Coastal Planning and Management - Chapter 6 ppsx

GOOD COASTAL MANAGEMENT IS FOUNDED ON AN APPRECIATION OFLOCAL CULTURAL FACTORS Western approaches to coastal planning and management, while successful in many countries, especially those

us to possible directions for the future?

The main theme of the book has been that the coast, with its intensity of land and water use, is a place where the issues of economic development and environmental management, and their interactions with social and cultural values, are brought into sharp relief If there are problems with any of these issues, in any area of a coastal nation, the symptoms are likely

to show up at the coast first.

Several other themes and principles emerge from the book They are necessarily broad in scope, given the enormity of the issues and challenges facing coastal managers, but we summarize them in order to stimulate further discussion and research.

THE CENTRAL ROLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLESAND APPROACHES

Coastal programmes are now generally based on principles of sustainable development, the precautionary principle, and inter-generational equity The challenge for coastal planners and managers is to transfer sustainable development principles into tangible management outcomes We hope that the tools and techniques described in this book go some way towards meeting this challenge.

THE INSEPARABLE NATURE OF COASTAL PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT

Coastal planning and management activities are generally so strongly linked that in successful coastal programmes they are almost

indistinguishable The interweaving of planning and management to create

a single coastal programme can help to break down institutional boundaries

or possible professional rivalries between planners and managers, and is

COASTAL MANAGEMENT IS A SHARED CONCERN

Responsibility for sustainably managing the coast is shared by all levels of government, from international to local, along with coastal users, residents, private companies and advocacy groups Governments are increasingly realizing the long-term benefits of engaging all stakeholders on the coast

in coastal programme development This partnership approach is rapidly evolving from just a ‘good idea’ into a cornerstone of many coastal initiatives around the world.

GOOD COASTAL MANAGEMENT IS FOUNDED ON AN APPRECIATION OFLOCAL CULTURAL FACTORS

Western approaches to coastal planning and management, while successful

in many countries, especially those with European land-tenure systems, may require modification if they are to be successfully integrated into local cultural settings Traditional knowledge about coastal resources and their management can be invaluable in formulating management prescriptions The bringing together of western and traditional management tools and techniques is showing increasing signs of success in many developing countries Indeed, there are increasing signs of a genuine two-way flow of knowledge and experience in coastal management between developed and developing countries.

THE CROSSING OVER OF PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUESCoastal programmes have become a melting pot for various planning and management techniques which have crossed over from other disciplines Land-use planning techniques, such as separating conflicting uses through zoning, blend with economic analysis and risk management, co- management and a host of other approaches to help address coastal issues Coastal planners and managers are increasingly being encouraged to add to—and occasionally stir—this melting pot to find innovative ways of addressing coastal problems and opportunities.

DESIGNING A MIXED COASTAL PLANNING SYSTEM CAN BE

A plethora of coastal plans exists around the world, addressing vastly different issues, often in very different ways But a common feature of most

of these plans is the absence of quantitative evidence of their effectiveness— this despite the often considerable resources used in their formulation and implementation Politicians, government departments and the public are increasingly expecting coastal programmes to provide clear demonstrations

of success Performance measures, evaluation criteria and success indicators have become part of the coastal manager’s lexicon Yet measuring how successful coastal programmes are is only just beginning in earnest Coastal programme managers are increasingly required to include monitoring and evaluation measures in programme design at the outset—a difficult task without a set of commonly accepted coastal management performance measures.

Facing the future

Chapter 2 could invoke contrasting responses in the reader: pessimism at its its rather depressing list of often chronic problems, painting a not too bright future for the coast; or excitement and optimism about the challenges that these problems present A realistic coastal planner/manager is one who would absorb a little of both and plan to tackle pragmatically the

major challenges facing the world’s coast, while being creative and flexible

in dealing with the inherent limitations of the workings of government and private sector bureaucracies To this planner/manager we offer our Six Virtues of Coastal Planning: to seek, to understand, to develop, to link,

to bring into mainstream, to sustain And the challenges that go with them.

• To seek

— the money and willingness to implement plans;

— true economic values of coastal resources and implementing management responses which reflect those values;

— an appropriate balance between traditional management practices and knowledge, and typical western approaches to coastal management;

— the mechanisms which allow developing countries to sustainably exploit coastal resources and avoid many of the mistakes of developed countries;

— optimal solutions to resource sharing on the coast, especially emerging industries and uses, such as recreational and tourism demands;

— workable strategies for ensuring equitable access to coastal resources for all sections of society;

— locally sustainable and tailored economic and social growth for the coastlines of developing countries

• To understand

— the values and expectations of all stakeholders in coastal management;

— the role of traditional and user knowledge;

— and deal with uncertainties in decision making;

— the social and biophysical interrelationships between catchments and coasts and oceans;

— the capacities required for coastal management, including training, monitoring and scientific studies

— coastal initiatives at all scales—from international to local;

— integrated and subject plans

• To bring into mainstream

— monitoring and evaluation at all stages of coastal management;

— sustainable economic and social development.

• To sustain

— community expectations after plans are completed;

— the momentum going from Agenda 21, and related international initiatives;

— the energy of local coastal managers

After word

The enormous problems facing the world’s coastlines are unlikely to diminish with time Population increase, technological change, economic growth and ever more waste generation make it likely that the problems will become even more acute The key question is thus not if, or when, these pressures will occur, but whether the coast can be managed to sustainably absorb them And in this of course lies the fascination of being involved with the management of the coast—the huge challenge it presents

to forge creative and innovative solutions to apparently intractable management problems.

We do not pretend with this book to have offered all the solutions, but rather to have provided a wide selection of methods and models to guide the search for environmentally, culturally and economically appropriate planning and management outcomes We will judge our success by the extent to which we have stimulated the searchers and helped them to meet their challenges with optimism.

Appendix A

Some definitions of the coastal zone

for planning and management

The following are definitions of the coastal zone used to define areas within which coastal management policies apply Chapter 1 describes the advantages and disadvantages of each type of definition.

Fixed distance def initions

Sri Lanka Coast Conser vation A ct (1990)

The area lying within a limit of three hundred metres landward of the Mean High Water Line and a limit of two kilometres seaward of the Mean Low Water Line and in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons,

or any other body of water connected to the sea either permanently

or periodically, the landward boundary shall extend to a limit of two kilometres measured perpendicular to the straight line base line drawn between the natural entrance points (defined by the Mean Low Water Line) thereof and shall include waters of such rivers, streams and lagoons or any other body of water so connected to the sea.

Example Fixed Definition Boundaries of the Coastal Zone (Coastal Committee of NewSouth Wales, 1990; Sorensen and McCreary, 1990)

Variable distance definitions

The South Pacific Regional Environment Programme

(1993)

The coastal zone is a region of indeterminate and variable width It extends from and includes, the wholly marine (i.e the seabed, the overlying waters and their resources) to the wholly terrestrial (i.e beyond the limits of marine incursion and the reach of salt spray) Linking these two environments is the tidal area which forms a transition between land and the sea.

Definition according to use

United States Federal Coastal Zone Management A ct (1990)

on the coastal waters.

A ustralian Commonwealth Coastal Policy (1995)

For the purpose and actions of the Commonwealth, the boundaries

of the coastal zone are considered to extend as far inland and as far seaward as necessary to achieve the Coastal Policy objectives, with a primary focus on the land-sea interface.

United Kingom Government Environment Committee

Repor t on Coastal Zone Protection and Planning (1992)

We conclude that definitions of the coastal zone may vary from area to area and from issue to issue, and that a pragmatic approach must therefore be taken at the appropriate national, regional or local level.

World Bank Environment Depar tment (1993)

For practical planning purposes, the coastal zone is the special area [original holding], endowed with special characteristics, of which the boundaries are often determined by the special problems to be tackled.

OECD Environment Directorate (1991, 1993)

What constitutes the coastal zone depends on the purpose at hand From both the administrative and scientific viewpoints, the extent of the zone will vary depending on the nature of the problem Accord- ingly, the boundaries of the coastal zone should extend as far inland and as far seaward as necessary to achieve the objectives of management.

A ustralian Commonwealth House of Representatives

Appendix B

Examples of texts, conference and

workshop proceedings that outline

coastal problems around the world

(Only the most recent published references of conference series are shown.)

• Asia-Pacific: various workshops and conferences (Chua and Pauly, 1989; McLean and Mimura, 1993; Hotta and Dutton, 1994).

• Africa (e.g Sowman, 1993; Linden, 1994; World Bank, 1994; Kimani, 1995).

• Australasia: proceedings of the Coast to Coast (Australia) conference series (Kriwoken and McAdam, 1994; Harvey, 1996), the Institution of Engineers (Australia and New Zealand) (Australian Institute of Civil Engineers, 1993a,b).

• Europe (including Eastern Europe and Scandinavia): proceedings of the Eurocoast conferences (Taussik and Mitchell, 1997) and the European

Union for Coastal Conservation (Healy and Doody, 1995; Jones et al.,

1996).

• North America: proceedings of the Coastal Zone (e.g Magoon et al.,

1993) and Coastal Zone Canada (e.g Coastal Zone Canada ‘94, 1994),

conference series book of Beatley et al (1993) and many individual articles

in the journals Coastal Management and Ocean and Coastal Management.

In addition, there are conferences on various coastal management problems

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