nasa scientific and technical aerospace reports phần 3 ppsx

2005; 76 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations Report No.s: AD-A432887; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center DTIC A military deployment is visible a

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20050173297 Air Force Research Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH USA

Performance of a Low-Density Hypersonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facility

Kimmel, R.; Hayes, J.; Tyler, C.; Shang, J S.; Oct 2003; 21 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Report No.(s): AD-A432574; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

A hypersonic, weakly ionized gas experimental facility has been successfully developed for magnetoaerodynamics basicresearch The weakly ionized air is generated by a combination of direct current discharge, radio frequency discharge, and acombination of both in a blow-down, open jet, Mach 5 flow channel The plasma field is characterized by electrontemperatures around 10,000 K, and electron number density up to 2x10(exp 12) cu cm The magnetic field is provided by asteady sate solenoid that can generate a maximum field up to three Tesla and an array of permanent magnets In thisenvironment, the maximum ma magneto-aerodynamic interaction parameter per unit length is around 1.5 per meter Acollection of plasma diagnostic tools including emission spectroscopy, microwave absorption, and Langmuir probes also areavailable

DTIC

Hypersonics; Magnetohydrodynamics

20050173442 Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA USA

Interdicting a Force Deployment: Two-Sided Optimization of Asset Selection, Lift Scheduling, and Multi-Commodity Load Planning

Koprowski, Peter M.; Mar 2005; 76 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

A military deployment is visible and vulnerable But, deployments are currently planned assuming they can be completedwith surprise, or defended from any threat JFAST, the current deployment planning and visualization tool of choice, usesheuristics of unknown reliability that yield deployment plans of unknown quality, and ignores vulnerability We introduceLIFTER, an integer-linear program (ILP) that optimizes a time-phased force deployment (TPFDD) by day, by asset cycle, and

by TPFDD line (individual shipment from an origin to a destination), and ATTACKER, also an ILP, representing a smartenemy’s resource-limited interdictions to maximally disrupt LIFTER’s subsequently re-optimized TPFDD plan LIFTERactivates transport assets from an allocation list, and yields a complete logistic plan that minimizes disruption represented bypenalties for early, tardy, late, or dropped shipments, and for under-utilization of asset capacity We use LIFTER toqualitatively assess JFAST heuristic plans We also link both ILPs in a decomposition-based search for the best deploymentplan around the worst-case interdiction, given that the actions of deployer and interdictor are transparent to both parties Weexplain how JFAST could be embellished with its own version of ATTACKER A key discovery here is a gauge of the value

of intelligence, deception, and secrecy

DTIC

Commodities; Lift; Loads (Forces); Logistics; Optimization; Scheduling

20050173448 Air Force Research Lab., Hanscom AFB, MA USA

Modified-Dewan Optical Turbulence Parameterizations

Jackson, Artie; Jun 2004; 72 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, though there is certainly a need for improvement at these altitudes The statisticalrelationships relating Dewan’s Y parameter to wind shear, which form the basis of the Dewan parameterization, are often notfound in atmospheric measurement data, thus this is an area to explore in developing improved optical turbulenceparameterization for the troposphere and stratosphere Several modified-Dewan optical turbulence parameterization aredeveloped and tested for the lower troposphere, the troposphere, the stratosphere and the combined tropospherelstratosphere.DTIC

Optical Equipment; Parameterization; Turbulence

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20050173450 Army Research Lab., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA

Coupling of CFD and CSM Codes for the Study of Projectile Response to Ballistics Environment

Ray, Stephen E.; Newill, James F.; Nusca, Michael J.; Horst, Albert W.; Dec 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains colorillustrations

Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-03-D-0001

The state-of-the-art interior ballistics (IB) code for the Army, ARL-NGEN3, is being used to predict the interior ballisticsbehavior of next-generation gun charges, which include densely-packed solid propellants Recently, the results fromARL-NGEN3 code simulations were linked to structural dynamics codes in order to predict the in-bore behavior of theprojectile afterbody In the current paper results are presented from recent efforts to bring together the capabilities ofARL-NGEN3 and two of the prominent structural mechanics codes, DYNA3D and EPIC Results from simulations of a testcase show the effectiveness of this approach

DTIC

Ballistics; Coding; Command Service Modules; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Interior Ballistics; Projectiles; Structural Analysis

20050173477 Wisconsin Univ., Madison, WI USA

An Advanced Platform for Biomolecular Detection and Analysis Systems

Beebe, David J.; Feb 2005; 149 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Contract(s)/Grant(s): F30602-00-2-0570; DARPA ORDER-E117; Proj-E117

Report No.(s): AD-A432950; AFRL-IF-RS-TR-2005-54; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

A comprehensive new approach to the rapid and flexible construction of microfluidic-based systems for biological andchemical (BC) agent detection has been demonstrated The foundation of the approach is a new manufacturing process calledMicroFluidic Tectonics that combines responsive hydrogel materials with novel liquid phase Microfluidic constructionmethods The approach addresses several critical issues relevant to BC agent defense - simple device fabrication, just-in-timemanufacturing, integration of all system functions through ‘in situ’ fabrication, simple operation, self-regulation of on chipflow, no electrical power, rapid and highly adaptable to changing needs MicroFluidic Tectonics (microFT) processes capable

of manufacturing elegant (operationally simple, but functionally complex) microfluidic systems in the field were developed

In addition, methods for the creation of novel BC sensing systems that directly couple micro scale detection to macro scalealerts were shown The systems are capable of performing sample preparation steps and can detect host defense toxins Inaddition, advanced concepts in truly three dimensional functional polymer structures and heterogeneous materials integrationwere demonstrated Modeling and material characterization capabilities to not only understand hydrogels better but also toenable design of innovative applications based on hydrogels were also established A representative assay was used to developand test the systems including botulinum toxin detection The MicroFluidic Tectonics platform has broad potential applicationsacross all layers of BC detection, analysis and response as well as many non BC warfare applications such as environmentaltoxicology, clinical detection and diagnosis, chemical synthesis, etc

DTIC

Biochemistry; Detection; Fluidics

20050173508 California Univ., San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA

Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence Laden With Bubbles or Droplets

Lasheras, Juan C.; Oct 2004; 128 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

DTIC

Bubbles; Drops (Liquids); Gravitational Effects; Turbulence; Turbulent Flow

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35 INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY

Includes remote sensors; measuring instruments and gages; detectors; cameras and photographic supplies; and holography For aerial

photography see 43 Earth Resources and Remote Sensing For related information see also 06 Avionics and Aircraft Instrumentation; and 19 Spacecraft Instrumentation and Astrionics.

20050169805 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Berlin, Germany

Martian Valley Networks and Associated Fluvial Features as Seen by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC)

Jaumann, R.; Reiss, D.; Frei, S.; Scholten, F.; Grinner, K.; Roatsch, T.; Matz, K.-D.; Hauber, E.; Mertens, V.; Hoffmann, H.,

et al.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 10; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169793; Original contains blackand white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI;A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of the entireparent document

Our objective is to characterize the internal structure of valley networks based on small-scale features that are related tofluvial processes In order to map the features we used the data of ESA s Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera(HRSC) [1] As HRSC is a stereo camera the three-dimensional structure of small inner valley features can be resolvedproviding quantitative information on transport rates and mass balances Although the age differences between the valleyfloors and the surroundings are large and therefore stand for low average erosion rates, the estimated discharges indicate highererosion activities and therefore shorter periods for the valley formation, which may be caused by episodic flooding events.Derived from text

Cameras; Mars Express; Mass Distribution; High Resolution

20050169861 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA

Top Level User Specifications for Mask Inspection Microscope

Barty, A.; Taylor, J S.; Jan 31, 2002; 18 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): DE2004-15003402; UCRL-CR-148215; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information BridgeThis document compiles top-level user specifications for an EUV microscope for characterizing EUVL mask defects Twobroad categories of application are considered: (1) emulation of the imaging characteristics of a stepper for printability analysis(AIM mode); and (2) high-resolution imaging for obtaining a more detailed characterization of defects or mask features It isgenerally assumed that the mask defects that are to be characterized have been located by a previous inspection procedure andthe spatial coordinates of the defect can be transferred to the microscope

NTIS

Imaging Techniques; User Requirements; Microscopes; Ultraviolet Microscopy

20050169862 Lawrence Livermore National Lab., Livermore, CA

Use of a Superconducting Tunnel Junction for X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Hiller, L J.; Mar 06, 2001; 132 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): DE2004-15003411; UCRL-LR-143344; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

A superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) in combination with a superconducting absorber of radiation may function as ahighly resolving x-ray spectrometer Electronic excitations, or quasiparticles, are created when a superconductor absorbs anx-ray and are detected as an excess tunnel current through the junction The number of quasiparticles created and themagnitude of the excess current is proportional to the energy of the absorbed x-ray This is similar to existingsemiconductor-based spectrometers that measure electron-hole pairs, but with 1000 times more excitations The energymeasurement therefore can be up to 30 times more precise with a superconducting detector than with a semiconductor detector.This work describes the development and testing of an STJ spectrometer design for x-ray fluorescence applications First, thebasic principles of the STJ spectrometer are explained This is followed by detailed simulations of the variance in the number

of quasiparticles produced by absorption of an x-ray This variance is inherent in the detector and establishes an upper limit

on the resolving power of the spectrometer These simulations include effects due to the materials used in the spectrometerand to the multilayer structure of the device Next, the spectrometer is characterized as functions of operating temperature,incident x-ray energy, and count rate Many of these tests were performed with the spectrometer attached to a synchrotronradiation port Finally, example x-ray fluorescence spectra of materials exposed to synchrotron radiation are presented These

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materials are of interest to semiconductor processing and structural biology, two fields that will benefit immediately from theimproved resolving power of the STJ spectrometer.

NTIS

Semiconductors (Materials); Spectrometers; Spectroscopy; Superconductivity; Superconductors (Materials); Tunnel Junctions; X Ray Fluorescence; X Ray Spectrometers

20050169993 Hawaii Univ., Honolulu, HI, USA

One Spectrometer, Two Spectra: Complementary Hemispherical Reflectance and Thermal Emission Spectroscopy Using a Single FTIR Instrument

Hamilton, V E.; Lucey, P G.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050169945;Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI;A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part

of the entire parent document

The Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) at the University of Hawaii houses a new, dual-functionFTIR spectrometer This spectrometer provides an unprecedented opportunity to collect near-simultaneous (within tens ofminutes) hemispherical reflectance and emission data of geologic samples, eliminating the disruption of particulate samplesthat necessarily occurs when such samples must be transported between laboratories This dual setup also will facilitatecross-calibration between reflectance and emission spectra Additional information is included in the original extendedabstract

Author (revised)

Infrared Spectrometers; Reflectance; Thermal Emission; Fourier Transformation

20050170610 Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA

Capabilities and Limitations of Infrared Reflectance Microspectroscopy

Klima, R L.; Pieters, C M.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050170551;Original contains color illustrations

Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG5-13609; NNG04GG11G; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI onCD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

Technological improvements in IR microspectroscopy have made it an increasingly appealing tool for planetarymineralogy Microspectroscopy presents the prospect of examining small samples nondestructively and acquiring spectra thatcan be related to remote sensing observations However, complications are introduced as a target beam size is reduced, and

it is critical that limitations are understood We present the results of a series of well constrained spectroscopic measurements,linking microspectroscopic data to traditionally collected reflectance spectra and petrologic information for the same rock.Author

Infrared Radiation; Spectroscopic Analysis; Mineralogy

20050172152 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan

Inflight Calibration of Asteroid Multiband Imaging Camera Onboard Hayabusa: Preliminary Results

Nakamura, R.; Ishiguro, M.; Nakamura, A M.; Hirata, N.; Terazono, J.; Yamamoto, A.; Abe, M.; Hashimoto, T.; Saito, J.;Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Original contains color andblack and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI;A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only as part of theentire parent document

HAYABUSA is a Japanese sample return mission from a S-type near-Earth asteroid Itokawa and Asteroid MultibandImaging Camera (AMICA) is one of the remote-sensing instruments The field of view of 5.7 degree square is covered by aCCD chip consisting of 1024x1024 pixels with the 12 bit dynamic range AMICA has a filter set similar, but not identical tothe Eight Color Asteroids Survey (ECAS), which is the standard system for the ground-based asteroid taxonomy In addition,four polarizers are attached on the surface of the CCD While the imaging performance is a critical factor to investigate thesurface topography, contaminants may blur the images as MSI on Near/Shoemaker The ground-based measurements of aintegrating sphere provided us with the radiometric calibration coefficients, which convert the output DN of AMICA to theinput radiance The preflight radiometric calibration, however, were conducted under the much higher temperature comparedwith the inflight operational environments With the absolute radiometric calibration, we can estimate the Hapke parameters

of Itokawa, which could be associated with the regolith properties In addition, the local variations of the color and ironabsorptions can be directly compared with the previous studies on Eros In this article, we present some preliminary results

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of inflight observations of AMICA to check the imaging performance and the absolute sensitivity in space Additionalinformation is included in the original extended abstract.

Author (revised)

CCD Cameras; Calibrating; Spacecraft Instruments; Multispectral Band Cameras

20050172163 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst of Tech., Pasadena, CA, USA

An Improved Instrument for Investigating Planetary Regolith Microstructure

Nelson, R M.; Hapke, B W.; Smythe, W D.; Manatt, K S.; Eddy, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 14; [2005];

1 pp.; In English; See also 20050172131; Copyright; Avail: CASI;A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI on CD-ROM only

as part of the entire parent document

The Opposition Effect (OE) is the non-linear increase in the intensity of light scattered from a surface as phase angleapproaches 0 deg It is seen in laboratory experiments and in remote sensing observations of planetary surfaces Understandingthe OE is a requirement for fitting photometric models which produce meaningful results about regolith texture Previously

we have reported measurements from the JPL long arm goniometer and we have shown that this instrument enables us todistinguish between two distinct processes which create the opposition surges, Shadow Hiding (SHOE) and CoherentBackscattering (CBOE) SHOE arises because, as phase angle approaches zero, shadows cast by regolith grains on other grainsbecome invisible to the observer CBOE results from constructive interference between rays traveling the same path but inopposite directions Additional information is included in the original extended abstract

Author (revised)

Regolith; Microstructure; Light Scattering; Optical Measuring Instruments; Planetary Surfaces

20050173197 Naval Research Lab., Washington, DC USA

Airborne UXO Surveys Using the MTADS

Nelson, H H.; McDonald, J R.; Wright, David; Apr 2005; 140 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrationsReport No.(s): AD-A432363; NRL/MR/6110 05-8874; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

An airborne version of the MTADS vehicular towed array has been developed and demonstrated with the support ofESTCP Project 200031 The system is ideally suited to localizing burial caches of ordnance and establishing areas that areuncontaminated but also retains the capability of detecting, locating, and identifying individual ordnance items the size of2.75-in rocket warheads and larger The system deploys a linear array of 7 Cs-vapor magnetometers spaced at 1.5-m intervals

in a forward-mounted boom on a Bell Long Ranger helicopter Two GPS units mounted on the forward boom providepositioning and roll and yaw measurements An inertial measurement unit and a 3-axis fluxgate gradiometer redundantlyprovide additional attitude measurements Laser, radar, and acoustic altimeters provide altitude information A pilot guidancedisplay provides survey progress and platform information in real time All sensor data are recorded in a data acquisitioncomputer mounted in one of the helicopter rear seats This report documents the performance of the Airborne MTADS at threeranges containing both live ordnance and inert, seeded ordnance

DTIC

Aerial Reconnaissance; Ammunition; Detection; Microinstrumentation; Ordnance; Sensors

20050173211 Naval Research Lab., Bay Saint Louis, MS USA

Application of a Near-Infrared Slope Algorithm to Derive Optical Properties From High-Resolution, Hyperspectral Aircraft Imagery

Gould, R W., Jr.; Amone, R A.; Sydor, M.; Kohler, D D.; Bissett, W P.; Oct 2004; 16 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): AD-A432395; NRL/PP/7330 04-0006; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;A03, Hardcopy

Using new algorithms, we derive estimates of partitioned absorption (a) and scattering (b) coefficients fromhigh-resolution, hyperspectral aircraft imagery collected with the PHILLS sensor During May 2002, we conductedsimultaneous ship and aircraft surveys in a dynamic environment in the northern Gulf of Mexico (coastal waters near MobileBay, Alabama) Optical measurements included hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance, partitioned absorption coefficients(phytoplankton, detrital, and colored dissolved organic matter components), beam attenuation (c), backscattering coefficient,HPLC phytoplankton pigment concentrations, and organic/inorganic particle loads Our objectives arc to: (I) develop newalgorithms to estimate optical properties from hyperspectral ocean color imagery; (2) apply to high-resolution aircraft imagery

to characterize the spatial optical variability in an environment impacted by high concentrations of dissolved and particulatematerials; and (3) perform an optical water mass classification on the aircraft imagery The new optical classification system

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based on the partitioned absorption coefficients is used to distinguish water masses and track coastal features.

DTIC

Algorithms; High Resolution; Imagery; Near Infrared Radiation; Optical Properties; Slopes

20050173218 Illinois Univ at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA

Development of Artificial Haircell Sensors

Liu, Chang; Apr 2005; 37 pp.; In English

Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-01-1-0496

Report No.(s): AD-A432406; AFRL-SR-AR-TR-05-0147; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;A03, Hardcopy

Biological haircells are highly sensitive and yet robust mechanoreceptors that can respond to an extremely wide variety

of physical, fluidical, and chemical stimulus The variety of animals that use haircell, a simple mechanical transducer, forcritical tasks is astonishing This projected aimed to: (1) Learn from the biological systems about haircell sensor design,materials, and performance, and the way multiple sensors are organized; (2) Develop artificial haircell sensors that are inspired

by design, materials, and dimensions of biological counterparts using advanced microfabrication strategies; (3) Characterizethe performance of artificial haircell sensors and validate the performance of individual sensors and groups of them for flowsensing applications Apart from the objectives of gaining better performance in terms of combined sensitivity and robustness,the use of bioinspired haircell sensors have other benefits that are important for the military Sensors are very important formilitary platforms such as remote wireless sensors and various mobile platforms However, the cost of developing customsensors is very high due to the high cost (millions of dollars) and long duration (several years) of sensor development It isanticipate that the modualar sensor concept will significantly reduce the time it takes to develop a certain sensor and to enablelow cost development efforts in the future

DTIC

Biological Effects; Detection; Mechanical Properties

Evolution of Boundary Layer Height in Response to Surface and Mesoscale Forcing

Moore, Matthew J.; Mar 2005; 75 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

This thesis study focuses on understanding the dissipation processes of the stratocumulus deck after sunrise Thisobjective is met through careful analyses of observational data as well as model simulations Measurements from the MarineAtmosphere Measurement Lab (MAML) of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) are used in this study In particular, thehalf-hourly wind profiler/Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) measurements were used to determine the boundary layertop and the evolution of the boundary layer mean thermodynamic properties during the cloud breakup period Measurementsfrom a laser ceilometer and the routine surface measurements are also used to detect the variation of cloud base height, theevolution of the cloud deck, and the onset of sea breeze These measurements revealed the increase of the boundary layer depthafter sunrise followed by a decrease of the boundary layer depth after the onset of the sea breeze, which points to the role ofsurface heating and sea breeze development in modulating cloud evolution The effects of surface heating and sea breeze arefurther tested using a 1-dimensional mixed layer model modified for coastal land surfaces

DTIC

Boundary Layers; Mesoscale Phenomena; Radar Equipment; Radio Transmitters; Sounding

20050173301 Georgia Inst of Tech., Atlanta, GA USA

Analysis of Soil and Environmental Processes on Hyperspectral Infrared Signatures of Landmines

Cathcart, J M.; Bock, Robert D.; Campbell, Ricardo; Dec 2004; 8 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrationsReport No.(s): AD-A432578; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

Georgia Tech is in the second year of a Multi-University Research Initiative designed to study the impact ofenvironmental processes on optical signatures In particular, this program is conducting phenomenological studies onhyperspectral and polarimetric signatures of various target classes in the visible and infrared wavebands Initial researchstudies have focused on landmines and the impact of various environmental factors and processes (e.g., subsurface processes)

on the resultant spectral infrared signatures A variety of approaches have been employed in this research to gain a betterunderstanding of the impact of the environment on the spectral and polarimetric characteristics of soil and landminesignatures These approaches include theoretical analyses, physics-based signature modeling, field measurements, andlaboratory studies We will present results from our research into the use of a physics-based, hyperspectral signature model

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as an analysis tool for landmine-related phenomenology studies Results from these studies will be presented that underscorethe importance of incorporating the subsurface processes into the signature analyses and the impact of these processes ondetection algorithm development The results of these analyses have been propagated to algorithm developers to permit thecreation of more robust processing techniques based on these physical analyses and models.

DTIC

Environments; Imagery; Infrared Radiation; Infrared Signatures; Mines (Ordnance); Reflectance; Signatures; Soils; Spectrometers

20050173305 Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor, MI USA

Multiple Model Particle Filtering For Multi-Target Tracking

Hero, Alfred; Kreucher, Chris; Kastella, Keith; Dec 2004; 33 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

This paper addresses the problem of tracking multiple moving targets by recursively estimating the joint multitargetprobability density (JMPD) Estimation of the JMPD is done in a Bayesian framework and provides a method for trackingmultiple targets which allow nonlinear target motion and measurement to state coupling as well as non-Gaussian target-statedensities We utilize an implementation of the JMPD method based on particle filtering (PF) techniques The details of thismethod have been presented elsewhere 1 One feature of real targets is that they are poorly described by a single kinematicmodel Target behavior may change dramatically i.e targets may stop moving or begin rapid acceleration To address this fact

we evaluate the use of the adaptive target tracking strategy known as the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm TheIMM uses multiple models for target behavior and adaptively determines which model(s) are the most appropriate at each timestep based on sensor measurements We demonstrate the applicability of the IMM to a PF-based multitarget tracker in twosettings First we consider the traditional application of tracking targets that switch between kinematic modes The targetmotion used is field data recorded during a military battle simulation and includes multiple modes of target behavior Ourinvestigation is distinguished from prior efforts in that it is concerned with multiple targets and real target motion data andutilizes a PF implementation Second we present a nontraditional reinterpretation of the multiple model filter as multiplemodels on the state of the filter rather than on the state of the target We find that this strategy is able to automatically detectmodel violations and compensate by altering the filter model which results in improved target tracking

DTIC

Algorithms; Signal to Noise Ratios; Tracking (Position)

20050173308 Massachusetts Inst of Tech., Lexington, MA USA

Adaptive Beamforming for SAR Ambiguity Rejection

Benitz, Gerald; Dec 2004; 25 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

The Lincoln SPARTA program is developing next-generation phased arrays for enhanced radar performance andefficiency One novel capability being explored is simultaneous operation of MTI (moving target indicator) and SAR (syntheticaperture radar) imaging two functions that are usually mutually exclusive MTI scans large areas quickly using shortintegration (^10 msec) and low bandwidth (^10 MHz) SAR in contrast stares for seconds at each location and has highbandwidth (^600 MHz) Simultaneous operation requires multiple beams, frequency-division multiplexing, and synchronizedpulsing Also, MTI requires a higher PRF (pulse-repetition frequency) than SAR, and multiple PRFs for ambiguity resolution.Hence, it is desirable for SAR to function with MTI pulse scheduling This presentation explores the use of adaptivebeamforming to extend SAR performance to unfavorable PRFs A low PRF implies that Doppler-ambiguous clutter is near themain lobe, while a high PRF implies that range-ambiguous clutter is near the main lobe An image-domain, minimum-variancebeamformer is presented which attenuates ambiguous clutter, adapting the beam uniquely at each location (pixel) in the image

A simulated SAR collection at high PRF using a 3-beam combiner demonstrates a practical, limited degree-of-freedomimplementation

DTIC

Adaptation; Ambiguity; Beamforming; Moving Target Indicators; Phased Arrays; Synthetic Aperture Radar

Long CPI Wideband GMTI

Yegulalp, Ali; Dec 2004; 30 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

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The conventional approach to GMTI uses narrowband signals and a short coherent processing interval (CPI) In this talk,

we examine some of the fundamental theoretical issues involved in GMTI with wideband signals and long CPIs (WL-GMTI).The possibility of wideband long CPI GMTI has received some attention in recent years and there are a number of potentialbenefits: 1) Improved minimum detectable velocity (MDV) 2) Detection of targets with zero radial velocity (but non-zerotangential velocity 3) Better fit with dual-use SAR/GMTI architectures 4) Less demanding array requirements (shorter and/orsparser arrays) 5) Greater robustness to clutter internal motion The most convenient framework for WL-GMTI is a post-SARarchitecture where each spatial channel is pre-processed with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image processing The post-SARarchitecture is the natural generalization of post-Doppler STAP to the wideband long-CPI case Exact steering vectors in thepost-SAR framework are computed analytically for constant-velocity targets assuming a calibrated array The steering vectorscan be used with algorithms such as the GLRT or AMF to perform adaptive detection on the post-SAR data We also derive

a simple exact expression for SINR loss when the covariance is known exactly The loss is a two-dimensional function of bothtarget velocity components indicating the capability to detect both radial and non-radial target motion The final section of thistalk examines WL-GMTI performance bounds based on optimal Bayesian detection In particular we study how detectionperformance varies as a function of the number of pixels that the moving target ‘smears’ over in the SAR image There is asurprising improvement in detection performance when the clutter has strong non-Gaussian tails In at least some cases, itappears that much of the performance can be achieved with a simple sub-optimal detector

DTIC

Broadband; Moving Target Indicators; Synthetic Aperture Radar

20050173320 QinetiQ Ltd., London, UK

A Novel Technique for Broadband Singular Value Decomposition

McWhirter, John; Baxter, Paul D.; Dec 2004; 22 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

The singular value decomposition (SVD) is a very important tool for narrowband adaptive sensor array processing TheSVD decorrelates the signals received from an array of sensors by applying a unitary matrix of complex scalars which serve

to modify the signals in phase and amplitude Because the transformation is unitary the associated singular values representthe true energy associated with each of the decorrelated components so the signal and noise subspaces may sometimes beseparated In broadband applications or a situation in which narrowband signals have been convolutively mixed the receivedsignals cannot be represented in terms of phase and amplitude Instantaneous decorrelation using a unitary matrix is no longersufficient to separate them It is necessary to impose decorrelation not just at the same time instant for all signals but over asuitably chosen range of relative time delays This is referred to as strong decorrelation Implementing strong decorrelationinvolves the application of a matrix of suitably chosen FIR filters and if each filter is represented in terms of its z-transformthis takes the form of a polynomial matrix We generalize the SVD to broadband adaptive sensor arrays by requiring the strongdecorrelation to be implemented using a paraunitary polynomial matrix A paraunitary polynomial matrix has several important(closely related) properties 1 It represents a multi-channel all-pass filter 2 It preserves the total signal energy 3 It preservesthe total energy at every frequency In this paper we describe a novel technique for computing the required paraunitary matrixand show how the resulting broadband SVD algorithm can be applied in practice e.g to identify broadband signal and noisesubspaces or to separate a multi-channel broadband adaptive filtering problem into a set of independent single-channelproblems

DTIC

Adaptation; Broadband; Decomposition; Narrowband

Threshold Region Performance Prediction for Adaptive Matched Field Processing Localization

Lee, Nigel; Richmond, Christ D.; Mar 2004; 11 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Matched field processing (MFP) provides a means of attaining the full gains available from the shallow-water acousticchannel in passive sonar signal processing By modeling the full field structure of acoustic signals propagating in the oceanMFP offers the potential for both detection gain (through its better signal model) and localization gain (through its additionaldiscrimination capability in range and depth) over traditional planewave processing However, high spatial ambiguities andmismatch present formidable challenges in practice limiting the performance gains that are realistically achievable with MFP.Prediction of MFP localization performance is a challenging problem MFP replica (steering) vectors can be highly ambiguous

in range and depth resulting in significant non-local estimation errors at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs)-errors not modeled

by traditional localization measures such as the Cramer-Rao bound Recent work has demonstrated the accuracy of an

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interval-error-based method referred to herein as the ‘method of interval errors’ (MIE), in predicting mean- squared errorlocalization performance well into the threshold region where non-local errors may dominate This work uses the MIE topredict the mean-squared error accuracy of MFP range and depth estimates for two well-known approaches: (i) conventionalbeamforming (equivalent to maximum likelihood estimation for white noise) and (ii) Capon-MVDR adaptive beamforming.Simulation results will characterize localization performance as a function of SNR, for apertures and environments of interest.Particular attention will be given to the ‘threshold SNR’ (below which localization performance degrades rapidly due to globalestimation errors) and to the minimum SNR required to achieve acceptable range/depth localization Initial work will also bepresented assessing the MIE’s potential to characterize localization performance in the presence of mismatch.

DTIC

Adaptation; Performance Prediction; Position (Location); Signal to Noise Ratios; Signal Transmission; Sound Waves

20050173325 Army Communications-Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, NJ USA

Observations in Improved Geolocation Accuracy Based on Signal-Dependent and Non-Signal Dependent Errors

Porr, Lauren E.; Faragher, Gregory P.; Kosinski, John A.; Borowick, John J.; Dec 2004; 5 pp.; In English; Original containscolor illustrations

This paper examines the effects of signal-dependent versus non-signal-dependent errors on the geolocation accuracy that

a state-of-the-art system based on Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) equipment can potentially achieve The results provide

a focus for research in improvements of geolocation accuracy The studies make use of a simulation tool developed by theIntelligence and Information Warfare Directorate (I2WD) at Fort Monmouth, NJ; supported by CACI Technologies, Inc.,Eatontown, NJ; and the Research Associates of Syracuse (RAS) , Syracuse, NY

DTIC

Accuracy; Direction Finding; Emitters; Errors; Position (Location); Rescue Operations

20050173328 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA

Minimizing 1/f Noise in Magnetic Sensors with a MEMS Flux Concentrator

Edelstein, A S.; Fischer, Greg; Pulskamp, Jeff; Pedersen, Michael; Bernard, William; Cheng, Shu F.; Dec 2004; 7 pp.; InEnglish; Original contains color illustrations

New approaches offer the promise of providing energy efficient, low cost, small, and highly sensitive magnetic sensors.However, the 1/f noise of these new types of sensors is a major obstacle Many army applications, such as detecting movingtargets, require sensitivity at low frequencies This paper reports development of a device, the MEMS flux concentrator,invented at ARL, that minimizes the effect of 1/f noise in sensors The device accomplishes this by shifting the operatingfrequency to higher frequencies where 1/f noise is much lower This shift is accomplished by modulating the magnetic fieldbefore it reaches the sensor In our device, the magnetic sensor, a GMR sensor, is placed between flux concentrators that havebeen deposited on MEMS flaps The motion of the MEMS flaps modulates the field by a factor of 3 at frequencies from 8 to

15 kHz The MEMS flux concentrator should increase the sensitivity of many magnetic sensors by two to three orders ofmagnitude An equally important benefit is that, because it is a modulation technique, it eliminates the problem of dealing withthe large DC bias of most magnetoresistive sensors

DTIC

Concentrators; Microelectromechanical Systems; Microinstrumentation; Sensors

20050173335 Army Test and Evaluation Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA

Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field Scoring Record Number 354

Overbay, Larry, Jr.; Archiable, Robert; McClung, Christina; Jan 2005; 66 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrationsReport No.(s): AD-A432657; ATC-8915; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

This scoring record documents the efforts of Shaw Environmental, Inc to detect and discriminate inert unexplodedordnance (UXO) utilizing the YPG standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Open Field The scoring record wascoordinated by Larry Overbay and by the Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site Scoring Committee.Organizations on the committee include the U.S Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Security TechnologyCertification Program, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Institute for Defense Analysis,

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the U.S Army Environmental Center, and the U.S Army Aberdeen Test Center.

DTIC

Ammunition; Explosives Detection; Ordnance; Scoring; Standardization

20050173344 Cornish (Graham P.), Yorkshire, UK

Economics of Electronic Information Provision

Cornish, Graham P.; Dec 2004; 23 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

No abstract available

Economics; Electronic Publishing; Libraries; Marketing

20050173444 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA USA

Finding Organized Structures in 3-D LADAR Data

Vandapel, Nicolas; Hebert, Martial; Dec 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-209912

In this paper, we address the problem of finding concertina wire in three-dimensional (3-D) data Wire entanglementsconstitute a major obstacle to the mobility of Unmanned Ground Vehicle because of their widespread use and the difficulty

to detect them We pose the problem in term of finding thin structures organized in complex patterns Such problem did notreceived as much attention as linear and planar structures segmentation We are interested especially in the problems posed

by repetitive and symmetric structures acquired with a laser range finder The method relies on 3-D data projections alongspecific directions and 2-D histograms comparison The sensitivity of the classification algorithm to the parameter settings isevaluated and a segmentation method proposed

DTIC

Detection; Laser Range Finders; Lasers; Optical Radar; Rangefinding; Unmanned Ground Vehicles

20050173462 Army Research Lab., Adelphi, MD USA

Armor Plate Surface Roughness Measurements

Stanton, Brian; Coburn, William; Pizzillo, Thomas J.; Apr 2005; 50 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrationsReport No.(s): AD-A432918; ARL-TR-3498; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

The accuracy and limitations of DoD high frequency radar signature prediction codes depend on the approximationsincluded in the underlying algorithms At Ka-Band and above, accurate representation of the target surfaces becomes a limitingfactor in the electromagnetic simulation, since the resolution requirements are on the same order as fabrication tolerances.Even if accurate representation of test vehicles can be obtained, there may still be discrepancies in the modeled surfacecondition (i.e., surface texture and coatings) that could become important at high frequency We measure waviness androughness of various plates to know the parameter range for smooth aluminum and rolled homogenous armor (RHA) We alsomodify the plates by grit blasting to determine how parameters might change during surface preparation for painting Usingthese roughness parameters and typical electrical characteristics for paint, we can estimate the effect of surface condition onRCS predictions at Ka-Band For the painting process and surface roughness typical of ground vehicles, theory predicts only

a small difference compared to smooth metal targets

DTIC

Armor; High Frequencies; Radar Cross Sections; Radar Signatures; Surface Properties; Surface Roughness

20050173469 Naval Research Lab., Stennis Space Center, MS USA

Demonstrating the Automated Change Detection and Classification (ACDC) system during the Gulf of Mexico FY05 Naval Exercise (GOMEX-05)

Apr 2005; 13 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-74-7441-M5

Report No.(s): AD-A432930; NRL/MR/7440 05-10105; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)This report presents test results from a demonstration of the Automated Change Detection and Classification (ACDC)system, developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in support of sidescan sonar analysts at the Naval OceanographicOffice NRL compared the computer-aided change detection capabilities of ACDC with traditional, manual methods of changedetection during a naval mine warfare exercise in 2004 Two versions of ACDC (ACDC ‘Lite’ and ‘Medium’) were tested to

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determine how well the system could aid analysts in detecting changes between newly collected sidescan sonar imagery andhistorical imagery ACDC Lite enabled analysts to perform change detection significantly faster than manual methods (3.36min vs 2 hr) with identical results ACDC medium improved analysts’ performance by matching one additional contact duringchange detection, in as little as 12.6 minutes Follow-on work is suggested for further improving ACDC performance insupport of mine countermeasures.

DTIC

Change Detection; Classifications; Detection; Gulf of Mexico; Military Operations; Physical Exercise

20050173486 Air Force Research Lab., Rome, NY USA

Ground Moving Target Tracking and Exploitation Performance Measures

Jones, Jon; Brandstadt, Jeff; Kozak, Mark; Hughes, Tim; Blount, Mike; Mar 2004; 24 pp.; In English; Original contains colorillustrations

Ground Moving Target Indication provides a unique source of information for the exploitation of surface and low flyingaircraft at long range, in all weather, providing situation awareness, targeting, and intelligence information While airbornemoving target indication and fire control radars have been around for a long period of time, it has been only the last decadewhen Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) data has been collected and used to prosecute mobile surface targets Thispresentation addresses the use of GMTI data from providing intelligence information to the analysis and leads to thechallenges associated with doing long-term track maintenance The intelligence community has been expressing interest inGMTI data since 1999 when investments were made to develop the first exploitation capability that focused on products fromJoint STARS GMTI data providing a web based capability to process and exploit Joint STARS data via a Network CentricArchitecture At the same time, DARPA and AFRL were pursuing the Long Term Track Maintenance challenge performingmulti-platform command and control, horizontally fusing multiple sensors with weapons for a long-range precision fire controlsystem The focus of this presentation is to cover performance metrics The metrics will be associated with operators-in-the-loop evaluations looking at intelligence and analysis for the find, fix, track, and assess portion of the weapon The second set

of metrics focus on long- term track maintenance evaluations Track accuracy and persistence in time critical targeting, whichaddress the track, target, and engage portion of the weapon chain Programs to be discussed include the Moving TargetInformation Exploitation System (MTIX) program with respect to intelligence products, the Multi-Platform TrackingExploitation (MPTE) and the Affordable Moving Surface Target Engagement (AMSTE) programs with respect to Long TermTrack Maintenance and Precision Fire Control

DTIC

Exploitation; Moving Target Indicators; Tracking (Position)

20050173488 Army Natick Soldier Center, Natick, MA USA

Development of Nanofibrous Membranes Towards Biological Sensing

Senecal, A G.; Senecal, K J.; Magnone, J P.; Pivarnik, P E.; Dec 2004; 17 pp.; In English; Original contains colorillustrations

Homeland Security and the Veterinary Services Activity, Office Of The Surgeon General (VSA, OTSG) have identifiedfood as potential instruments for covert acts of bioterrorism involving Chem/Bio agents Therefore, VSA, OTSG hasestablished the need to develop technologies that can be used in the presumptive screening of food to minimize the healtheffects on the warfighter Currently, there are no deployable biological detection capabilities that are truly rapid when samplepreparation is included in the detection process The complexity of food matrices makes its very difficult to analyze directly

by modern day PCR and immunoassays systems, no matter how sensitive, without first diluting and removing interferingsubstances inherent to the food products The result is that the concentration of the biological agent introduced into theanalyzer may be so dilute that the instrument cannot detect it even though its presences is at concentrations that can causehuman illness or death This is why the testing of bacterial agents from food usually requires a 24-hour enrichment step, whichdefeats the purpose of rapid detection built into these new biosensor type technologies Also, biological toxins, as opposed tolive agents, cannot be replicated by enrichment Dilution of toxins from a food matrix may produce a false negative testdelaying the actual identification of the toxin until after the effects have already occurred

DTIC

Biological Effects; Detection; Food; Membranes

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Multi Angle Imaging With Spectral Remote Sensing for Scene Classification

Prasert, Sunyaruk; Mar 2005; 115 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Scene classification is studied here using the tool of texture analysis of multi-angle high-spatial resolution panchromaticand multi-spectral imagery This study analyses the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) impact andeffectiveness of texture analysis on terrain classification within Fresno County area in state of California QuickBirdpanchromatic (0.61 meter) and multispectral (2.44 meter) imagery collected in July 2003 are examined to determine the impact

of adding multi-angles and filtered texture information to the standard MSI classification approaches Four images werecollected, with view angles from -64 to +64 , including a nadir view Texture filter function and maximum likelihood classifierare used in this study Both texture analysis and the results of classifications using multi-angle (BRDF) information arepromising Fine discrimination of similar soil classes was produced by the BRDF variations in the high-spatial resolutionpanchromatic image Texture analysis results depended on the directionality of the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)calculation Combining the different modalities of analysis did not improve the overall classification, perhaps illustrating theconsequences of the Hughes paradox (Hughes, 1968)

DTIC

Bidirectional Reflectance; Classifications; Distribution Functions; Imaging Techniques; Optical Radar; Remote Sensing; Remote Sensors; Spectra; Targets

20050173518 Perceptek, Inc., Littleton, CO USA

Detection of Small Water-Bodies

Sarwal, Alok; Nett, Jeremy; Simon, David; Dec 2004; 5 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Contract(s)/Grant(s): DAAD19-01-2-0012

This paper provides information on how we have utilized two approaches for detection of small water bodies The firstapproach requires use of an existing custom camera enclosure with three polarization filters at 0, 45, and 90 degrees,intrinsically mounted, such that these filters and associated optics view exactly the same scene and so all three views areoptically co-registered The other approach requires use of three physically distinct cameras with the same type of polarizationfilters mounted on three low-cost off-the-shelf cameras each with similar optics, running with certain geometricapproximations due to the flat-earth assumption There are pros and cons for each approach Results for an actual deploymentare presented

DTIC

Cameras; Detection; Optical Filters; Optical Measurement; Polarizers; Scene Generation; Surface Water; Water

20050173520 Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA

Performance of a Handheld PCR Instrument in the Detection of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Effect of Interferents on Assay Results

O’Connell, K P.; Anderson, P E.; Bucher, J R.; Dec 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrationsReport No.(s): AD-A433006; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

Smiths Detection-Edgewood, Inc (SDE) developed the Bio-Seeq to provide a portable platform for use by first responders

to detect biological threats in civilian areas The Bio-Seeq is an updated, redesigned version of a small, portable PCRinstrument previously known as the HANAA, Handheld Advanced Nucleic Acid Analyzer We have tested the performance

of real-time fluorogenic PCR assay reagents for the detection of three biological threat agents, Bacillus anthracis (BA),Francisella tularensis (FT), and Yersinia pestis (YP) All three assays are sensitive, and specific for the agents they detect.Common household substances (cornstarch, coffee creamer, baking powder, and wheat flour) interfered with the sensitivity ofthe assay to varying degrees that were consistent across the three assays

DTIC

Assaying; Bacillus; Biological Effects; Detection; Portable Equipment; Sensitivity

20050173522 Army Construction Engineering Research Lab., Champaign, IL USA

Secure Water Supply

Ginsberg, M D.; Hock, V F.; Pappas, A G.; Dec 2004; 7 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

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Previous to 9-11, it was assumed that a combination of small-scale bench testing plus dimensional analysis would besufficient to model fate and transport of chemical and biological (CB) contaminants in water systems Water security is a lifesafety issue Water supply systems on military installations and forward facilities are vulnerable to both conventional,industrial and military CB agent contamination by terrorists The pre 9-11 generation of sensors could not directly detect manycommon CB agents, and the few sensors that could were very expensive The pre 9-11 generation of water distributionsimulations cannot correctly model CB agent uptake on the pipe walls of a distribution system Therefore the outcome of anattack via CB agents in the water supply is not well understood In the post 9-11 environment, the EPA, ECBC, and ERDCstakeholders concluded that the pre-existing fate and transport models should be updated to include results from meso-scaletesting The Water Security Research Test Loop (WSRTL) is designed to help update these models with meso-scale testing

of fate and transport of CB agents The WSRTL would also serve as a test-bed to facilitate new generations of sensortechnology and water treatment technology

DTIC

Biological Effects; Contamination; Detection; Security; Water; Water Pollution; Water Treatment

36 LASERS AND MASERS

Includes lasing theory, laser pumping techniques, maser amplifiers, laser materials, and the assessment of laser and maser outputs For cases where the application of the laser or maser is emphasized see also the specific category where the application is treated For

related information see also 76 Solid-State Physics.

20050171022 Argonne National Lab., IL

LCLS Prototype Undulator Report

Dejus, R J.; Jan 2004; 74 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): DE2004-834031; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) undulator line will consist of 33 undulator segments separated by breaks of twodifferent lengths The undulator segments are 3.4-m-long permanent-magnet planar hybrid devices with a period length of 30

mm and a magnetic gap of approximately 6 mm Focusing quadrupoles, in a FODO lattice, and electron-beam diagnostics will

be located in the breaks between undulator segments Every third break will be longer in order to also accommodate x-raydiagnostics Thus, taking the alternating focusing and defocusing quadrupoles into account, the ‘super-period’ length beforethe undulator line repeats itself is six undulator segments For additional details on the LCLS project and the undulator line,please refer to the conceptual design report (CDR) A full-length prototype undulator segment has been designed,manufactured and tested, and this document provides a comprehensive report of our experience with the prototype It containssections on the overall design philosophy and presents many important measurements including magnetic measurements ofthe magnet blocks, as well as of the assembled device, and mechanical and thermal measurements It also contains a summarysection and one section that summarizes some remaining issues being investigated

NTIS

Wiggler Magnets; Linear Accelerators

20050173199 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA

Stabilization of the Absolute Frequency and Phase of a Compact, Low Jitter Modelocked Semiconductor Diode Laser

Delfyett, Peter J., Jr; Mar 2005; 15 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

is attributed to line noise, resulting in a net jitter of 38 fsec This work represents, to our knowledge, the first stabilizedmodelocked diode laser using PDH that achieves both supermode elimination and optical frequency comb stabilization The

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resulting optical comb source may be useful for advanced RF imaging radar for optical sampling in ADC or in novel waveformgeneration (DAC’s).

DTIC

Frequencies; Laser Mode Locking; Semiconductor Diodes; Semiconductor Lasers; Vibration; Waveforms

20050173447 Florida Univ., Gainesville, FL USA

1.55 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser With Dielectric Mirrors

Ren, Fan; Pearton, Stephen J.; Apr 2005; 27 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Report No.(s): AD-A432899; ARO-42831.3-EL; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)Design, processing and characterization of high-speed implanted-apertured, lateral-current-injection, dielectric-mirrorvertical cavity surface emitting laser and InGaAs based MEM detectors and mixers We have achieved following goals: I.Designed 1,55 micron InP/InGaAs based tunnel junction structure and purchased two samples with good quality The VCSEL

is being processed II Designed SiO2/TiO2 based top and bottom DBR mirrors III Performed the thermal simulation offlip-chip double-side dielectric DER mirror VCSEL IV Collaborated with Keith Aliberti and Paul Shen in ARL to fabricateInGaAs based MSM detectors and mixer V Simulation of Pulse and DC Responses for Schottky Barrier Enhanced InGaAsMSM Photo-Detectors And OE Mixers VI Developed Submicron Inter-Digitated Finger Process To Reduce the DeviceCapacitance And Dark Current VII Working with ARL To Redesign the MSM Array Mask To Reduce Device ParasiticCapacitances

DTIC

Dielectrics; Laser Cavities; Mirrors; Surface Emitting Lasers

37 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Includes mechanical devices and equipment; machine elements and processes For cases where the application of a device or the host

vehicle is emphasized see also the specific category where the application or vehicle is treated For robotics see 63 Cybernetics, Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics; and 54 Man/System Technology and Life Support.

20050169575 Ulster Coll., Newtownabbey, UK

Body-Obstructed Fading Characteristics of an In-Ward 2.45 Biomedical Telecommand Link

Scanlon, W G.; Cumley, G C.; Evans, N E.; IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 1;[1999], pp 380-383; In English; See also 20050169565; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

The increasing use of short-range radio links for applications such as ward or home based physiological monitoringcreates the need for a better knowledge and understanding of the indoor propagation environment The work presentedconcerns a bodyworn, cross-band UHF transponder used for physiological signaling within single-room environments Amodified image-based ray-tracing algorithm is used to calculate fading characteristics for a link under the worst case condition,when the direct path between the source and chest-mounted receiver is obstructed by the body itself The approach adoptedutilizes a FDTD-generated radiation pattern of a realistic adult-male body model, incorporating the directional gains into thethree-dimensional indoor ray-tracing algorithm A brief description of the biomedical transponder is followed by details of thecomputational technique; path loss and small area fading results are then presented for a 76 square meter area representing

a hospital ward The cumulative distribution function (CDF) results were found to be characteristically bi-modal and this novelfeature is investigated in more detail

Derived from text

Fading; Transponders; Biotelemetry; Human Body

20050169777 Iowa State Univ of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, USA, National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO

Measurement of Biodiesel Speed of Sound and Its Impact on Injection Timing Final Report Report 4 in a series of 6

Tat, M E.; van Gerpen, J H.; Feb 2003; 124 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): DE2004-15003584; NREL/SR-510-31462; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information BridgeThis study measures the isentropic bulk modulus, and speed of sound of biodiesel and the pure esters that are the

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constituents of biodiesel at temperatures from 20 C to 100 C and at pressures from atmospheric to 34.5 Mpa.

NTIS

Diesel Fuels; Fuel Injection; Acoustic Velocity

20050170415 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, United Technologies Research Center, USA

High-Temperature, Thin-Film Strain Gages Improved

[2005]; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;A01, Hardcopy

Conventional resistance strain gage technology uses ‘bonded’ strain gages These foil or wire gages are bonded onto thesurface of the test article with glue, ceramic cements, or flame-sprayed ceramics These bonding agents can, in some instances,limit both the degree of strain transmission from the test structure to the gage and the maximum working temperature of thegage Also, the bulky, bonded gage normally disrupts aerodynamic gas flow on the surface of the test structure because of itsintrusive character To respond to the urgent needs in aeronautic and aerospace research where stress and temperature gradientsare high, aerodynamic effects need to be minimized, and higher operational temperatures are required, the NASA LewisResearch Center developed a thin film strain gage This gage, a vacuum-deposited thin film formed directly on the surface of

a test structure, operates at much higher temperatures than commercially available gages do and with minimal disruption ofthe aerodynamic flow The gage uses an alloy, palladium-13 wt % chromium (hereafter, PdCr), which was developed byUnited Technologies Research Center under a NASA contract PdCr is structurally stable and oxidation resistant up to at least

1100 C (2000 F); its temperature-induced resistance change is linear, repeatable, and not sensitive to the rates of heating andcooling An early strain gage, which was made of 25-micrometer-diameter PdCr wire and demonstrated to be useable to 800

C, won an R&D 100 award in 1991 By further improving the purity of the material and by developing gage fabricationtechniques that use sputter-deposition, photolithography patterning, and chemical etching, we have made an 8- to 10-m PdCrthin-film strain gage that can measure dynamic and static strain to at least 1100 C For static strain measurements, a 5-m-thick

Pt element serves as a temperature compensator to further minimize the temperature effect of the gage These thin-film gagesprovide the advantage of minimally intrusive surface strain measurements and give highly repeatable readings with low drift

at temperatures from ambient to 1100 C This is a 300 C advance in operating temperature over the PdCr wire gage and a 500

C advance over commercially available gages made of other materials

Author

High Temperature; Strain Gages; Thin Films; Chromium; Palladium; Mechanical Properties

20050170453 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Gear Crack Propagation Investigation

1995; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;A01, Hardcopy

Reduced weight is a major design goal in aircraft power transmissions Some gear designs incorporate thin rims to helpmeet this goal Thin rims, however, may lead to bending fatigue cracks These cracks may propagate through a gear tooth orinto the gear rim A crack that propagates through a tooth would probably not be catastrophic, and ample warning of a failurecould be possible On the other hand, a crack that propagates through the rim would be catastrophic Such cracks could lead

to disengagement of a rotor or propeller from an engine, loss of an aircraft, and fatalities To help create and validate toolsfor the gear designer, the NASA Lewis Research Center performed in-house analytical and experimental studies to investigatethe effect of rim thickness on gear-tooth crack propagation Our goal was to determine whether cracks grew through gear teeth(benign failure mode) or through gear rims (catastrophic failure mode) for various rim thicknesses In addition, we investigatedthe effect of rim thickness on crack propagation life A finite-element-based computer program simulated gear-tooth crackpropagation The analysis used principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, and quarter-point, triangular elements were used

at the crack tip to represent the stress singularity The program had an automated crack propagation option in which crackswere grown numerically via an automated remeshing scheme Crack-tip stress-intensity factors were estimated to determinecrack-propagation direction Also, various fatigue crack growth models were used to estimate crack-propagation life.Experiments were performed in Lewis’ Spur Gear Fatigue Rig to validate predicted crack propagation results Gears withvarious backup ratios were tested to validate crack-path predictions Also, test gears were installed with specialcrack-propagation gages in the tooth fillet region to measure bending-fatigue crack growth From both predictions and tests,gears with backup ratios (rim thickness divided by tooth height) of 3.3 and 1.0 produced tooth fractures, whereas a backupratio of 0.3 produced rim fractures For a backup ratio of 0.5, the experiments produced rim fractures and the predictionsproduced both rim and tooth fractures, depending on the initial geometry of the crack Good correlation between predicted andmeasured crack growth was achieved when the fatigue crack-closure concept was introduced into the analysis As the gear rim

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thickness decreased, the compressive cyclic stress in the gear-tooth fillet region increased This retarded crack growth andincreased the number of crack-propagation cycles to failure.

Derived from text

Crack Propagation; Gear Teeth; Aircraft Engines; Mechanical Engineering

20050170502 Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN, USA

Effects of Process Parameters on Particle Formation in SiH4/NaO PECVD and WF6 CVD Processes

Wu, Z.; Nijhawan, S.; Campbell, S A.; Rao, N.; McMurry, P H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor ManufacturingConference And Workshop; [1998], pp 221-225; In English; See also 20050170458

Contract(s)/Grant(s): BJ442; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

Particle Beam Mass Spectroscopy is used to determine the effects of various process parameters on panicle production

in PECVD of SiO2 from silane and nitrous oxide and the thermal deposition of tungsten using both silane and hydrogenreductions of WF6 In all cases the substrate temperature played a critical role in determining the concentration of particlesobserved in the effluent Plasma power (in the PECVD process) and pressure (in the thermal processes) were also importantvariables The real time capability of the system was used to demonstrate transient particle effects in all processes.Author

Particle Beams; Mass Spectroscopy; Silicon Dioxide; Effluents; Silanes; Nitrous Oxides; Hydrogen

20050170503 International Business Machines Corp., Essex Junction, VT, USA

A Study of Post-Chemical-Mechanical Polish Cleaning Strategies

Huynh, C.; Rutten, M.; Cheek, R.; Linde H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference AndWorkshop; [1998], pp 372-376; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP) has emerged as the premier technique for achieving both local and globalplanarization One of the primary concerns in the use of CMP, however, is the efficient and complete removal of CMPcontaminants such as slurry and residual hydrocarbons This paper discusses the removal of silica-based slurries utilized forpolysilicon and oxide CMP processes The effects of mechanical brush cleaning, chemical treatments, and polish processes ondefect density for a 16Mb memory technology are presented In addition, the chemical compatibility of polishing slurries withvarious brush and polishing pad materials is discussed

Author

Polishing; Chemical Cleaning; Mechanical Engineering

20050170535 Middlesex General Industries, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA

A Focus on Cycle Time-Vs-Tool Utilization ‘Paradox’ With Material Handling Methodology

Horn, George W.; Podgorski, William A.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference AndWorkshop; [1998], pp 405-412; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

Through large scale factory simulation, it is well established that the semiconductor manufacturing process ischaracterized by a fixed, non linear relationship between mean factory cycle time and over all average tool utilization Thisrelationship allows the selection of one of those parameters only, which then determines the other, for any specific factory.Although, on a local level, the relationship between cycle time and tool utilization is predicted through queuing theory, wefind very much the same results for the entire, highly recursive, large scale factory On this scale the relationship remainsparadoxical as it still does not allow us to have short mean cycle times and high average tool utilization concurrent with eachother Net improvements in factory performance can be had only by jumping this relationship to a parallel curve, morefavorable in the ‘cycle time vs tool utilization’ domain And, that requires fundamental system changes Successful emphasis

on such shifts currently focuses on methodologies locally synchronizing asset use The perspective of this paper is different,

in that it considers the aggregate factory, where local asset utilization is determined only by the random influence of the factory

at large

Derived from text

Materials Handling; Methodology; Manufacturing; Industrial Plants

20050170922 California Univ., Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, USA

Modeling Light Scattering from Diesel Soot Particles

Hull, P.; 2005; 34 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): DE2005-835984; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

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The Mie model is widely used to analyze light scattering from particulate aerosols The Diesel Particle Scatterometer(DPS), for example, determines the size and optical properties of diesel exhaust particles that are characterized by measuringthree angle-dependent elements of the Mueller scattering matrix These elements are then fitted using Mie calculations with

a Levenburg-Marquardt optimization program This approach has achieved good fits for most experimental data However, inmany cases, the predicted real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction were less than that for solid carbon To understandthis result and explain the experimental data, we present an assessment of the Mie model by use of a light scattering modelbased on the coupled dipole approximation The results indicate that the Mie calculation can be used to determine the largestdimension of irregularly shaped particles at sizes characteristic of Diesel soot and, for particles of known refractive index,tables can be constructed to determine the average porosity of the particles from the predicted index of refraction

NTIS

Light Scattering; Soot; Diesel Engines; Particulates

20050171035 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Cleveland State Univ., Cleveland, OH, USA

Lubricous Deposit Formed In Situ Between Wearing Surfaces at High Temperatures

Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 2 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;A01, Hardcopy

Many components of future aircraft will be constructed from novel high-temperature materials, such as superalloys andceramic composites, to meet expected operating temperatures in excess of 300 C There are no known liquid lubricants thatcan lubricate above 300 C without significant decomposition Solid lubricants could be considered, but problems caused bythe higher friction coefficients and wear rates of the solid lubricant film make this an undesirable approach An alternativemethod of lubrication is currently being investigated: vapor phase lubrication In vapor phase lubrication, an organic liquid(in our studies a thioether was used) is vaporized into a flowing air stream that is directed to sliding surfaces where lubrication

is needed The organic vapor reacts at the concentrated contact sliding area generating a lubricous deposit This deposit hasbeen characterized as a thin polymeric film that can provide effective lubrication at temperatures greater than 400 C Initialtribological studies were conducted at the NASA Lewis Research Center and Cleveland State University with ahigh-temperature friction and wear tribometer A cast iron rod was loaded (a 4-kg mass was used to generate a contact pressure

of 1.2 MPa) against a reciprocating, cast iron plate at 500 C This system was then lubricated with the vapor phase of thioether.Author

High Temperature Lubricants; Deposits; Wear; Vapor Phase Lubrication; Ethers

Mars Pathfinder: The Wheel Abrasion Experiment

NASA Lewis Research Center’s Wheel Abrasion Experiment (WAE) will measure the amount of wear on wheel surfaces

of the Mars Pathfinder rover WAE uses thin films of Al, Ni, and Pt (ranging in thickness from 200 to 1000 angstroms)deposited on black, anodized Al strips attached to the rover wheel As the wheel moves across the martian surface, changes

in film reflectivity will be monitored by reflected sunlight These changes, measured as output from a special photodetectormounted on the rover chassis, will be due to abrasion of the metal films by martian surface sand, dust, and clay

Author

Mars Pathfinder; Mars Roving Vehicles; Abrasion; Wheels

20050173248 Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold AFS, TN USA

Design Optimization of Hypersonic Test Facility Nozzle Contours Using Splined Corrections

Mar 2005; 127 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Contract(s)/Grant(s): F40600-03-C-0001

Report No.(s): AD-A432472; AEDC-TR-04-2; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

A procedure is presented to design and optimize the contour of a hypersonic wind tunnel nozzle with a goal of minimizingexit flow nonuniformity The procedure uses a Navier-stokes solver that admits chemical and vibrational nonequilibriumthermodynamics and high-pressure effects The two-step optimization process is accomplished with a basic least-squaresoptimization (LSO) method The first step of the design procedure begins with an existing inviscid irrotational method ofcharacteristics (MOC) that is limited to thermally and calorically perfect gas (TCPG) MOC is used to design an inviscidcontour, which is then corrected with a boundary layer displacement thickness from an integral momentum formulation Thedeleterious effects of the TCPG assumption are ameliorated by using an effective specific-heat ratio an effective gas constantthe TCPG computation yields the same exit Mach number and velocity as a quasi-one-dimensional computation based on

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thermochemical equilibrium The MOC based contour is then formally optimized using the LSO method, treating variousMOC program input variables as formal design parameters The objective function is the square deviation of flow propertiesfrom target values at the nozzle exit, excluding the boundary layer, and is computed with the Navier-Stokes solver The flowproperties chosen for the objective function are the velocity components and the static pressure and density After the MOCcontour is optimized, the second step of the optimization procedure commences In the second step, the contour is furtherperturbed by adding a small correction distribution represented as a cubic spline fitted to a limited number of nodes along thecontour The correction values of the nozzle radius are the formal design parameters for the next application of LSO.DTIC

Contours; Correction; Design Optimization; Hypersonic Nozzles; Hypersonic Wind Tunnels; Nozzles; Test Facilities

38 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND RELIABILITY

Includes approaches to, and methods for reliability analysis and control, quality control, inspection, maintainability, and standardization.

20050170462 Cypress Semiconductor Corp., San Jose, CA, USA

In-line Defect Density Targets for New Technology from Development to Manufacturing

Shamble, Ed; Ben-Tsur, Mira; Sharifzadeh, Shahin; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing ConferenceAnd Workshop; [1998], pp 171-173; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

I.C manufactures continuously shrink device dimensions, in order to gain more value from the silicon Pushing oldtechnologies to the limits is part of the shrink path One of the key questions to be answered is how low must the in-line defectdensity be at various stages of development insure a economic, robust, and timely transfer to manufacturing This paperdiscusses one solution to the problem

Author

Defects; Manufacturing; Silicon

Control Methods for the Chemical-Mechanical Polishing Process in Shallow Trench Isolation

Wu, Yu-Tong; Gilhooly, Jim; Philips, Brett; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference AndWorkshop; [1998], pp 66-70; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

Abstract Process control of shallow trench isolation (STI) chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) strongly relies onthickness measurements of various films The control scheme based on send-ahead (SAHD) wafers with a fixed post-CMPtarget has low cost, but it neglects the process variations before and during STI CMP An ‘interactive’ control method, based

on extensive measurements, compensates for much of the variations coming in to STI CMP, and eliminates the problem ofunderpolishing However, this method comes with a high cost for multiple measurement steps This paper compares thefixed-target planarization to the interactive STI control methodology

Author

Interactive Control; Polishing; Wafers; Films

20050170474 Micrus, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA

Fab Implementation of a System for Cleaning Wafers which Survive Wafer-Breakage Events

Hilscher, David F.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998],

pp 156-158; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

Wafer-breakage events are detrimental to the productivity of a semiconductor lab in two ways The loss of productrevenue is obvious, but more subtle is the yield impact of wafers in proximity to the breakage event This collateral damagecan impact the final test yield of the surviving wafers, as well as potentially contaminate tools which subsequently processthese wafers This paper describes the evolution and factory-wide implementation of a system for rework cleaning of suchwafers, and an estimate of the yield improvement from its implementation

Author

Wafers; Cleaning; Breakdown; Productivity; Semiconductors (Materials)

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20050170475 GenRad, Inc., Westford, MA, USA

A Framework for Real-time Process Control, Part 1, Data Sampling and Processing

Rong, Graham; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp 159-164;

In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

In this first of a series on framework for Real-time Process Control, some measurement data fusion techniques andfunctions, including data sampling, filtering, processing and distribution, and random data generation, will be discussed indetail The framework for implementing these functions and the applications in electronics manufacturing are introduced.Author

Data Sampling; Industrial Management; Process Control (Industry); Management Methods

20050170477 Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., South Portland, ME, USA

Manufacturing for Design: Putting Process Control in the Language of the Designer

Potts, David C.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp 187-189;

A methodology is presented evaluating process control from the perspective of a designer’s concern, that of overallelectrical performance Technology tables, a comprehensive set of strategically chosen wafer electrical tests, are used tocapture and maintain the electrical signature of a process

Author

Manufacturing; Design Analysis; Active Control; Electrical Properties

20050170499 Analog Devices B.V., Limerick, Ireland

Defect Inspection Sampling Plans: Which One is Right for Me?

Scanlan, Brian; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998], pp 103-108;

Virtually all wafer fabrication lines now employ some form of defect inspection plan to identify killer defect types on itswafers and hence protect and predict die sort yields The sample plans used vary greatly in terms of the number of lotsinspected, number of wafers inspected, wafer coverage and sensitivity used Although often viewed as a ‘non value added’process step, typically defect inspection is now incorporated into the process flow at a number of points However, as withall process steps, there is a cost associated with defect inspection and oversampling can often add more to the wafermanufacturing cost than the cost of yield loss that might otherwise have been recovered It is imperative therefore, that thesampling methodology employed in the fab be cost effective i.e., that the benefits gained from it far outweigh the cost of theinspection As a minimum, the plan must be capable of detecting excursions that will ultimately result in probe yield loss Inaddition, the detection of these ‘excursions’ must be timely to ensure that the product at risk from the excursions is minimized

In summary, the plan must be consistent with the ‘acceptable’ excursion yield loss in the fab This paper looks more closely

at the plans used in two very different labs on the same site The first is a 4 in line, with greater than lu geometries The second

is a 6 in line with less than 0,5u geometries The same overall structure governs both fabs and the equipment set in both areas

is largely similar However, the sampling strategy employed in the two areas is very different as each areas plan is tailoredspecifically to meet its needs, specifically in relation to its yield objectives This paper describes in some detail the plans used

in both areas, h also looks at bow ‘inspection sensitivity’ also has to be tailored to meet the needs of the plan We will look

at various defect types, and how some have to be ‘sieved’ out to ensure the data generated by the inspection is meaningful.Author

Defects; Yield; Classifications; Probability Theory; Wafers; Inspection

20050170500 Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA

Sampling Methodology for SEM-based Defect Classification: Risk, Cost, and Benefit Analysis

Akella, Ram; Lin, Chih-Hung; Chitturi, Prasanna; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing ConferenceAnd Workshop; [1998], pp 109-114; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

The current paper analyzes the relative merits of optical and SEM-based defect classification systems, the needs and costsassociated with these systems, and the factors limiting the usability of these systems In particular, we will consider the impact

of throughput rate and classification accuracy, on excursion detection and the resulting economic benefits The paper willinclude a discussion of these models and a comparison will be made to obtain the maximum benefits from existing optical and

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SEM review and classification methodologies Scenarios for 0.25 micron fabs will be used to indicate the procedures andpolicies that are the most effective from a fab economic perspective.

Author

Sampling; Quality Control; Defects; Classifications

20050170501 VLSI Research, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA

America, Japan, and Europe: Which Areas Have the Edge in Customer Satisfaction and Why

Burgeson, Christine D.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998],

The results are in for the 1998 VLSI Research Inc Customer Satisfaction Survey _ on semiconductor capital equipment,and the overall ratings have increased by 0.10 points, to 7.28 This exciting outcome is the effect of improved customer supportand equipment performance by Japanese and American suppliers One of the reasons for last year’s enhanced effort is the lack

of growth in the equipment market Although focusing on customer satisfaction is important under any circumstances,companies often increase their attention to customers as sales decrease The potential pain of losing a customer is greater todaythan it was two years ago increasing For example, every year the top companies improve over last year’s score The topratings in all five product categories have increased in the last two years, with the biggest jump being 0.71 points Anotherexample of competition is the convergence of scores among areas of the world (see Presentation 1) In the 1996 survey, thedifference in ratings between first place (European suppliers) and last (Japanese suppliers) was 0.87 points In 1997, thisdifference decreased to 0.78 points In the latest survey, European manufacturers still have the highest ratings and Japanesehave the lowest, but the difference between them is only 0.40 points

Derived from text

Europe; Japan; Semiconductors (Materials); Surveys; Very Large Scale Integration

A Cost Benefit Analysis of Photolithography and Metrology Dedication in a Metrology Constrained Multipart Number Fabricator

Woods, Roger H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop; [1998],

Dedication in photolithography provides better process control and accurate data collection while driving reductions inboth rework and process defects The tradeoff, however, is the limitation it places on the manufacturing system by restrictingthe number of servers where a given lot can be directed Relaxing dedication and deployment allows for a lower cycle timethrough the process step, but this same relaxation may also drive the need for additional processing and measurementsprocessing in the photolithography sector, thus encouraging longer overall cycle time for the sector This paper analyzes thecosts and benefits of dedication on the basis of overall photosector cycle time The variables controlled by the decisions todedicate include send-aheads, number of measurements, sample size, and skip-plan levels Strict photolithography dedicationdrives fewer send-aheads, measurements, a smaller sample size and larger skip plans; a level is reached where the dedication

is offset by additional waiting time for dedicated lots at specific photolithography tools The same level of rework and processdefects can be achieved at a lower overall sector cycle time by determining the minimum cycle time while maintaining thesame operating procedures and quality controls The solution, in this instance, depends on the number of technologies and partnumbers being run through the photolithography sector, an effect that must be detailed and analyzed

Author

Cost Effectiveness; Cost Analysis; Photolithography; Metrology; Quality Control

20050170511 Lucent Technologies, Madrid, Spain

Human Based Knowledge for the Probe Failure Pattern Classification with the Use of a Backpropagation Neural Network Application on Submicron Linear Technologies

Ortega, Carlos; Montull, J Ignacio Alonso; Sobrino, Eliseo; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor ManufacturingConference And Workshop; [1998], pp 165-170; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other SourcesThe practical use of what is known as soft computing (neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, etc.) is starting

to offer important advantages in several fields In particular in a high-cost environment like the semiconductor arena, theapplication of those, up to now, research techniques will offer an attractive alternative to the traditional approaches of yieldenhancement For increasing wafer diameters and more compact technologies where the effect of tiny defects produces fatalconsequences, a yield enhancement strategy based on inspections will require the synergy of intelligent new tools that, on the

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other hand, have a fraction of cost of the current inspection machines This new strategy is used to classify and analyse in asystematic way all the production of a fab, providing new possibilities to improve yields without penalizing cycle time, costand reaching inspections levels impossible to achieve without this new approach.

Author

Backpropagation (Artificial Intelligence); Defects; Failure; Genetic Algorithms; Inspection; Wafers

20050170514 Karlsruhe Univ., Germany

Novel Methodology to Include all Measured Extension Values per Defect to Improve Defect Size Distributions

Hess, Christopher; Weiland, Larg H.; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop;[1998], pp 197-202; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

Defect size distributions play an important role in process characterization and yield prediction To reduce time and costs

of defect size extraction procedures the paper presents a novel methodology to determine defect size distributions For that,

we use all measured defect extension values per inspected defect compared to known methodologies just using one size valueper defect Our approach enables a reduction of the sample of defects to be inspected in semiconductor manufacturing fabs.Nevertheless, the novel methodology will provide even better accuracy of defect size distributions

Author

Defects; Size Distribution; Manufacturing; Process Control (Industry)

In-Situ Particle Monitoring in a Vertical Poly Furnace

Glass, Peter; Kudlacik, Joe; Burghard, Ray; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference AndWorkshop; [1998], pp 230-234; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

In-situ particle monitoring (ISPM) is a key semiconductor initiative as wafer production facilities strive to reduceoperating costs The benefits of using ISPM include real-time process monitoring, reduced tool qualification costs andimproved product cycle time [1,2] All of these improvements lead to increased manufacturing productivity and a loweroperating cost [3] This paper describes the production implementation of an in-situ particle monitor on an LPCVD verticalfurnace The furnace is a high-risk, critical process to monitor in real time because of the large number of wafers processed

in each batch Correlation between surface scanner counts, ISPM counts, test yield and process trending is discussed., alongwith sensor reliability and a future plan for statistical control

Author

Semiconductors (Materials); Furnaces; Wafers; Cost Reduction; Productivity

20050170521 KLA-Tencor Corp., Milpitas, CA, USA

Effective Defect Detection and Classification Methodology Based on Integrated Laser Scanning Inspection and Automatic Defect Classification

Fan, Yong-Hui; Moalem, Yoel; 1998 IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference And Workshop;[1998], pp 266-271; In English; See also 20050170458; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

In-line monitoring of defects in VLSI manufacturing has become an indispensable part of yield management in thesub-quarter micron era One of the most important functions of wafer inspection is to capture process excursions and toidentify the sources of yield-limiting (‘killer’) process defects Wafer inspection has three stages: 1) defect detection, 2) reviewand classification of the defects , and 3) analysis of the defectivity trends throughout the process This paper presents a newmethodology for wafer inspection and defect classification by integrating a leading, production-proven wafer inspectionsystem (KLA-Tencor’s AIT) with a leading, production-proven system for automatic defect classification (KLA-Tencor’sIMPACT ADC) The ADC (Automatic Defect Classification) system resides entirely within the skins of the inspector Thusthe integrated system takes a cassette of wafers in, and automatically produces all the information needed to analyzedefectivity trends by type Furthermore, adding this on-board ADC system does not increase the footprint of the inspectionsystem This is an important consideration in an industry where space on the production floor is very precious In this paper,

we present the results of extensive characterization of the combined inspection/ADC system, including case studies fromsemiconductor manufacturers The reported results include: accuracy and purity of automatic defect classification compared

to manual classification by a defect expert on various process layers; overall time-to-results compared to traditionalinspection/classification strategies; and defect sizing based on high resolution defect images of ADC compared with SEMmeasurement Key advantages of the combined inspection/ADC system were found to include high accuracy and consistency

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of classification, improvement in ability to track defectivity trends by defect type, improvement in overall time to results, andreduction in cost of process excursions to IC manufacturers.

Author

Detection; Nondestructive Tests; Wafers

39 STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

Includes structural element design, analysis and testing; dynamic responses of structures; weight analysis; fatigue and other structural

properties; and mechanical and thermal stresses in structures For applications see 05 Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance; and

18 Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance.

20050170448 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA, Army Research Lab., Hampton, VA, USA

The Influence of Projectile Trajectory Angle on the Simulated Impact Response of a Shuttle Leading Edge Wing Panel

Spellman, Regina L.; Jones, Lisa E.; Lyle, Karen H.; Jackson, Karen E.; Fasanella, Edwin L.; April 2005; 21 pp.; In EnglishContract(s)/Grant(s): 23-376-70-30-07

Report No.(s): NASA/TM-2005-213546; ARL-TR-3348; L-19096; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;A03, Hardcopy

In support of recommendations by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, a team has been studying the effect ofdebris impacting the reinforced carbon-carbon panels of the shuttle leading edge The objective of this study was to examinethe effect of varying parameters of the debris trajectory on the damage tolerance Impacts at the upper and lower surface andthe apex of the leading edge were examined For each location, trajectory variances included both the alpha and betadirections The results of the analysis indicated in all cases the beta sweep decreased the amount of damage to the panel Theincreases in alpha resulted in a significant increase in damage to the RCC panel In particular, for the lower surface, wherethe alpha can increase by 10 degrees, there was a nearly 40% increase in the impulse As a result, it is recommended that forfuture analyses, a 10 degree offset in alpha from the nominal trajectory is included for impacts on the lower surface It is alsorecommended to assume a straight aft, or zero beta, trajectory for a more conservative analysis

Author

Impact Tests; Wing Panels; Leading Edges; Impact Damage; Trajectories

20050171018 NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, USA, General ElectricAircraft Engines, USA

Impact Properties of Metal Fan Containment Materials Being Evaluated for the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT)

Research and Technology 1995; March 1996; 1 pp.; In English; No Copyright; Avail: Other Sources; Abstract OnlyUnder the Enabling Propulsion Materials (EPM) program - a partnership between NASA, Pratt & Whitney, and GEAircraft Engines - the Materials and Structures Divisions of the NASA Lewis Research Center are involved in developing afan-containment system for the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) The program calls for a baseline system to be designed

by the end of 1995, with subsequent testing of innovative concepts Five metal candidate materials are currently beingevaluated for the baseline system in the Structures Division’s Ballistic Impact Facility This facility was developed to providethe EPM program with cost-efficient and timely impact test data At the facility, material specimens are impacted at speeds

up to 350 m/sec by projectiles of various sizes and shapes to assess the specimens’ ability to absorb energy and withstandimpact The tests can be conducted at either room or elevated temperatures Posttest metallographic analysis is conducted toimprove understanding of the failure modes A dynamic finite element program is used to simulate the events and both guidethe testing as well as aid in designing the fan-containment system

Author

Impact Resistance; Impact Strength; Aircraft Construction Materials; Metals

Integrated Design Software Predicts the Creep Life of Monolithic Ceramic Components

Significant improvements in propulsion and power generation for the next century will require revolutionary advances inhigh-temperature materials and structural design Advanced ceramics are candidate materials for these elevated-temperatureapplications As design protocols emerge for these material systems, designers must be aware of several innate features,including the degrading ability of ceramics to carry sustained load Usually, time-dependent failure in ceramics occurs because

of two different, delayedfailure mechanisms: slow crack growth and creep rupture Slow crack growth initiates at a preexisting

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flaw and continues until a critical crack length is reached, causing catastrophic failure Creep rupture, on the other hand, occursbecause of bulk damage in the material: void nucleation and coalescence that eventually leads to macrocracks which thenpropagate to failure Successful application of advanced ceramics depends on proper characterization of material behavior andthe use of an appropriate design methodology The life of a ceramic component can be predicted with the NASA LewisResearch Center’s Ceramics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures (CARES) integrated design programs.CARES/CREEP determines the expected life of a component under creep conditions, and CARES/LIFE predicts thecomponent life due to fast fracture and subcritical crack growth The previously developed CARES/LIFE program has beenused in numerous industrial and Government applications.

Author

Computer Programs; Creep Properties; Ceramics; Life (Durability); Component Reliability

Methodology Developed for Modeling the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Single-Crystal, Nickel-Base Superalloys

Because of their superior high-temperature properties, gas generator turbine airfoils made of single-crystal, nickel-basesuperalloys are fast becoming the standard equipment on today’s advanced, high-performance aerospace engines Theincreased temperature capabilities of these airfoils has allowed for a significant increase in the operating temperatures inturbine sections, resulting in superior propulsion performance and greater efficiencies However, the previously developedmethodologies for life-prediction models are based on experience with polycrystalline alloys and may not be applicable tosingle-crystal alloys under certain operating conditions One of the main areas where behavior differences betweensingle-crystal and polycrystalline alloys are readily apparent is subcritical fatigue crack growth (FCG) The NASA LewisResearch Center’s work in this area enables accurate prediction of the subcritical fatigue crack growth behavior insingle-crystal, nickel-based superalloys at elevated temperatures

Derived from text

Fatigue (Materials); Crack Propagation; Single Crystals; Nickel Alloys; Heat Resistant Alloys

Hygrothermal Modeling in the Application of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Structural Upgrade of Unreinforced Masonry Walls

Feickert, Carl A.; Lin, Mark W.; Trovillion, Jonathan C.; Abatan, Ayo O.; Berman, Justin B.; Sep 2003; 64 pp.; In English;Original contains color illustrations

Contract(s)/Grant(s): Proj-AT23

Report No.(s): AD-A432639; ERDC/CERL-TR-03-20; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)The Army maintains an aging inventory of over 143,000 structures, many of which are in urgent need of maintenance andrepair In some instances, these aging structures fail to meet prevailing seismic engineering codes In the USA alone, 30percent of the Army’s structures use unreinforced masonry (URM) walls As such, URM structures have inadequate planelateral strength and are prone to failure during seismic events Upgrading these structures to meet existing seismic codes oftenrequires the use of new materials and systems such as fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) composites The versatility andresilience of such advanced composites make them ideal candidate materials for reducing the cost of seismic rehabilitation ofDOD facilities Though many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of FRP reinforcements as structural upgrades formasonry walls, little has been done to explain their impact on the building envelope This study was undertaken to discoverand define the combination of building envelope and hygrothermal conditions that might result in vapor liquefaction at theceramic-epoxy interface, and subsequently debond or delaminate the applique This research developed fundamental modelsand associated material parameters to predict thermal and moisture transport across dissimilar building materials specificallyFRP composite appliques to concrete masonry units (CMUs) used for seismic upgrades

DTIC

Buildings; Composite Materials; Fiber Composites; Hygral Properties; Masonry; Walls

20050173443 Defense Acquisition Univ., Fort Belvoir, VA USA

The Truth About Building and Maintaining Successful Communities of Practice

Jan 2005; 17 pp.; In English

Communities of Practice (CoPs) are often described as self-organizing/ self-generating entities (Davenport & Prusak,

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1998) However, our firsthand experience demonstrates that successful communities are more likely to emerge when there is

a systematic process for establishing, growing, and sustaining CoPs in a business setting; and viable CoPs in the workplaceneed structure, direction, and help to set a solid foundation for success As expected, potential members and business leadersexpect CoPs to support real business needs prior to investing their own time and organizational resources to support thecommunities If CoPs are properly implemented, benefits to the organization are faster and better-informed decision-makingand a workforce that has access to knowledge at the point of need

DTIC

Leadership; Organizations; Self Organizing Systems

20050173519 Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS USA

Design and Validation of Modular, Reinforced Concrete Bunkers

Roth, Michael J.; Slawson, Thomas R.; Dec 2004; 9 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

The USA Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), has recentlycompleted an experimental development and validation effort focused on the performance of reinforced concrete bunkers foruse in Iraq and Afghanistan The experimental work considered two similar structures: a field-improvised design observed to

be in use in-theatre, and one developed by ERDC to meet specific warfighter requirements Three objectives directed theexperimental program, and included: 1 Comparison of the protection levels provided by the two structures to determine ifERDC modifications enhanced survivability, 2 Evaluation of the effects of a high-yield blast event on the bunkers, and 3.Validation of the ERDC modified bunker’s protection levels when exposed to an array of indirect fire threats Research effortsconducted to achieve these objectives included numeric predictions of bunker performance, field experimentation to validatethreat protection levels, and numeric simulations to determine the effects of structural modifications Results of these researchefforts are presented herein

DTIC

Composite Materials; Concretes; Construction; Design Analysis; Protection; Shelters

42 GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL)

Includes general research topics related to the Earth sciences, and the specific areas of petrology, mineralogy, and general geology For

other specific topics in geosciences see categories 42 through 48.

20050170015 Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX, USA

Using a Field Experience to Build Understanding of Planetary Geology

Treiman, A H.; Kiefer, W S.; Shipp, S S.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 8; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also20050169945; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI onCD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

In the summer of 2004, the Lunar and Planetary Institute hosted 25 middle- and high-school teachers on a week-long fieldexperience in Idaho and Montana The ‘Floods and Flows: Exploring Mars Geology on Earth’ workshop (http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/fieldtrips/2004/) mixed fieldwork with classroom experiences and provided educators andscientists the opportunity to interact The educators investigated deposits associated with Glacial Lake Missoula floods andlava flows in the Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve Participants applied what they learned aboutEarth-based processes to develop an understanding of processes operating on Mars and the most recent results from NASA

s missions to Mars This was the most recent of five field-based experiences that used Earth-planet comparisons as a basis forexperiential learning

Derived from text

Planetary Geology; Education; Mars Surface; Schools; Glaciers; Mars Missions

20050170552 Oslo Univ., Norway

Sedimentary Infill of the Gardnos Impact Crater: A Field Report

Kalleson, E.; Dypvik, H.; Naterstad, J.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also20050170551; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI onCD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

The Gardnos impact structure in Hallingdal (Fig.1) is one of only two (at present) confirmed impact craters in Norway

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[1], the other being the Mjolnir crater in the Barents Sea [2,3] Ar-40/Ar-39-dating failed due to Caledonian overprint [4], butthe age of this impact crater is probably late Precambrian, based on field information The exact timing of the impact event

is still a topic for further research As it appears today, the Gardnos structure is roughly circular with a diameter of about 5

km The structure is exposed through Tertiary and recent regional uplift, weathering and erosion During Quaternary time thearea was repeatedly covered by glaciers and consequently large parts of the crater structure is covered by moraine There arehowever, good exposures at steep hillsides and along river beds A 400 m long core was drilled within the Gardnos structure

in 1992, penetrating sediments and impactites (suevite and Gardnos breccia) The main focus so far in the investigation of theGardnos structure has been the geochemistry of the impactites [5, 6]

Derived from text

Sediments; Meteorite Craters; Breccia; Chronology; Erosion; Geochemistry; Glaciers

20050171008 Manchester Univ., UK

Analysis of Extra-Terrestrial Materials by Muon Capture: Developing a New Technique for the Armory

Lyon, I C.; Matsuda, Y.; Strasser, P.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 12; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also20050170942; Original contains color illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI onCD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

The aim of this project is to study the feasibility of using negative muon capture to measure major and trace elementabundances of meteorites and other extra-terrestrial samples such as solar wind trapped in Genesis collectors This is achieved

by detecting x-rays and gamma rays emitted during muonic cascades in constituent atoms in the samples Negative muonshave identical properties to electrons except for a mass 207 times that of the electron When they are captured by an atom theyare free to rapidly cascade to the lowest muonic 1s groundstate unaffected by the exclusion principle that prevents decay ofelectrons The innermost muonic states (n\h14) have a Bohr radius that is well inside the Bohr radius of the 1s electronicorbitals and so the muon is captured to an orbital that has a mean radius very close to the nucleus and is considerably affected

by nuclear properties such as shape and size Isotope shifts are significant Transitions between muonic states result in theemission of characteristic x-rays and gamma rays that can be used to quantify elemental abundances Isotope shifts for manyelements are sufficiently large that different isotopes may be resolved and abundances may be quantified For light atoms, afterthe mean muon lifetime of 2.2 s, the muon decays to an electron leaving the atom in its original state or, for heavier atomsthere is a significant probability that the muon will be captured by the nucleus and be transformed There is thus the potentialfor an (almost) non-destructive technique for isotopic and elemental analysis

Derived from text

Muons; Trace Elements; Chemical Elements; X Rays; Gamma Rays; Exclusion; Abundance

43 EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING

Includes remote sensing of earth features, phenomena and resources by aircraft, balloon, rocket, and spacecraft; analysis of remote sensing data and imagery; development of remote sensing products; photogrammetry; and aerial photography For related

instrumentation see 35 Instrumentation and Photography.

20050170566 Auburn Univ., AL, USA

Sedimentology of Impactoclastic Breccias, Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Belize

King, D T., Jr.; Petruny, L W.; Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 11; [2005]; 2 pp.; In English; See also20050170551; Original contains black and white illustrations; Copyright; Avail: CASI;A01, Hardcopy; Available from CASI

on CD-ROM only as part of the entire parent document

At Albion Island in northern Belize, Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary deposits, also known as the Albion formation, restupon karsted and fractured Maastrichtian dolostones These deposits consist of a basal impactoclastic clay layer (approx 1 to2-m thick) and an upper carbonate-rich, coarse impactoclastic breccia layer (up to 15-m thick) The focus of this paper is theupper layer, the Albion impactoclastic breccia

Derived from text

Belize; Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary; Deposits

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20050173088 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil

Detection of Deforestated Areas in Real Time: Basic Concepts, Development and Application of DETER Project

Shimabukuro, Yosio Edemir; Duarte, Valdete; Moreira, Mauricio Alves; Arai, Egidio; Rudorff, Bernardo Friedrich Theodor;Anderson, Liana Oighenstein; Santo, Fernando Del Bon Espirito; MoraesdeFreitas, Ramon; Aulicino, Luigi Eduardo Pinheiro;Maurano, Luis Eduardo Pinheiro, et al.; 2005; 63 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): INPE-12288-RPE/796; Copyright; Avail: Other Sources

This report presents the methodological procedure of a deforestation alert system, to identify and map deforested areas

in tropical forest formations, denominated Detection of Deforested Areas in Real Time Project (DETER) The project isinserted in the context of the Brazilian Amazon Forest Monitoring by satellite, and is in operation, at INPE, since May of 2005.The DETER is part of the activities of the Action Plan to prevent and to control deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, underthe responsibility of the Interministerial Permanent Working Group, coordinated by Civil House The objective of the DETER

is to monitor, in an operational way, the deforestation observed, every fifteen days, using MODIS/Terra and/or WFI/CBERSsatellite images, which have high temporal resolution The DETER is based on the Amazon Deforestation Estimate Project(PRODES), which estimates the annual deforestation rate, since the seventies The DETER information is available in theInternet, since December 2004, and is being used in the implementation of an efficient fiscalization system, by the FederalGovernment The detected deforested areas, throughout the year, are presented, chronologically, to show the evolution of thedeforestation activities in the Amazon Region

Author

Deforestation; Real Time Operation; Detection; Geochronology

20050173130 South Carolina Univ., Columbia, SC USA

Mathematical Analysis for Data and Image Processing

DeVore, Ronald A.; Sharpley, Robert C.; Mar 2005; 10 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): AD-A432201; TR-13060-FA03; ARO-42792.8-MA; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical InformationCenter (DTIC)

Research on this contract was directed towards areas of mathematics and numerical computation which have applications

to image/signal processing The research can be broadly classified into the following areas: (1) sparse representations offunctions and data, (2) adaptivity for generating sparse representations, (3) learning theory, (4) compression of digitalelevation maps, and (5) wireless communication

DTIC

Data Processing; Digital Data; Image Processing; Maps; Signal Processing

20050173157 Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD USA

Innovative Methods for Investigating the Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in Soil

Checkai, Ronald T.; Haley, Mark V.; Simini, Michael; Phillips, Carlton T.; Crouse, Charles L.; Matson, Kathy L.; Dec 2004;

6 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Surface-controlled reactions affecting hydrolysis of organic compounds in the environment can predominate over bulksolution hydrolysis, especially in soil environments Unpredicted residual levels of chemical warfare agents (CWA) at threatlevels in the field necessitated the development of new methods for investigating the fate of CWA delivered onto soil Designand fabrication of Soil System Units now allows determination of the fate of CWA in soil, as well as investigation of the soilchemical and physical characteristics affecting the persistence of threat from continuing presence of CWA in soil, underconditions that represent those in the field Initial results show that the Soil System Unit approach is highly effective forinvestigating the fate of CWA in the soil environment

DTIC

Chemical Warfare; Soils; Threat Evaluation

20050173159 Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab., Hanover, NH USA

Disturbed Soil Signatures for Mine Detection

Koh, G.; Ballard, J R.; Dec 2004; 3 pp.; In English

We are investigating the phenomenology of disturbed soil signature due to mine emplacement Non-imaging spectral

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sensors and high-frequency radars are being used to collect disturbed soil signatures over a wide range of geo-environmentalconditions The properties and processes of the disturbed soil that can be exploited to assist in the detection of buriedlandmines are first identified This will be followed by time series investigation to understand the effects of weathering onthese properties and processes Our goal is to provide a quantitative assessment of remote electro-optical and radar techniquesfor reliably detecting disturbed soil due to mine emplacement.

DTIC

Mine Detectors; Radar Signatures; Signatures; Soils; Spectra

20050173169 Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS USA

Effects of Organic Matter on the Specification of Uranium in Soil and Plant Matrices

Bednar, A J.; Medina, V F.; Larson, S L.; Ulmer-Scholle, D S.; Frey, B A.; Morgan, J G.; Dec 2004; 3 pp.; In EnglishReport No.(s): AD-A432278; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

Radionuclides are known to complex with organic matter, which can promote mobility in soil environments This workfocuses on interactions of depleted uranium with organic compounds using HPLC-ICP-MS to identify organouranium species

in soil and plant materials Nearly all of the uranium extracted from certain plant tissues is bound to organic ligands Theseexperiments suggest organic compounds may be a significant influence on the chemistry of uranium in the environment.DTIC

Organic Compounds; Organic Materials; Soils; Spent Fuels; Uranium

20050173302 Milcord, LLC, Waltham, MA USA

A Spatiotemporal Helix Approach to Geospatial Exploitation of Motion Imagery

Agouris, Peggy; Stefanidis, Anthony; Caglayan, Alper; Dec 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrationsContract(s)/Grant(s): W9132V-04-C-0008

The transition from static to motion imagery enabled by UAVs, and distributed sensor networks introduces significantchallenges monitoring multiple video streams, indexing large amounts of video, and retrieving video segments with significantspatiotemporal events Current analyst workflow systems support spatiotemporal analysis minimally: analysts roam throughlarge image mosaics, revisit the same area, and make use of accompanying geographic information systems (GIS) databases

to examine the evolution of a scene However, the analyst still needs to decide whether the trajectory of a vehicle appearssuspicious, whether a moving convoy resembles a formation of military vehicles, or whether the trajectory of a truck todayresembles yesterday s pattern of movement of another vehicle As data influx is increasing at substantially high rates, agenciesare trying hard to keep up with tremendous amounts of incoming data, further exasperated during crises (e.g militaryoperations), where the rate of incoming information explode (e.g as areas of interest are under heavy surveillance by fleets

of UAVs)

DTIC

Exploitation; Imagery; Military Operations

44 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION

Includes specific energy conversion systems, e.g., fuel cells; and solar, geothermal, windpower, and waterwave conversion systems;

energy storage; and traditional power generators For technologies related to nuclear energy production see 73 Nuclear Physics For related information see also 07 Aircraft Propulsion and Power; 20 Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; and 28 Propellants and Fuels.

20050169779 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO

Polycrystalline Thin-Film Photovoltaic Technologies: Progress and Technical Issues

Ullal, H S.; Aug 2004; 12 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): DE2004-15009701; NREL/CP-520-36241; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information BridgePolycrystalline thin-film materials based on copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2, CIS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) arepromising thin-film solar cells for various power and specialty applications Impressive results have been obtained in the pastfew years for both thin-film copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cells and thin-film CdTe solar cells NCPV/NRELscientists have achieved world-record, total-area efficiencies of 19.3% for a thin-film CIGS solar cell and 16.5% for thin-filmCdTe solar cell A number of technical R&D issues related to CIS and CdTe have been identified Thin-film power moduleefficiencies up to 13.4% has been achieved thus far Tremendous progress has been made in the technology development for

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module fabrication, and multi-megawatt manufacturing facilities are coming on line with expansion plans in the next fewyears Several 40-480 kW polycrystalline thin-film, grid-connected PV arrays have been deployed worldwide Hot and humidtesting is also under way to validate the long-term reliability of these emerging thin-film power products The U.S thin-filmproduction (amorphous silicon(a-Si), CIS, CdTe) is expected to exceed 50 MW by the end of 2005.

NTIS

Fabrication; Polycrystals; Thin Films; Photovoltaic Effect

20050169842 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO, Georgia Inst of Tech., Atlanta, GA

Progress in Silicon Heterojunction Devices by Hot-Wire CVD

Page, M R.; Iwaniczko, E.; Wang, Q.; Levi, D H.; Yan, Y.; Aug 2004; 12 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): DE2004-15009888; NREL/CP-520-36668; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information Bridge

We report on fabrication of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells based on Al-backed p-type silicon wafers, withhot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) emitter layers The two-layeremitters are comprised of an extremely thin ((approx)5-nm) intrinsic a-Si:H (a-Si:H(i)) layer topped with a slightly thickerphosphorus-doped a Si:H layer (a-Si:H(n)) Open-circuit voltages (V(sub oc)) above 620 mV are routinely achieved with amaximum of over 640 mV, indicating effective passivation of the crystalline silicon (c-Si) surface by the thin a Si: H(i/n) stack

We used real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) as an in-situ diagnostic tool to monitor film thickness and roughness inreal-time and to observe silicon crystallinity by further ex-situ data analysis

NTIS

Vapor Deposition; Solar Cells; Silicon

20050169852 National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO

Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Leapfrogging the Barriers

Sopori, B.; Aug 2004; 8 pp.; In English

Report No.(s): DE2004-15009890; NREL/CP-520-36675; No Copyright; Avail: Department of Energy Information BridgeSilicon solar cell technology has greatly advanced in the last three decades from merely concepts to a full-fledgedindustry The performances of commercial cells and modules are now at levels that would have been very difficult to imaginejust a few years back At the same time, PV energy sales are expected reach 1 GW/yr in the near future, and there has been

a rapid drop in the selling-price of PV modules This is indeed astounding progress However, this path has not been easy orfree from obstacles and bottlenecks There have been numerous difficulties and barriers in the science and technology ofphotovoltaics, as well as on the business end For example, there have been times of insufficient funding, limited R&Dresources for universities and laboratories, and a shortage of feedstock Si-PV has overcome these hurdles and many otherbarriers The PV industry has weaned itself away from the microelectronics technology, many new techniques of crystalgrowth and low-cost cell fabrication methods (suitable for PV) have been successfully applied, and mc-Si cells are nearingthe efficiencies of CZ-Si wafers On a more technical side, perhaps the most intriguing achievement is the development of thescience and technology for making high-efficiency cells on low-quality material through gettering and impurity/defectpassivation Si-PV is continually on the path to lower costs and to be competitive with conventional sources of electric energy.Hopefully, this most significant barrier, of meeting the conventional energy cost, will be surmounted in the near future.NTIS

Commerce; Crystal Growth; Crystallinity; Photovoltaic Conversion; Silicon; Solar Cells

20050170447 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA

Advanced Energetics for Aeronautical Applications, Volume II

Alexander, David S.; Bushnell, Dennis M., Technical Monitor; April 2005; 114 pp.; In English

Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG1-02048; 23-090 00

NASA has identified water vapor emission into the upper atmosphere from commercial transport aircraft, particularly as

it relates to the formation of persistent contrails, as a potential environmental problem Since 1999, MSE has been workingwith NASA-LaRC to investigate the concept of a transport-size emissionless aircraft fueled with liquid hydrogen combinedwith other possible breakthrough technologies The goal of the project is to significantly advance air transportation in the nextdecade and beyond The power and propulsion (P/P) system currently being studied would be based on hydrogen fuel cells(HFCs) powering electric motors, which drive fans for propulsion The liquid water reaction product is retained onboard theaircraft until a flight mission is completed As of now, NASA-LaRC and MSE have identified P/P system components that,

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according to the high-level analysis conducted to date, are light enough to make the emissionless aircraft concept feasible.Calculated maximum aircraft ranges (within a maximum weight constraint) and other performance predictions are included

in this report This report also includes current information on advanced energy-related technologies, which are still beingresearched, as well as breakthrough physics concepts that may be applicable for advanced energetics and aerospace propulsion

in the future

Author

Fuel Cells; Energy Technology; Aircraft Power Supplies

Canola Oil Fuel Cell Demonstration Volume 1 Literature Review of Current Reformer Technologies

Adams, John W.; Cassarino, Craig; Lindstrom, Joel; Spangler, Lee; Binder, Michael J.; Holcomb, Franklin H.; Aug 2004;

29 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Report No.(s): AD-A432205; ERDC/CERL-SR-04-24-VOL-1; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center(DTIC)

This literature review identifies fuel reformer technologies that may be pertinent for reforming canola/rapeseed oil andother agricultural biomass including biodiesel A description of candidate reformers is presented, noting characteristicsgenerally inherent to each configuration A comparison of the identified reformers is accomplished by rating each reformeragainst a set of specific criteria, which is essential for attaining operating characteristics desired for canola/rapeseed oil givenapplications

DTIC

Fuel Cells; Oils

20050173336 Brown Univ., Providence, RI USA

Lorentz Force Control of Turbulence

Breuer, Kenneth; Jan 2005; 31 pp.; In English

Contract(s)/Grant(s): N00014-02-1-1057

Report No.(s): AD-A432664; No Copyright; Avail: CASI;A03, Hardcopy

Lorentz Force actuators were developed and characterized They were used to measure the effect of lorentz force control

on the drag of a fully turbulent channel flow Approximately 15% drag reduction was achieved

DTIC

Lorentz Force; Turbulence; Turbulent Flow

20050173365 Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, Adelphi, MD USA

MEMS-Based Architecture to Improve Submunition Fuze Safety and Reliability

Robinson, C H.; Gelak, M R.; Hoang, T Q.; Wood, R H.; Dec 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrationsReport No.(s): AD-A432721; No Copyright; Avail: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

One of the urgent needs in the current and future battlefield is to dramatically improve the reliability and safety ofsubmunition grenades The ARDEC Fuze Division is developing a MEMS-based safety and arming architecture forsubmunition fuzes that will so significantly improve the munition’s primary reliability that the need for self-destruct (SD)technology will be eliminated At the same time the safety requirement for transport aboard Navy warships will be met byproviding each submunition with a dual-safe safety and arming (S&A) device that must sense a proper launch and expulsionenvironment

DTIC

Grenades; Microelectromechanical Systems; Ordnance; Reliability; Safety

20050173485 Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN USA

JP-8 Reformation for Fuel Cell Applications

Lee, Ivan C.; Schmidt, Lanny D.; Dec 2004; 3 pp.; In English; Original contains color illustrations

Military jet fuel (JP-8) has been successfully reformed to produce synthesis gas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide)selectivity with a rhodium-based catalyst Time-on-stream experiment indicates that the catalysts remains stable and active for

at least 4 hours using a jet fuel (310 ppm sulfur) straight from the pump without pre-reforming sulfur removal The dry gas

Tiêu đề	Performance of a Low-Density Hypersonic Magneto-Aerodynamic Facility
Tác giả	Kimmel, R., Hayes, J., Tyler, C., Shang, J. S.
Trường học	Air Force Research Laboratory
Chuyên ngành	Aerospace Engineering
Thể loại	Report
Năm xuất bản	2003
Thành phố	Wright-Patterson AFB

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Số trang	60
Dung lượng	274,07 KB