: I'm not sure a thank-you letter is

really necessary Anyway, I can't be bothered to

write one

Giving an example: Yes, I do think Henry is rude He shouts at waiters, for example/for instance

153 Exercises

1 Words and phrases meaning 'and', 'but' and 'so' (B)

What do the underlined words mean? Write and, but or so

► Daniel's suitcase got left behind He got it back in the end, however = but

1 I'm too tired to go for a walk Besides, it looks like rain =

2 The road was under water The police therefore closed it to traffic =

3 We took lots of photos We videoed the speeches as well =

4 It was a terrible journey Still, we got there safely in the end =

5 A strike by air traffic controllers has begun Many flights have

6 The company has spent millions on computers Nevertheless, it does =

not seem to have become more efficient

2 Links across sentences (B-C)

Complete this letter to a local newspaper Choose the correct word or phrase

There's been a lot of talk about a 'spaceship' seen over the town at about eleven o'clock on Friday night (►) As a result/Nevertheless, hundreds of enthusiastic sky-watchers have arrived in town, hoping that it will return But was it really a spaceship? About twenty people say they saw it (1)

Consequently/Furthermore, there is a photograph which is supposed to show the object in the sky We know, (2) however/as a result, that trick photos are easy to produce (3) By the way/In other words, it is almost certainly a fake But it would be wrong to treat the whole thing as a joke (4) All the same/On the contrary, all such reports should be carefully investigated (5) After all/Anyway, the arrival of a

spacecraft from another world would indeed be a serious matter But usually there is a more simple explanation Many supposed spaceships turn out to be weather balloons, (6) for example/or rather A similar mistake probably lies behind the belief that someone from another world really did pay us a visit last Friday

3 Links across sentences (C)

What would you say? Give your answer using a linking word or phrase

► Support Emma's opinion: she might not get another

offer

Emma: You're right Maybe I should accept the offer

After all, you might not get another one

1 Rephrase what Rita is saying: she doesn't want to see

Nick

Rita: I don't know if I'll have time to see Nick

2 Change the subject and ask what the time is

Tom: I hope Wayne Johnson will be fit to play for United on Saturday

3 Dismiss the idea of buying a sweater: they haven't got one in your

size

Daniel: I'm not sure if that sweater really suits you

4 Mention Sarah as an example

Claire: Lots of our friends have mobile phones, don't they?

5 Contradict what Nick says

Nick: Sorry I persuaded you to see that film and you hated it, didn't you?

Appendix 1 Word formation

A Introduction

Look at these examples

Lots of people believe that God exists

Lots of people believe in the existence of God

Exist is a verb and existence is a noun The word existence has two parts: exist and ence We call ence a 'suffix' We add it to end of the verb exist to form a noun

We can also use suffixes to form verbs, adjectives and adverbs

The system is being modernized (= made modern)

I grew up in an industrial town (= a town where there is a lot of industry)

The man was behaving strangely (= in a strange way)

There are many different suffixes, such as ence, ize, al, ly, tion and ment Some of them can be used to form many different words For example, there are a lot of nouns ending in tion: action, education, explanation, information, instruction, etc There are no exact rules about which suffix you can add to which word

Adding a suffix can also involve other changes to the form of a word industry —> industrial repeat —> repetition science —> scientist.

Now look at these examples

They're going to play the match on Wednesday

They're going to replay the match on Wednesday

We can add re to the beginning of the verb play We call re a 'prefix' A prefix adds something to the meaning of a word The verb replay means 'play again' We can also add prefixes to nouns and adjectives See

G and H

B Noun suffixes

ment the prospects for employment reach an agreement

ion/tion/sion take part in a discussion increase steel production ask for permission

ation/ition an invitation to a party people's opposition to the idea

ence/ance a preference for houses rather than flats a distance of ten miles

ty/ity no certainty that we shall succeed keep the door locked for security

ness people's willingness to help recovering from an illness

ing enter a building reach an understanding

C Nouns for people

er/or the driver of the car a newspaper editor

ist a place full of tourists a scientist doing an experiment

ant/ent an assistant to help with my work students at the university

an/ian Republicans and Democrats the electrician rewiring the house

ee an employee of the company (= someone employed)

notes for examinees (= people taking an exam)

We also use er for things, especially machines

a hair-dryer a food mixer a cassette player

D Verb suffixes

Many verbs are formed by adding ize or ise to an adjective Some are formed by adding en ize

European safety rules are being standardized They privatized the company en

They're widening the road here Meeting you has really brightened my day

E Adjective suffixes

Most of these adjectives are formed from nouns

al a professional musician Britain's coastal waters

ic a metallic sound a scientific inquiry

ive an informative guidebook an offer exclusive to our readers

ful a successful career feeling hopeful about the future

less feeling hopeless about the future (= without hope) powerless to do anything about it

ous guilty of dangerous driving luxurious holiday apartments

y a rocky path the salty taste of sea water

ly > 109A a friendly smile a very lively person

able/ible an acceptable error (= an error that can be accepted) a comprehensible explanation

a valuable painting (= worth a lot of money) a comfortable chair

F Adverbs

ly>108 He looked around nervously I moved here quite recently

G Some common prefixes

anti (= against) anti-roads protestors anti-government troops

inter (= between) an international match interstate highways in the US

mini (= small) a minicomputer the minibar in your hotel room

mis (= wrongly) mishear what someone says miscalculate the amount

multi (= many) multicoloured lights a multimillionaire

over (= too much) too fond of overeating overcrowded roads

post (= after) the post-war world a postgraduate student

pre {— before) pre-match entertainment in prehistoric times

re (— again) a reunion of old friends reread a favourite book

semi (= half) semi-skilled work sitting in a semicircle

super (= big) a huge new superstore a supertanker carrying oil

under (= too little) thin and underweight underpaid work

H Negative prefixes

We can also use a prefix to form an opposite For example, the opposite of clear is unclear (= not clear)

Un is the most common negative prefix

dis a dishonest way to behave can't help being disorganized dislike the idea

disappear from the scene a disadvantage of the plan

il (+ 1) an illegal drug an illiberal attitude

im (+ m or p) an impossible task an impolite question

in an indirect route the invisible man a great injustice

ir (+ r) an irregular shape an irrelevant remark

non non-alcoholic drinks a non-stop flight

un an uncomfortable chair an unusual event an undated letter

uncertain what to do unpack your suitcase unzip the bag

Appendix 2: The spelling of endings

A Plural nouns

We add s to a noun to form the plural.

a car —> two cars a name —> some names

1 After s, sh, ch and x we add es /iz/

glass —> glasses dish —> dishes match

—> matches box —> boxes

2 A few nouns ending in o have es.

heroes potatoes tomatoes

But most have s

discos kilos photos pianos radios

stereos studios zoos

3 When a noun ends in a consonant + y, the y

changes to ies.

penny —> pennies story —> stories We do

not change y after a vowel day —> days

journey —> journeys

B The present simple s ending

In the third person singular, a present simple

verb ends in s (See Unit 5B.)

I know —> he knows I work —> she works

1 After s, sh, ch and x we add es /iz/

pass —> passes wash —> washes

catch —> catches mix —> mixes

2 Some verbs ending in o have es

go —> goes do —> does

3 When a verb ends in a consonant + y,

the y changes to ies.

hurry > hurries copy —> copies We

do not change y after a vowel stay —>

stays enjoy —> enjoys

C The ed ending

Most verbs have ed in the past tense.

(See Unit 8B.) Most past participles also end

in ed (See Unit 1 IB.)

look > looked call -> called

1 If the verb ends in e, we add d

hope —> hoped save —>saved

2 When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y

changes to ied.

hurry —> hurried copy —> copied

3 Sometimes we double a final consonant This happens when a one-syllable verb ends with one

vowel and one consonant, e.g beg, plan.

beg —> begged plan —> planned For

more details about doubling, see G

D The ing-form

1 We normally leave out e when we add ing

to a verb

take —> taking drive —> driving

But we keep a double e before ing.

see —> seeing agree —> agreeing

2 When a verb ends in ie, it changes to ying.

die —> dying lie —> lying

But y does not change.

hurry —> hurrying

3 Sometimes we double a final consonant This happens when a one-syllable verb ends with one

vowel and one consonant, e.g win, put.

win —> winning put > putting

For more details about doubling, see G

E Adverbs

We form many adverbs from an adjective + ly

slow —> slowly calm —> calmly

1 We do not leave out e before ly.

safe —> safely strange > strangely

But there are a few exceptions

due —> duly true —> truly whole —> wholly

2 When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, the

y changes to ily.

angry —> angrily happy —> happily An

exception is shy > shyly.

3 When an adjective ends in a consonant + le, the

e changes to y.

probable —> probably sensible —> sensibly

4 When an adjective ends in ic, we add ally.

automatic —> automatically romantic > romantically But there is one exception public —> publicly

F The comparison of adjectives

We form the comparative and superlative of

short adjectives with er and est See Unit 110

old —> older, oldest

quick —> quicker, quickest

1 If the adjective ends in e, we add r and st

late —> later, latest fine —> finer, finest

2 When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, the

y changes to ier or iest

heavy —> heavier, heaviest

lucky —> luckier, luckiest

3 Sometimes we double a final consonant This

happens when a one-syllable adjective ends with

one vowel and one consonant, e.g big, flat

big —> bigger, biggest flat —> flatter, flattest

For more details about doubling, see G

G The doubling of consonants

1 When we add ed, ing, er or est to a word, we

sometimes double a final consonant This

happens when a one-syllable word ends with

one vowel and one consonant, e.g stop, get,

thin, sad

stop —> stopped get —> getting thin

—> thinner sad —> saddest

3 The rule about doubling is also true for words

of more than one syllable (e.g permit = per + mit), but only if the last syllable is stressed per'mit —> per'mitted

prefer —> preferring

We do not usually double a consonant when the syllable is unstressed

'open —> opened 'enter—> entering

An exception is that in British English 1 is usually doubled, even if the syllable is unstressed

travel ~> travelled (US: traveled)

Appendix 3: Punctuation

A Full stop (.), question mark (?) and exclamation mark (!)

A sentence ends with one of these punctuation marks

Full stop: It's cold today The office was closed Please be careful

Question mark: Who's that? Did you see the show? Could you wait, please?

Exclamation mark: Oh, no! I don't believe it!

In the US a full stop is called a 'period'

B Semi-colon (;)

We can use a semi-colon between two separate statements which are linked in meaning

Melanie is a very kind person; she visits David in hospital every day

We could also use a full stop here

C Colon (:)

We can use a colon before an explanation or before a list Vicky felt nervous: she hated the

dark There wasn't much in the fridge: a couple of sausages, some butter, half a bottle of

milk

D Dash (-)

A dash is rather informal It is sometimes used instead of a colon or a semi-colon I'm

having a great time - there's lots to do here Vicky felt nervous - she hated the dark

E Comma (,)

We often use a comma when we link two statements with and, but or or

Daniel was tired, and his feet were hurting It's a really good camera, but I can't afford it

Note the two subjects in each sentence: Daniel his feet and It I When there is only one

subject, we do not use a comma

Daniel sat down and took his shoes off

We can also use a comma when a sentence has a linking word like when or although

When the office is busy, Sarah has to work late

For commas with relative clauses, see Unit 141

Sometimes a comma can separate off an adverb or a phrase

Sarah, unfortunately, has to work late On busy days, Sarah has to work late

Here the commas separate off on busy days and unfortunately

The rules about commas are not very exact In general, commas are more likely

around longer phrases With a short phrase there is often no comma On busy

days Sarah has to work late Sometimes she has to work late

It is less usual to separate off something at the end of the sentence

Sarah has to work late when the office is busy She stayed late to get the work done We

do not usually put a comma before to expressing purpose

We also use commas in a list of more than two The last two are linked by and, often without a comma

I went out with Rachel, Vicky, Emma and Matthew

F Quotation marks (")

We put direct speech in quotation marks

Laura said, 'You haven't put those shelves up yet.' 'I haven't had time,' replied Trevor We

normally use a comma to separate the direct speech from the rest of the sentence The comma

comes before the quotation mark Quotation marks are also called 'quotes' or 'inverted

commas'

Double quotation marks are sometimes used Laura

said, "You haven't put those shelves up yet."

We can put quotation marks around titles

Do you watch that American comedy series called 'Roseanne'? We

often use quotation marks when we mention a word or phrase

What does 'punctuation' mean? Rap music is also called 'hip hop'

G Hyphen (-)

We sometimes use hyphens in these structures

Compound noun: eating ice-cream

Compound expression before a noun: an oven-ready meal

Noun formed from a phrasal verb: ready for take-off Noun

+ ing-form: interested in rock-climbing

Before the last word of a compound number: a hundred and twenty-six people

After some prefixes: anti-aircraft guns Letter + noun: sending an e-mail

The rules about hyphens are not very exact For example, you may see a compound noun written as

phonecard, phone-card or phone card Hyphens are not very frequent in British English, and they are used

even less in American English If you are unsure, it is usually safer to write two separate words

H Apostrophe (')

Look at these examples

Today we're going for a drive in the country Everyone is looking at Nick's car

We use an apostrophe (') in short forms, when there is a missing letter, e.g we're (= we are) See Unit 32

We also use an apostrophe with s to form the possessive of a noun, e.g Nick's car See Unit 93

I Capital letters

There are two capital letters (big letters) in this sentence

The boss said I could leave early We use a capital letter at the beginning of

a sentence and for the word I

We also use a capital letter to begin the names of people, places, companies, etc

Mark and Sarah New Orleans the High Street Somerset House General Motors This

includes the names of books, films, magazines, etc All the important words start with a capital letter

The Spy Who Loved Me Four Weddings and a Funeral Newsweek

We also use a capital letter for days of the week, months of the year, holidays and festivals,

historical times, nationalities and most abbreviations

Monday August Easter the New Year the Industrial Revolution

some Italian wine the UN (= the United Nations)

Appendix 5: American English

The differences between British and American English are mainly matters of pronunciation and vocabulary

There are also a few spelling differences such as British centre and colour and American center and color

There are some grammatical differences Although they are not very great, those points that are most relevant to learners of English are explained here

A Seem, look, etc

Compare these examples

BRITISH AMERICAN

In British English there can be a noun (e.g Americans do not say She seemed a good pilot

pilot) after appear, feel, look, seem and sound They use to be or like after these verbs

She seemed (to be) a good pilot She seemed to be a good pilot

OR She seemed like a good pilot

It looks (to be) a lovely evening It looks to be a lovely evening

OR It looks like a lovely evening

B Present perfect and past simple (Units 11-15)

The British use the present perfect for recent Americans can use either the present perfect or

actions, and especially with just, already and yet the past simple in these sentences

Bob has washed the dishes, look Bob has washed the dishes, look

OR Bob washed the dishes, look

We've already eaten our lunch We've already eaten our lunch

OR We already ate our lunch

OR I just saw Elaine

Have you corrected your work yet? Have you corrected your work yet?

OR Did you correct your work yet?

The British normally use the present perfect Americans normally use the past simple with

with ever and never, not the past simple ever and never, but the present perfect is

possible

Have you ever played cricket? Did you ever play baseball?

OR Have you ever played baseball?

The child has never seen snow before The child never saw snow before

OR The child has never seen snow before

C Shall (Unit 23D)

The British use will for the future, but they can Americans do not normally use shall for the also use shall in the first person future

I will/I shall be here tomorrow I will be here tomorrow

We will/We shall contact you We will contact you

The British use shall to make an offer Americans normally use should

The British can use Shall we ? for a Americans do not normally use shall in

suggestion suggestions

Would you like to take a walk?

D Got and gotten

Both have and have got are used in Britain and in the US

He has a lot of money./He's got a lot of money (= He is rich.)

The British do not use gotten In the US, have gotten expresses an action

He's made a lot of money from his business He's gotten/made a lot of money from his

Americans also use gotten meaning 'become'

Your driving has got better Your driving has gotten better

E Negatives and questions with have (Unit 31)

In Britain there are two different structures Americans normally use the auxiliary do

I haven't (got) enough time I don't have enough time

OR I don't have enough time

Has Carol got a computer? Does Carol have a computer?

OR Does Carol have a computer?

In the past tense, did is usual in both countries

We didn't have tickets

F Emphatic do (Unit 33C)

The British can use do with an imperative for Do with an imperative is less common in the

emphasis US

Have a piece of cake Have a piece of cake

OR Do have a piece of cake

G Do for an action

The British can use do to refer to an action Americans do not use do in this way

already mentioned

I don't practise as often as I should (do) I don't practice as often as I should

You'd better take your pill ~ I already have You'd better take your pill ~ I already have

(done)

H Question tags (Unit 42)

Both the British and the Americans can use question tags when talking about facts

Blackpool is in Lancashire, isn't it? Las Vegas is in Nevada, isn't it?

But in general Americans use tags much less often than the British They do not use tags to persuade or to

argue A sentence like You aren't listening to me, are you? is British but not American But Americans often

use right? and OK? as tags

I'll bring the luggage in, shall I? I'll bring the baggage in, OK?

I Can't and mustn't (Unit 46C)

The British use can't to say that something is Americans can also use mustn't to say that

I rang, but there's no reply They can't be at I called, but there's no reply They can't be

J Needn't and don't need to (Unit 48)

The British can use either form Americans do not normally use needn't

You needn't see the inspector You don't need to see the inspector

OR You don't need to see the inspector

K Group nouns (Unit 81B)

In Britain a group noun can usually take either a In the US a group noun takes a singular verb,

singular or a plural verb The crowd was getting restless

The crowd was/were getting restless Sweden plays Germany tomorrow

Sweden plays/play Germany tomorrow

L The (Unit 86C and 87A)

The British use the with a musical instrument Americans can leave out the

/ can play the piano I can play piano/play the piano

The British say in hospital Americans say in the hospital

My sister is still in hospital My sister is still in the hospital

M Numbers

The British use and between hundred and the Americans can leave out and

six hundred and twenty OR six hundred and twenty

N Dates

There are a number of different ways of writing and saying dates, but these are the most common

BRITISH AMERICAN

'the twenty-third of June' 'June twenty-third'

'June the twenty-third'

The British write 23.6.98, and Americans write 6.23.98

0 You and one (Unit 98C)

The British use you for people in general, Americans use you for people in general One is

including the speaker In more formal English unusual,

they can use one

You/One can't be too careful You can't be too careful

P Somewhere and someplace (Unit 103)

In informal American English, everyplace, someplace, anyplace and no place can be used

as well as everywhere, somewhere, etc

Let's find somewhere to eat Let's find somewhere/someplace to eat

Q Adjectives and adverbs (Unit 108)

In informal speech we can sometimes use an adjective form instead of an adverb Americans do

this more than the British

We had some really nice weather We had some really nice/some real nice

looking out of the window looking out the window/out of the window

In American English there is a special use of through as a preposition of time

He'll be on the road from Tuesday to/till He'll be on the road (from) Tuesday through

Friday Friday

They will stay in Brighton until the end of They will stay in Miami through April

April

Note the prepositions after different

This cup is differentfrom/to the others This cup is different from/than the others

Compare these expressions

at the weekend, at weekends on the weekend, on weekends

S In case (Unit 148D)

In case can have different meanings

Take an umbrella in case it rains In case you're sick, you should call the office

T Go and

Americans can leave out and from this structure

I'll go and buy the tickets I'll go buy/I'll go and buy the tickets

U The subjunctive

We can use expressions like I suggest that and It's important that to talk about

what we want to happen Look at these examples

Tim's parents have suggested that he gets a Tim's parents have suggested that he get a job

job/that he should get a job It's important that everything go according to

It's important that everything goes/everything plan

should go according to plan

The British normally use the present simple or Americans normally use a form called the

should (They use the subjunctive only in formal 'subjunctive', e.g get, go

English.)