Electricity Infrastructures in the Global Marketplace Part 1 potx

X 3.8 Senegal Bio Mass Exploitation: An Assessment of Applicable Technologies for Rural Development 1473.8.1 Innovative Renewable Energy Technology for Rural Enterprise 1473.8.2 the Bio-

ElEctricity infrastructurEs in thE

Global MarkEtplacE

Edited by t J hammons

Electricity Infrastructures in the Global Marketplace

Edited by T J Hammons

Published by InTech

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Chapter 1 the Role of Nuclear in the Future Global Energy Scene 1

1.1 Introduction 11.1.1 the Greenhouse Effect 11.1.2 the Global Scene 11.1.3 the Role of Nuclear Today 31.2 Public Perception of Nuclear Generation 51.2.1 Economics of Nuclear Power 51.2.1.1 Future Cost Competitiveness 81.2.1.2 Nuclear Fuel Costs 11

1.2.2 Disposal of Nuclear Waste 121.2.2.1 Classification of Nuclear Waste 131.2.2.2 Management of High Level Waste 151.2.2.3 Disposal of High Level Waste 151.2.2.4 Management of Low and Intermediate Waste 161.2.2.5 Long-Lived Intermediate Level Waste 171.2.2.6 Spent Fuel: Reprocessing and Recycling 181.2.2.7 Waste From Reprocessing 18

1.2.2.8 Recycling 181.2.2.9 Plutonium Recycling 181.2.2.10 Uranium Recycling 181.2.3 Safety 18

1.2.4 Proliferation 191.2.5 Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities 201.3 Advantages of Nuclear Power 21

1.4 Nuclear Power Reactors 221.4.1 Components 221.5 the Development History of Current Nuclear Reactors 231.5.1 Nuclear Power Plants in Commercial Operation 28Contents

1.6.4 Light Water Graphite-Moderated Reactor (Rbmr) 311.6.5 Fast Neutron Reactors 31

1.7 Small Nuclear Rectors 321.7.1 Light Water Reactors 331.7.2 High-Temperature Gas-Cooler Reactors 341.7.3 Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Reactors 391.7.4 Molten Salt Reactors 42

1.7.5 Modular Construction 431.7.6 Floating Nuclear Power Plants 441.8 Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors 441.8.1 Licensing 47

1.8.2 Light Water Reactors 471.8.3 High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors 531.8.4 Fast Neutron Reactors 54

1.8.5 Accelerator Driven Systems 561.9 Generation Iv Nuclear Reactors 561.9.1 Generation Iv International Forum Reactor Technologies 571.9.2 Inpro 59

1.9.3 Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (Gnep) 591.10 the Hydrogen Economy 59

1.10.1 Nuclear Energy and Hydrogen Production 591.11 the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 60

1.11.1 Uranium 611.11.2 Uranium Mining 611.11.3 Uranium Milling 621.11.4 Conversion 621.11.5 Enrichment 631.11.6 Fuel Fabrication 631.11.7 Uranium Requirements 63

Contents VII

1.12 Thorium As A Nuclear Fuel 65

1.12.1 Thorium R&D History 661.12.2 Thorium Power Reactors 671.12.3 Emerging Advanced Thorium Reactor Concepts 671.13 Nuclear Fusion Power 68

1.13.1 Basic Fusion Technology 691.13.2 Magnetic Confinement (Mfe) 691.13.3 Inertial Confinement (Icf) 711.13.4 Cold Fusion 71

1.13.5 Fusion History 711.13.6 Iter 72

1.13.7 Assessing Fusion Power 731.14 Nuclear Energy and Seawater Desalination 74

2.4 Prior Development Methods 86

2.5 Review of Selected Regional Prospects 89

VII

2.8 Africa 952.8.1 Ethiopia 992.8.2 Uganda 992.8.3 Zambia 992.8.4 Mozambique 1002.8.5 Ghana 1002.9 Latin America 1002.9.1 Argentina 1002.9.2 Brazil 1002.9.3 Chile 1012.9.4 Colombia 1012.9.5 Venezuela 1012.10 China 101

2.10.1 Precipitation and Topographical Conditions in Southwest China 1022.10.2 Prospective Large Projects in Southwest China 1022.10.3 Associated Transmission 103

2.11 Transmission 1032.11.1 North America 1072.11.2 South America 1082.11.3 Scandinavia 1082.11.4 India 1102.11.5 China 1112.11.6 Africa 1122.11.7 South East Asia 1132.12 Environmental 1142.12.1 River Barriers 1172.12.2 Alteration of Flow Regimes and Temperature 1172.12.3 Flow Diversion 118

2.12.4 Sedimentation 1182.12.5 Nutrients 1182.12.6 Water Quality 1182.12.7 Social Aspects 1192.12.8 A Sustainable Portfolio 1202.13 Project Development 1212.14 The Future 122

3.2 An Overview of Biomass Combined Heat

and Power Technologies 131

3.3 Biomass Availability for Biopower Applications 133

3.3.1 Energy Crops 134

3.3.2 Primary Residues 134

3.3.3 Secondary Residues 134

3.3.4 Tertiary Residues 134

3.3.5 Biomass Potential for 2020 135

3.4 Thermo-Chemical Technologies for Biomass Energy 135

3.4.1 Combustion 135

3.4.2 Gasification 136

3.4.3 Pyrolysis 137

3.5 the Biomaxtm A New Biopower Option

for Distributed Generation and Chp 139

3.5.1 Technology 139

3.5.2 Summary of Biomax Features 141

3.5.3 Comparison of Biomax Bio-Power System With Other Power Generation Technologies 142

3.6 Motivating the Power Industry with Biomass

Policy and Tax Incentives 143

3.7 Energy Generation Through the Combustion

of Municipal Solid Waste 144

X

3.8 Senegal Bio Mass Exploitation: An Assessment

of Applicable Technologies for Rural Development 1473.8.1 Innovative Renewable Energy Technology for Rural Enterprise 1473.8.2 the Bio-Max System 148

3.9 Acknowledgement 1503.10 References 150

Energy Potential of the Oceans in Europe and North America:

Tidal, Wave, Currents, Otec and offshore Wind 1534.1 Introduction 153

4.2 Ocean Wave and Tidal Power Projects in San Francisco 1544.3 Wave Power Technologies 155

4.3.1 Wave Power Conversion Devices and Technologies 1564.3.2 Electrical Interconnection 157

4.3.3 Cost 1574.4 Feasibility Assessment of offshore Wave and Tidal Current Power Production: A Collaborative Public/ Private Partnership 1584.4.1 Feasibility of Wave and Tidal Current Energy 1594.4.2 Wave Project Results 160

4.4.2.1 U.S Wave Energy Resources 1604.4.2.2 Feasibility Definition Study Sites 1614.4.2.3 Feasibility Study - Wec Devices 1624.4.2.4 Demonstration-Scale Plant Design–Oregon Example 1634.4.2.5 Commercial-Scale Plant Design –Oregon Example 1644.4.2.6 Learning Curves and Economics 165

4.5 Recent Progress in offshore Renewable Energy Technology Development 1664.5.1 Tidal Energy 166

4.5.1.1 Tidal Forecasts 1674.5.1.2 Projects 1684.5.2 Wave Energy 1684.5.2.1 Wave Energy Forecast 1694.5.3 offshore Wind 140

4.6 Role of Tidal Power in the United Kingdom

to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 172Chapter 4

Contents XI

4.6.1 Tidal Power 173

4.6.1.1 Physics of Tidal Power 174

4.6.1.2 Types of Tide 174

4.6.1.3 Major Periodic Components 175

4.6.2 European Energy Potential 175

4.6.3 Existing Tidal Energy Schemes 177

4.6.4 Sites Considered for Development Worldwide 177

4.6.5 Harnessing Tidal Power (Flow Or Basin, Existing Tidal Energy Schemes, Modes of Operation and Configuration, Adaptation of Tide-Generated to Grid Network Requirements) 177

4.6.5.1 Tidal Flow4.6.5.2 Basin 178

4.6.6 Modes of Operation and Configuration 178

4.6.6.1 Single-Action Outflow (Ebb) Generation 178

4.6.6.2 Flood Generation4.6.6.3 Two-Way Generation 178

4.6.6.3 Two-way Generation 179

4.6.7 Tidal Stream 179

4.6.7.1 the Enermax Project (Italy) 179

4.6.7.2 the Blue Energy Project (Canada) 180

4.6.7.3 the Gorlov Helical Turbine (Ght) (Usa) 180

4.6.8 Adaptation to Grid Network Requirements 180

4.7 Proposed Severn Barrage 180

4.7.1 Potential Benefits 181

4.7.2 Conditions for Sustainable Development 182

4.7.3 Energy Policy Contexts and Compliance

with Environment Legislation 182

4.7.4 Uk Tidal Resource 183

4.8 Electricity Transmission System 183

4.9 Feasibility Studies: Mersey Estuary, Loughor Estuary (Wales), Duddon Estuary (Cumbrian Coast), Wyre Barrage (Lancashire),

and Thames Barrier 185

4.9.1 Mersey Barrage 185

4.9.2 Other Uk Barrages 186

4.10 Environment Impact 186

4.11 Carbon Emissions 187

4.12 Physical Implications of A Barrage 188

4.13 Consensus View on Tidal Power in the Uk 189

XII

4.14 Acknowledgement 1914.15 References 191

Geothermal Power Generation: Global Perspectives, Technology, Direct Uses, Plants, Drilling and Sustainability Worldwide 195

5.1 Introduction 1955.2 Global Perspective on Geothermal Energy 1965.2.1 World Energy Consumption 1965.2.2 Consumption of Renewable Energy Sources 1985.2.3 Consumption of Geothermal Energy 1985.2.4 World Energy Resources 201

5.2.5 Cost of Renewable Energy 2025.3 Geothermal Energy in Usa 2035.3.1 Tectonic Controls 2035.3.2 Types of Geothermal Systems 2055.3.3 U.S Geothermal Energy Potential 2055.3.4 Geothermal Energy Use in Usa 2065.3.5 Operating Conditions for Electrical Generation 2065.3.6 Direct Use 206

5.3.7 Environmental Constraints 2075.4 Geothermal Technologies Program:

Us Department of Energy (Doe) 2085.4.1 Comprehensive Research Program 2085.5 Direct Use Geothermal Energy 209

5.5.1 Direct Uses 2095.5.2 District Heating 2105.5.3 Agriculture and Aquaculture Applications 2115.5.4 Future Developments 211

5.6 Improving Geothermal Power Plant 2115.6.1 Goal and Objectives 211

5.7 Geothermal Drilling R&D Overview 2125.8 Advanced Power Cycles for Enhancing Geothermal Sustainability 2135.8.1 Optimization in Design of the Power Cycle 213

5.8.1.1 Heat Cycle Considerations 213Chapter 5

Contents XIII

5.8.1.2 Resource Considerations 214

5.8.1.3 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 214

5.8.1.4 Environmental Considerations 214

5.8.2 Conventional Steam Turbine Geothermal Power Plants 214

5.8.3 Geothermal Power Plants Using Organic Rankine Cycle 215

5.8.3.1 Single Phase (Hot Water) Geothermal Power Plants 2155.8.3.2 Two-Phase Geothermal Power Plant 216

5.8.3.3 Recuperated Organic Rankine Cycle 217

5.8.3.4 Higher Enthalpy Two-Phase Geothermal Power Plant 2185.8.3.5 Use of A Back Pressure Steam Turbine 219

5.8.3.6 Geothermal Combined Cycle [38] 220

5.8.4 Deployment 220

5.8.5 Enhancing Sustainability and Cost Effectiveness 220

5.9 Iceland Deep Drilling Project, Exploration of Deep

Unconventional Geothermal Resources 221

5.9.1 Supercritical Geothermal Fluids 221

5.9.2 Drilling in Iddp Wells 223

5.9.4.2 Potential Impact on Greenhouse Gases 225

5.10 Geothermal Power Plants in Iceland in the Hengill Area 226

5.10.1 the Hengill Area 227

5.10.2 Nesjavellir Power Plant 227

5.10.3 Hellisheiði Power Plant 228

5.10.3.1 Construction Plan 229

5.10.3.2 Technical Description 229

5.10.3.3 Production Wells and Directional Drilling 230

5.10.4 Hverahlíð and Bitra 230

5.10.4.1 Environmental Policy 230

5.10.4.2 Power Plant At Bitra 230

5.10.4.3 Power Plant At Hverahlíð 230

5.10.5 Research Projects in the Hengill Area 231

5.10.5.1 New Research Areas in the Hengill Area 231

5.10.5.2 Carb-Fix Nature Imitated in Permanent Co2

Storage Project 231

Reliability Modelling and Assessment of Power System Operation in the Competitive Electric Energy Market 2376.1 Introduction 237

6.2 Basic Features of Monte–Carlo Sequential Simulation Approach 2386.3 Reliability Modelling and Operational Performance of Isolated Power Systems With An Increased Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources 2396.3.1 General 239

6.3.2 General Features of Isolated Power System Operation 2396.3.3 Computational Methodology 240

6.3.4 Assessment Studies 2436.4 Reliability and Cost Assessment of Power TransmissionNetworks in the Competitive Electric Energy Market 2476.4.1 General 247

6.4.2 Main Features of the Reliability and Cost Allocation Methods 2486.4.3 Computational Methodology 253

6.4.4 Assessment Studies 2566.5 Conclusions 260

6.6 Acknowledgements 2616.7 References 261

Europe: Status of Integrating Renewable Electricity Production Into the Grid 263

7.1 the German Experience of the Grid Integration

of Renewable Energy Sources 2647.1.1 Prospective Development of Renewable Energy Generation in Germany 264

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Contents XV

7.1.2 the Economic Incentives 266

7.1.3 Grid Integration of Large Scale Wind Power

in the Transmission Level 267

7.1.4 Dispersed Generation in Distribution Systems 270

7.2 Options for Large Scale Integration of Wind Power 273

7.2.1 Impact of Wind Power on Power System Stability and Operation 2737.2.2 Case – Local Control 275

7.2.3 Case – Market Based Power Balancing 277

7.3 the Spanish Experience of Grid Integration

of Wind Energy Sources 279

7.3.1 Present Economic Incentives for Wind Energy in Spain [15] 2807.3.2 the Spanish Experience 283

7.4 From the Kyoto Protocol to the Future Power Grid 286

7.5 Acknowledgement 289

7.6 References 289

Europe: Impact of Dispersed and Renewable Generation

on Power System Structure 291

8.2.2 Grid Protection and Dg 295

8.2.3 Voltage Quality and Dg 296

8.2.4 Practical Distribution Network 297

8.3.4 Design of the Communication Network 309

8.3.5 Benefits for Other System Services 311

Chapter 8

of Wind Power 3178.4.3 Chp Units 3188.4.4 Aspects Concerning the Energy Market 3198.4.4.1 Sivael 320

8.4.4.2 Demand Response 3218.5 Further Reading 324

8.6 Acknowledgement 3248.7 References 324

Status of Power Markets and Power Exchanges

in Asia and Australia 3279.1 Status of Reform and Power Exchange in India: Trading, Scheduling, and Real Time Operation Regional Grids 3279.1.1 Development of Indian Power System 3289.1.2 Grid Operation 329

9.1.3 Power Exchange 3329.2 the Influence of Transmission on Further Development of Power Exchange in the Australian National Electricity Market 334

9.2.1 Description 3359.2.2 Issues 3369.2.2.1 Generation Utilisation 3369.2.2.2 Resource Development 3369.2.2.3 Transmission Utilisation 3389.2.3 Market Developments 3399.2.4 the Way Forward 3399.3 Technical and Market System Effectiveness

of Intersystem Power Exchanges in Russia 3409.3.1 Technical System Effect 3409.3.2 Market System Effect 3419.3.3 Principles of Estimating the System Efficiency 3439.3.4 Case Study 343

Chapter 9

9.4.1.2 Considerations on the Scheme

of Power System Deregulation 347

9.4.1.3 Consideration on Risks and their Mitigations 348

9.4.1.4 Other Considerations 351

9.4.2 Power Markets in Ne and Nw China 351

9.4.2.1 Northeast Regional Power Market in China 352

9.4.3 R&D for Future Northwest Regional Power Market 353

9.5 East China Power Market Development and Trial Operation 354

9.5.1 the Development of the Market 355

9.5.1.1 Guidelines 355

9.5.1.2 the Principles of Market Design 355

9.5.1.3 the Stage Objectives 356

9.5.1.4 the Trading Arrangements 356

9.5.1.5 Bidding and Market Clearing Mechanism

of Monthly Market 357

9.5.2 Trial Operation of the Market 357

9.5.2.1 Simulation Results 358

9.5.2.2 Results Analysis 361

9.5.3 Lessons and Recommendations 363

9.5.3.1 Regulations and Policies Need to Be Improved 363

9.5.3.2 the Supply-Demand Gap Threatens the Safety

of the Power System 363

9.5.3.3 the Tight Supply Situation Results

in Market Price Rising Rapidly 364

9.5.3.4 Risk Mitigation Methods Need to Be Studied 364

9.5.4 Concluding Remarks 364

9.6 Status and Perspective of Electric Power Industry in Korea 365

9.6.1 Korea Power Exchange 365

9.6.2 Overview of Korean Electricity Industry 366

9.6.3 Measures in Power System Operations 370

9.7 Outlook for Power Exchange Between Russia, Dprk and Rok 372

9.7.1 Power Interconnection Scenarios for “Rfe – Dprk - Rok” 372

9.7.1.1 Potential Local Interconnections Under Discussion 3729.7.1.2 New Scenarios Including Kedo N/P 373

9.7.2 Estimated Prospective Export/Import Potential 374

9.7.2.1 Power Industry of the Rok 374

XVIII

9.7.2.2 Power Industry of Dprk 3759.7.2.3 Rfe Power Balance and Export Potential 3759.7.3 Admissible Interconnected Capacity in Technical Viewpoints 3789.7.3.1 Evaluation of Maximum Exchangeable Power 3789.7.3.2 Evaluation of Minimum Exchangeable Power 3789.8 Northeast Asia Interconnection, and Power

Flow Considering Seasonal Load Patterns 3809.8.1 Power System Status and Seasonal Load Patterns in Northeast Asia 381

9.8.1.1 Power System and Seasonal Load Patterns

in South Korea 3819.8.1.2 Power System and Seasonal Load Patterns

in North Korea 3829.8.1.3 Power System and Seasonal Load Patterns

in Far East Russia 3859.8.1.4 Power System Status in North East China 3879.8.1.5 Power System Status and Seasonal Load Patterns

of Kyushu in Japan 3889.8.2 Assumed Possible Interconnection Scenarios in North East Asia 3899.8.3 Assumed Seasonal Power Exchange Quantity for Power Flow Calculation 391

9.9 Acknowledgement 3929.10 References 392

Power Generation in Southern Africa: Energy Trading and the Southern African Power Pool 397

10.1 Structure and Governing Documents 39710.1.1 Sapp Vision 399

10.1.2 Sapp Objectives 40010.1.3 Sapp Mission, Strategy and Values 40010.1.4 Sapp Coordination Centre 40010.1.5 Sapp Membership 40110.2 Sapp Achievements 40210.2.1 Coordination Centre 40210.2.2 Documentation Review and Sapp Restructuring 40210.2.3 Cooperation With the Regional Electricity Regulatory 402Chapter 10

Contents XIX

10.2.4 Transmission Wheeling Charges and Losses 40210.2.5 Development of A Competitive Electricity Market 40210.2.6 Completed Transmission Projects 403

10.2.7 Establishment of Westcor 40310.2.8 Environmental Guidelines 40310.2.9 Other Completed Projects 40410.3 Energy Trading 404

10.3.1 Bilateral Contracts 40410.3.2 the Short-Term Energy Market 40510.4 Regional Challenges 408

10.5 Acknowledgment 413

10.6 References 413

Electricity Infrastructure in Asian Region and Energy Security Problems 41511.1 Introduction 415

11.2 Energy Security As A Factor of the Common

Energy Cooperation in East Asia 415

11.3 Energy Security in the Asia-Pacific Region 423

11.3.1 Why Energy Security in Asia 42411.3.2 A Region At Risk: the Asia-Pacific 42511.3.3 the Economics of Energy Security 42611.3.4 Regional Energy Security in the Asia-Pacific 42711.3.5 Building Energy-Strategic Relationships 42811.3.5.1 China 428

11.3.5.2 India 42811.3.5.3 Japan 43011.3.6 Traditional and Newly Emerging Regional Security Concerns 43011.3.7 General Notes 431

11.4 Prospects of Electricity Infrastructure in East Asia 432

11.4.1 Creation and Development of Common Electric Power Space of EA Countries 432

11.4.2 Estimation of Prospective Electricity Demands

of NEA Countries and Free Volumes of their Electricity Markets 43411.4.3 Export Electric Power Projects of East Russia 436

Chapter 11

XX

11.5 Assessment of Energy Supply Systems with

an Energy Infrastructure Model for Asia 43711.5.1 Global Energy Infrastructure Model 43711.5.1.1 Geographical Coverage and Transportation Network 43711.5.1.2 System Structure of the Energy Model 438

11.5.1.3 Mathematical Formulation 43911.5.1.4 Reference Energy Demand Scenario 44011.5.2 Simulation Results of the Model 440

11.5.2.1 Reference Case Results 44011.5.2.2 Controlled Case Results 44311.6 China Power Grid and Its Future Development 44411.6.1 the Current Situation of China Power Grid 44511.6.2 Planning of National-Wide Interconnected Power Grid 44611.6.3 Specific Problems Concerned in National-Wide Power Grid 44711.6.3.1 Low Frequency Oscillation 447

11.6.3.2 Stability of Receiving Systems 44811.6.3.3 Security of Multi-in Feed Hvdc Systems 44811.6.4 Future Development of China Power Grid 44911.7 Acknowledgement 449

11.8 References 449

Integrated Natural Gas-Electricity Resource Adequacy Planning in Latin America 45112.1 Introduction 452

12.2 Electricity and Gas Deregulation 45412.3 Integrated Gas-Electricity Adequacy Planning in Brazil:

Technical and Economical Aspects 45612.3.1 the Brazilian Electricity and Natural Gas Sectors 45612.3.2 Brazil’s Main Challenges in Electricity-Gas Integrated Adequacy Planning 460

12.3.2.1 the Challenge of Operating Flexibility 46012.3.2.2 Integrated Electricity-Gas Operations Planning 46112.3.2.3 Integration of Flexible Lng Supply 461

12.4 Chile: Uncertainty in Natural Gas Supply 462Chapter 12

Contents XXI

12.5 Mexico: Growing Interactions Between Mexican

Gas Markets and Electricity System 467

12.5.1 Gas Supply Demand for Electricity Production 46812.5.2 Gas/Electricity Network Interactions 468

12.5.3 Lng/Electricity Expansion Interactions 46912.6 Natural Gas and Electricity Market Issues in Colombia 470

12.7 LNG in South America 472

12.7.1 Main Challenges for Lng in Chile 47312.7.2 Main Challenges for Lng in Brazil 47512.7.2.1 the Business Model: Lng Flexible Supply 47512.7.2.2 Challenges for Lng Supply 475

12.7.2.3 Virtual Gas Storage: Gas Stored in Hydro Reservoirs 47612.7.3 Virtual Gas Storage and Smart Electricity-Gas Swaps 47712.8 Power and Natural Gas Integration in the

Southern Cone – Past, Present and Future 478

12.8.1 Regulatory and Commercial Situation 47912.8.2 Southern Cone Integration Issues 47912.9 Conclusions 480

12.10 Acknowledgements 481

12.11 References 481

Developments in Power Generation

and Transmission Infrastructures in China 483

13,1 Introduction 483

13.2 Main Transmission Projects 484

13.3 Power Grid Development 485

13.3.1 Trans-Regional Power Transmission 48613.3.2 Construction and Operation of Hvdc Power System 48613.3.3 750kv and 1000kv Ac Transmission and Substation Project 48713.3.4 Construction and Operation of Urban and Rural Power Grids 48713.3.4.1 Enhancing International Cooperation 487

13.3.4.2 Improving Environmental Protection 487Chapter 13

XXII

13.3.5 Opportunities and Challenges of National Grid 48713.3.5.1 Strong Growth in Power Demand 48713.3.5.2 Economic Performance of Hv Transmission 48813.3.6 Construction of Hv Transmission Grid 488

13.3.6.1 1000kv Hvac Pilot Project 48813.3.6.2 Outgoing Hvdc Transmission Line of Jinshajiang River 48813.3.6.3 Prospect of National Hv Grid 489

13.3.7 South China Hvac/Hvdc Hybrid Grid 48913.3.7.1 the Rapid Growing-Up of South China Power Grid 48913.3.7.2 the Unique Features 489

13.3.7.3 the Challenges 49013.3.8 Future of South China Power Grid 49113.3.9 Wide Area Measurement System (Wams) 49213.3.9.1 Wams in China 493

13.4 Diversity in Power Generation 49413.4.1 Higher Requirements on Resources Exploitation 49513.4.2 Biomass 496

13.4.3 Natural Gas 49713.4.4 Coal 49813.3.4.1 Low Efficiency and Large Potential for Energy-Saving 49813.4.5 Clean Coal Technology in China 498

13.4.6 China’s Clean Coal Technology and Foreign Technology 50013.4.7 Reasons for Falling Behind in Clean Coal Technology 50013.4.8 Opportunities for China’s Clean Coal Technology 50413.5 Obstacles in China’s Clean Coal Technology Acquisition 50613.5.1 Fewer Joint Ventures in the Field of Clean Coal Technology 50613.5.2 Restraints on Technology Transfer Strategies

of Multinationals Corporations 50613.5.3 Low Electricity Price in China 50713.5.4 Weak Economic Strength of Chinese Companies 50713.5.5 Strategies for China to Transfer and Develop Clean Coal Technology 508

13.6 Development of Chinese Power Industry 50913.6.1 the Clean Development Mechanism (Cdm) 51213.6.1.1 Market economy development 51313,6.2 Electricity Tariffs 514

13.7 R&D on Power System Sponsored By National Science Foundation China (Nsfc) 516

13.8 Conclusions 517

Contents XXIII

13.9 Acknowledgement 518

13.10 References 518

Power Generation and Transmission Expansion Planning Procedures

in Asia: Market Environment and Investment Problems 519

14.1 Introduction 519

14.2 Problems of Electric Power System Expansion Planning

in a Market Environment and Procedures of their Solution 519

14.3 Proposed Performance Criteria for Transmission System

Planning Based on Regulating Framework of Twbp in Korea 523

14.3.1 the Progress of Reconstructing in Korea 52414.3.2 Regulating Framework for Transmission System Planning 52414.3.2.1 Network Planning Committee 526

14.3.2.2 Business Plan for Transmission Network Development 52614.3.3 Background to Performance Criteria

for Transmission System Planning 52714.3.3.1 Development of Performance Criteria 52714.3.3.2 Performance Criteria for Abnormal State 52714.3.3.3 Performance criteria for abnormal state 52814.3.4 Proposed Performance Criteria for Transmission System Planning 530

14.3.4.1 Performance Criteria for A Normal State 53014.3.4.2 Performance criteria for a disturbance 53114.4 Power Generation and Transmission Planning

in India – Methodology, Problems and Investments 532

14.5 Power System and Power Market Development

in China Problems and Proposed Alliviation Measures 535

14.5.1 Power Market Development 53714.5.2 Generation Planning, Transmission Expansion Planning and Investment in China 539

14.5.2.1 Energy Shortage Problems and Proposed Alleviation Measures 54014.5.2.2 the Proposed Counter Measures 54114.6 Generation Planning and Investment Under Deregulated

Environment: Comparison of Usa and China 543

14.6.1 Reforming History of the Power Industry in China 543Chapter 14

XXIV

14.6.2 Generation Investment 54514.6.2.1 Generation Investment in the Traditional Power Industry 545

14.6.2.2 Generation Investment in the Restructured Power Industry 545

14.6.2.3 Generation Investment in China 54714.6.3 Risks in Generation Investment 54814.6.3.1 Risk Distribution 54914.6.3.2 Efficiency Incentives 54914.6.3.3 Economic Signals 54914.7 Investment and Development Problems of Russia’s Power Industry 55014.8 North-East Asia Interconnection Scenario Map,

and Power Reserve Strategy in South Korea 55314.8.1 Power System in South Korea 55414.8.2 Power System in North Korea 55514.8.3 Power System in Far East Russia 55514.8.4 Liaoning Region Power System in North-East China 55514.8.5 Power System of Kyushu in Japan 556

14.8.6 Load Flow Calculations 55714.9 Generation and Transmission Sector in Korean Power Systems 55714.9.1 Generation Sector in Korea 559

14.9.1.1 Restructuring Plan for Electricity Industry 55914.9.1.2 Investment in Generation Capacity 55914.9.2 Transmission System in Korea 560

14.9.2.1 Overview of Current Transmission Network 56114.9.2.2 Transmission Expansion Planning 561

14.10 Acknowledgement 56114.11 References 562

Impacts of Ghg Programs and Markets on the Power Industry 56515.1 Introduction 565

15.2 International Response to Climate Change: An Overview 56515.2.1 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change 566

15.2.2 Major Impacts on Power Systems 56915.2.3 Major Global Programs 570

Chapter 15

Contents XXV

15.2.3.1 Kyoto Protocol 570

15.2.3.2 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Ipcc) 57015.2.3.3 Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development

and Climate (App) 571

15.2.4 Other Programs and Initiatives 572

15.2.4.1 Other programs and initiatives 572

15.2.4.2 Canada 572

15.2.4.3 Stern review report main conclusions 572

15.2.5 Other Programs and Initiatives 573

15.2.6 Emissions Trading 573

15.2.6.1 Emerging Ghg Markets 573

15.2.7 Mitigate and/Or Adapt 575

15.2.7.1 Mitigation Priorities for Power Industry 577

15.2.7.2 Adaptation Priorities for Power Industry 577

15.2.8 Section Conclusions 577

15.3 Value of Non-Carbon Power and Emissions Avoidance 577

15.3.1 Nuclear Energy Example 578

15.3.2 Valuing Emissions Reduction 579

15.3.2.1 Economic Value to A Nation and the World 579

15.3.2.2 Economic Value to Investors 579

15.3.2.3 Assumed Value of the Right to Emit 580

15.3.2.4 Actual Trading Value 581

15.3.2.5 Negative Value of Negawatts: Conservation and

Efficiency Relative Socio-Economic Values 581

15.3.2.6 the Alternative Or Substitution Value 583

15.3.2.7 Avoidance, Capture and Sequestration Value 584

15.3.2.8 Value of Alternate Technologies 5858

15.3.2.9 Policy Value: Energy Insecurity and Carbon Taxes 58515.3.2.10 Global Value of Sustainable Avoidance 586

15.3.3 Results 586

15.4 Impact of Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and Renewable

Portfolio Standards on Power System Planning 587

15.4.1 Rggi 587

15.4.2 Renewable Portfolio Standards 588

15.4.3 Impacts on Power System Planning 588

15.5 Conclusions 589

15.6 Acknowledgements 590

15.7 References 590