Coastal Planning and Management - Chapter 0 pps

1.2Defining the coastal area 1.2.1 Scientific definitions of a coastal area 1.2.2 Policy oriented definitions of a coast 1.3 The unique characteristics of coastal areas 1.4 A brief histo

Coastal Planning and Management

Robert Kay and

Jackie Alder

E & FN SPON

An imprint of Routledge

London and New York

First published 1999 by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002.

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

© 1999 Robert Kay & Jacqueline Alder

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised

in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Kay, Robert (Robert C.)

Coastal planning and management/Robert Kay and Jacqueline Alder.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-419-24340-2 (hardbound) —ISBN 0-419-24350-X (pbk.)

I Coastal zone management I Alder, Jacqueline, 1954–.

II Title.

HT391.K36 1999

333.91'7–dc21 98–28804

CIP ISBN 0-419-24340-2 (hbk)

ISBN 0-419-24350-x (pbk)

ISBN 0-203-01017-5 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-13977-1 (Glassbook Format)

Foreword by Dr Suvit Yodmani, UNEP

Preface

Credits

Acknowledgements and contributors

1 Introduction

1.1 Coastal areas or coastal zones?

1.2Defining the coastal area

1.2.1 Scientific definitions of a coastal area 1.2.2 Policy oriented definitions of a coast 1.3 The unique characteristics of coastal areas

1.4 A brief history of coastal management and planning 1.4.1 Sustainability—the dominant pari

coastal planning and management 1.5 Summary

2 Coastal management issues

2.1 Population growth

2.2 Coastal use

2.2.1 Resource exploitation—fisheries, forestry, gas and oil, and mining

2.2.2 Infrastructure—transportation, ports, harbours, shoreline protection works and defence 2.2.3 Tourism and recreation

2.2.4 Conservation reserves and protection of biodiversity

2.3 Impacts of human use

2.3.1 Pollution—industrial, sewage and runoff 2.3.2 Coastal hazards and climate change

2.4 Administrative issues

2.5 Summary—coastal conflict

3 Concepts of coastal planning and management

3.1 Terminology

3.1.1 What is coastal planning, what is coastal management and what is the difference? 3.1.2 Placing an emphasis on ‘integration’

3.1.3 Guiding statements for coastal management and planning

3.1.4 Summary of terminology 3.2 Concepts of coastal management

3.3 Concepts of coastal planning

3.3.1 The theoretical basis of planning (a) Rational planning

(b) Incremental planning theory (c) Adaptive planning theory (d) The consensual planning approach 3.3.2 Summary of the concepts of coastal planning 3.4 Administrative arrangements for coastal planning and management

3.4.1 Organizing government (a) Integration and coordination between levels of government for coastal management

3.4.2 Linking government with the private sector and community

3.4.3 Guiding statements for coastal programmes (a) Coastal programme principles

(b) Overall goal in coastal management programmes

(c) Coastal programme objectives (d) Coastal programme action statements (e) Ownership of guiding statements in coastal programmes

3.5 Evaluating and monitoring coastal management programmes

3.6 Chapter summary

4 Major coastal management and planning techniques

4.1 Administrative

4.1.1 Policy and legislation (a) Policy

(b) Legislation 4.1.2Guidelines

4.1.3 Zoning (a) The mechanics of zoning (b) Linking zoning with other coastal planning and management tools 4.1.4 Regulation and enforcement

(a) Regulations, permits and licences (b) Enforcement

4.2Social

4.2.1 Customary (traditional) practices (a) Types of traditional knowledge and practice in coastal management (b) Balancing traditional and western approaches to coastal management (c) Integrating traditional knowledge, practice and beliefs into coastal management programmes

4.2.2 Collaborative and community-based management

(a) Background to the development of collaborative and community-based management

(b) Making the choice: collaborative or community-based management?

(c) Developing collaborative and community-based management programmes

(d) Conclusion 4.2.3 Capacity building (a) Communication, education and training (b) Research and data management

(c) Section summary 4.2.4 Recreation and tourism management (a) Concepts of recreation and tourism management

(b) Recreation and tourism planning 4.3 Technical

4.3.1 Environmental impact assessment (a) The need for an EIA

(b) Steps in the EIA process (c) Operational EIA

(d) Integrating EIA with planning (e) Strategic environmental assessment 4.3.2Risk and hazard assessment and management

(a) Concepts of risk and hazard (b) The risk and hazard management process

(c) Mitigating risks and hazards in coastal planning and management

4.3.3 Landscape and visual resource analysis (a) Procedure development

(b) Techniques (c) Application of the techniques (d) Conclusions

4.3.4 Economic analysis (a) Economic concepts (b) Economic analysis tools (c) Economic instruments 4.4 Chapter summary

5 Coastal management planning

5.1 Classifying coastal management plans

5.1.1 Coastal management plan focus (a) Strategic planning

(b) Operational planning 5.1.2Statutory basis of coastal management plans

5.1.3 The requirements of coastal management plans

5.1.4 Degree of plan integration (a) Coast al management subject plans 5.2Designing a coastal planning framework

5.3 Integrated coastal management plans described

by geographic coverage 5.3.1 International integrated plans 5.3.2Whole-of-jurisdiction integrated plans 5.3.3 Regional-scale integrated plans 5.3.4 Local area integrated plans 5.3.5 Site-level integrated plans 5.4 Subject plans in coastal management

5.5 Coastal management plan production processes 5.5.1 Consensual-style coastal plan production processes

(a) Administrative process (b) Public participation (c) Producing the plan 5.6 The implementation of coastal management plans 5.7 Monitoring and evaluation

5.7.1 Monitoring 5.7.2Programme evaluation 5.8 Chapter summary

6Conclusions and future directions

Appendices

A Some definitions of the coastal zone for planning and management

B Examples of texts, conference and workshop proceedings that outline coastal problems around

the world

References

The rapid increase in population across the globe, large-scale exploitation of coastal resources and rapid development of infrastructure has often resulted

in severe degradation and decline in the quality of the coastal environment These pressures on the coastal zone are certain to intensify in the future Mangroves, coral reefs, cliffs, beaches, tidal flats and estuaries are just some of the coastlines on which pressure is exerted The complexity of these ecosystems and their variety across the Asia-Pacific region makes simple management solutions difficult to find I am pleased this book not only recognizes these problems but also offers a range of planning and management approaches and tools of immense practical value to those responsible for our valuable coastal resources

The book has a global perspective and will play a significant part in assisting the sustainable development of all coastal nations around the world Moreover, the coast plays an important part in the lives of many people living in the Asia-Pacific Region, with over two-thirds of its 3.2 billion people living within the coastal zone As a result, I believe the book has particular value to this region

The links between global and local activities related to coastal management and planning are important, and are well illustrated in the book I am pleased the roles of the various UNEP programmes in facilitating these linkages are well recognized The book will be a valuable resource in assisting the Coastal Zone Management theme of UNEP’s Network for Environmental Training at the Tertiary Level in the Asia-Pacific

The mixture of theory and practice of coastal planning and management demonstrates the importance of combining abstract and technical elements to achieve the best outcome for the coastal zone The use of case studies shows examples of sound practice and differences in approaches around the world The case studies also demonstrate the linkage between scales of coastal planning Many of these case studies are from developing and developed countries in the Asia-Pacific region, including Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Vietnam and Western Samoa

The great strength of this book is its emphasis on coastal planning at different scales This approach will appeal to all those involved in coastal zone management, from fisherfolk to government ministers

Dr Suvit Yodmani Regional Director and Representative for Asia and the Pacific

United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Bangkok, Thailand

An estimated 50 to 70% of the estimated 5.3 billion people alive today live in coastal zones

(Edgren, 1993) Today, the world’s population in coastal areas is equal to the entire global population in the 1950s

(Beukenkamp, Gunther et al., 1993)

In 30 years more people will live in the world’s coastal zones than are alive today

(NOAA, 1994a)

Up to 75% of the world population could be living within 60 km of the shoreline by 2020

(Edgren, 1993) Coastlines are the world’s most important and intensely used of all areas settled by humans It is this simple fact that directs special attention to the planning and management of coastlines Coastal resources have been, and will continue to be, placed under multiple, intense and often competing pressures The use of techniques which attempt to assist in managing the resulting conflicts in a sustainable way will therefore become increasingly important in both developed and developing countries

Translating sustainable development principles into tangible actions aimed at improving the long-term management of coastal areas is the main purpose of this book We do this by providing practical guidance through the dual use of theoretical analysis and numerous examples of best practice from around the world We draw on our personal experience and the contributions of practising coastal planners, managers and academics from three continents

We have chosen to focus the book on coastal planning, management and the nexus between them We believe that achieving genuine sustainable development in coastal areas will be extremely difficult, but without proper planning it will be impossible Planning helps governments to reconcile the apparently conflicting aims of sustainable development: to promote the economic development of coastal resources while attempting to preserve their ecological, cultural and social uses We believe a key component of coastal planning efforts is to harness the energy of coastal residents and industrial and recreational users in the day-to-day management of coastal areas We show practical examples of stakeholder participation in coastal planning, including collaborative management and co-management approaches

One of the biggest challenges faced by governments is to direct financial and human resources effectively to the management of coastal areas through administrative systems established on sectoral lines Sectoral-based systems

of government focus on each part of a government’s operations, such as transport, employment, health and environment These systems do not explicitly focus on the planning and management of discrete geographic areas, such as coastal areas Governments have chosen to face this challenge through various mechanisms to coordinate and/or integrate fuctions within coastal areas These mechanisms are critically analysed throughout the book Case studies from around the world are used to illustrate sound coastal planning practices and to show differences in approach Four groups of case studies have been selected to provide constant themes at different planning scales and to provide links between these planning scales, listed

in the table

The structure of the book, outlined below, reflects our aim of emphasizing the current state of best practice coastal area planning and management

Chapter 1

Coastal areas are introduced, how they are defined, and a brief history of coastal management is presented; the terminology used throughout the book is discussed

Chapter 2

The major issues facing coastal managers today are discussed, together with the emerging issues likely to be of importance in the future

Chapter 3

Principles of coastal planning and management are analysed The chapter emphasizes sustainable development principles, and how governments are currently attempting to work towards the implementation of sustainable coastal policies and practices

Chapter 4

In this chapter the overall theory of coastal planning and management is translated into on-the-ground actions These actions are through a range

of techniques, each of which is described with reference to real-world examples

Chapter 5

Coastal planning aids and coastal management processes are described The mechanisms and contents of plans and strategies at a range of scales are critically examined

Chapter 6

This chapter draws together the major findings of the book and outlines possible future directions for the management and planning of the coast

Robert Kay Jackie Alder Perth, Western Australia

3 September 1998

The authors and publishers would like to thank the following for permission

to reproduce material:

Addison Wesley Longman Ltd (Smith and Mitchell, 1993, Impact

Assessment and Sustainable Resource Management, fig 4.2); Allen & Unwin

(J.M.Owen, 1993, Program Evaluation: Forms and Approaches, table 2.1); John

De Campo (R.Zigterman and J.De Campo, 1993, Green Island and Reef

Management Plan, Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage,

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Cairns City Council, Cairns Port Authority and Department of Lands, Cairns, Australia); Canadian Association of Geographers (R.W.Butler, 1980, The concept of a tourist area

cycle of evolution, The Canadian Geographer 24(1), fig 1); Herman Cesar (1996, Economic Analysis of Indonesian Coral Reef, Environment Department,

World Bank, Washington DC, tables E-1, E-4); Dunwich Museum; Ian

Dutton (K.Hotta and I.Dutton, 1994, Coastal Management in the Asia-Pacific

Region: Issues and Approaches, Japan International Marine Science and

Technology Federation, fig 1.2); Elsevier Science Ltd (B.Cicin-Sain, 1993,

Sustainable development and integrated coastal zone management, Ocean

and Coastal Management 21(1–3), fig 2, table 2); Great Barrier Reef Marine

Park Authority; HMSO (1988, The Tolerability of Risk at Nuclear Power, p 9);

Kent County Council (Clive Gilbert, 1996, Local government responds to

coastal decline, Coastlines 1996, 2, UK issues diagram); Kluwer Academic Publishing (S Gubbay, 1995, Marine Protected Areas, fig 6.1); Ministry for Planning, Western Australia (Central Coast Regional Strategy, fig 14); New

Scentist (H.Gavaghan, 1990, The dangers faced by ships in port, New Scientist

128(1744)); S.Olsen, K.Lowry and M.Kerr (1997, Survey of Current Proposals

and Methods for Evaluating Coastal Managemetn Projects and Programs funded

by International Donors, Report #2200, The Coastal Resources Center,

University of Rhode Island, Narrangasett); Risk Unit, University of East

Anglia (B.A.Soby, A.C.D.Simpson and D.P.Ives, 1993, Integrating Public and

Scientific Judgements into a Tool Kit for managing Food-related Risks Stage 1: Literature review and feasibility study, Centre for Environmental Risk Research