Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air-Conditioning phần 6 ppt

“Desiccant Cooling Air Conditioning: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 10:55–77.. SACE Project, “Solar Air Conditioning in Europe – An Overview.” Renewable & Sustaina

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8.0 Resources Not Cited

Balaras, C.A.; Henning, H.-H.; Wiemken, E.; Grossman, G.; Podesser, E.; Infante Ferreira, C.A

2006 “Solar Cooling: An Overview of European Applications & Design Guidelines.”

ASHRAE Journal 48:14–21

Chen, X.Y.; Jiang, Y.; Li, Z.; Qu, K.Y 2005 “Field Study on Independent Dehumidification

Air-Conditioning System – II: Performance of the Whole System.” ASHRAE

Transactions 111(2):277–284

Daou, K.; Wang, R.Z.; Xia, Z.Z 2006 “Desiccant Cooling Air Conditioning: A Review.”

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 10:55–77

European Commission 2005 SACE Project, “Solar Air Conditioning in Europe – An

Overview.” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews D.G XII

Lowenstein, A 2010 AIL Research Interview by Eric Kozubal

Roth, K W.; Westphalen, D.; Dieckmann, J.; Hamilton, S D.; Goetzler, W 2002 Energy

Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems Volume III: Energy Savings Potential Cambridge, MA: TIAX LLC Ref No 68370-00

van Helden, W.; Bakker, M.; Hauer, A 2008 Materials for Compact Thermal Energy Storage:

a New IEA SHC/ECES Joint Task The Netherlands Energy Research Centre of the

Netherlands

Willis, R.; Parsonnet, B 2009 “Energy Efficient TES Design for Commercial DX Systems.”

ASHRAE Transactions

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A.1 Detailed Specifications for Retrofit Residential Building

Chicago Phoenix Francisco Tampa Atlanta Boston Houston DC

Foundation

type Basement Slab-ongrade Crawlspace Slab-ongrade Crawlspace Basement Slab-ongrade Basement Detached

Underground

Min R slab

Slab

insulation

Window

A.2 Detailed Specifications for New Residential Building

Slab

insulation

depth (ft)

Foundation

type

Detached

frame wall U

Ceiling U

Floor U

Underground

wall U

Min R slab

unheated

Window U

Window

SHGC

2.000

Chicago Phoenix

Basement Slab-ongrade

n/a

San Francisco Tampa

Crawlspace Slab-ongrade

n/a

Atlanta Boston

Crawlspace Basement

2.000

n/a

Houston Washington, DC

Slab-on

2.000

Actual U-values in Btu/(h·ft2·°F)

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A.3 Energy Performance – New Residential

Site

Phoenix San Francisco Washington, DC DEVap DX A/C DEVap DX A/C DEVap DX A/C

Mechanical ventilation (kWh) 145.22 240.9 235.36 240.9 181.20 240.9

Source

Site

DEVap DX A/C DEVap DX A/C DEVap DX A/C

Source

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Site

DEVap DX A/C DEVap DX A/C

Source

Water Evaporation

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A.4 Energy Performance – Retrofit Residential

Energy Site

Energy Source

Energy Site

Energy Source

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Energy Site

Energy Source

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A.5 Economics – New Residential

capital $ 0.095 $ 0.062 $ 1.693 $ 1.949 $ 0.165 $ 0.104 $ 0.072 $ 0.045 Electric $ 0.032 $ 0.199 $ 0.216 $ 0.983 $ 0.064 $ 0.257 $ 0.042 $ 0.189

-Total $ 0.157 $ 0.261 $ 2.041 $ 2.932 $ 0.334 $ 0.360 $ 0.219 $ 0.234

-Total $ 986 $ 1,354 $ 624 $ 486 $ 1,047 $ 1,124 $ 1,573 $ 1,690

-Total $ 0.227 $ 0.275 $ 0.332 $ 0.354 $ 0.462 $ 0.464 $ 0.203 $ 0.246

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-A.6 Economics – Retrofit Residential

-Total $ 0.197 $ 0.280 $ 0.785 $ 0.608 $ 0.412 $ 0.363 $ 0.275 $ 0.218

-Total $ 1,412 $ 1,712 $ 955 $ 861 $ 1,405 $ 1,305 $ 2,098 $ 1,719

-Total $ 0.289 $ 0.288 $ 0.518 $ 0.461 $ 0.533 $ 0.455 $ 0.284 $ 0.258

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A.7 Cost Estimates

2-stage regenerator $900 1 2.35 $2,111 AILR Estimate - e-mail correspondence

Packaging $600 3 1.28 $768 Estimate based on Coolerado distribution cost

Total system cost at level

System Size –

Total system cost at level

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A.8 Utility Prices From Utility Tariffs for 2010

Atlanta

< 650 kWh

> 650 kWh

Georgia Power

$0.103

$0.140

$0.103

$0.095

Boston

< 600 kWh

> 600 kWh

National Grid

$0.137

$0.144

$0.137

$0.144

Phoenix

< 400 kWh

400 - 800 kWh

> 800 kWh

AZ Public Service

$0.109

$0.155

$0.183

$0.106

San Francisco

< 300 kWh

300-390 kWh

390-600 kWh

> 600 kWh

PG&E

$0.123

$0.139

$0.300

$0.412

$0.123

$0.139

$0.300

$0.412

Tampa

< 1000 kWh

> 1000 kWh

Tampa Electric

$0.102

$0.123

$0.102

$0.123

Washington, D.C

< 400 kWh

> 400 kWh

Potomoc Electric

$0.144

$0.157

1 1 therm = 29.3 kWh

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PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ORGANIZATION

1 REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)

January 2011 2 REPORT TYPE Technical Report 3 DATES COVERED (From - To)

4 TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Desiccant Enhanced Evaporative Air-Conditioning (DEVap):

Evaluation of a New Concept in Ultra Efficient Air Conditioning

5a CONTRACT NUMBER

DE-AC36-08GO28308

5b GRANT NUMBER 5c PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

6 AUTHOR(S)

Eric Kozubal, Jason Woods, Jay Burch, Aaron Boranian, and

Tim Merrigan

5d PROJECT NUMBER

NREL/TP-5500-49722

5e TASK NUMBER

ARRB2206

5f WORK UNIT NUMBER

7 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

1617 Cole Blvd

Golden, CO 80401-3393

8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

NREL/TP-5500-49722

9 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)

NREL

11 SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

12 DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

National Technical Information Service

U.S Department of Commerce

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

13 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14 ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 Words)

NREL has developed the novel concept of a desiccant enhanced evaporative air conditioner (DEVap) with the

objective of combining the benefits of liquid desiccant and evaporative cooling technologies into an innovative

“cooling core.” Liquid desiccant technologies have extraordinary dehumidification potential, but require an efficient cooling sink DEVap’s thermodynamic potential overcomes many shortcomings of standard refrigeration-based direct expansion cooling DEVap decouples cooling and dehumidification performance, which results in independent temperature and humidity control The energy input is largely switched away from electricity to low-grade thermal energy that can be sourced from fuels such as natural gas, waste heat, solar, or biofuels

15 SUBJECT TERMS

desiccant enhanced evaporative air conditioner; devap; liquid dessicant; evaporative cooling; dehumidification

16 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17 LIMITATION

OF ABSTRACT

UL

18 NUMBER

OF PAGES 19a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

a REPORT

Unclassified b ABSTRACT Unclassified c THIS PAGE Unclassified 19b TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code)

Standard Form 298 (Rev 8/98)

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