JAPANESE FOR BUSY PEOPLE 8 pot

I11 Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the words indicated... "Since it's close, let's walk." t, 71, As for the volitional form of Regular I verbs, note Z i in the exa

The lottery is held every year, on or around the second Sunday of January, and the lucky winners receive things like bicycles or portable radios or consolation prizes of commemorative postage stamps

The ending of this sentence, T b 5 , is the equivalent of T $ and belongs to a bookish style of writing

L I KEY SENTENCES

1 Yesterday was warm so I went swirnrning with my friend

2 When I opened the box, it (the inside) was empty

examples given

4l TY Sl

33

* -xa

Y

'C

+a 4.

LY Sl

TI

4 -o/.&

.P

4 7

L :P(!

GP fi

>p11-.i=1 PI YC -Y

z

Y

'i:

L I

Y I

@%'

'P

Y Vocabulary

dance, dancing pilot

tax office office, bureau large surn of money fermented soybeans smeiiy

bitter easy to put on put on, wear (shoes, pants, etc.) easy to

consdt, look up in suit

ring wind come in outside, exterior, outer strong box, safe, vadt

Man A: Have you already seen that movie?

Man B: Uhn-un, not yet How about you?

Man A: Un, I saw (it)

Man B: How was it?

Man A: Not very interesting

Woman: New Year's will soon (be here), won't it? Which day do you work until? (lit "[Yourl

work [isl until when?") Man: Until December 28 The end of the year is always (so) busy It's horrible!

Woman: Are you going someplace for New Year's?

Man: No, nowhere (I) want to take it easy

(informal contraction of L" Z 8,)

take it easv

I1 Complete the questions so that they fit the answers

I11 Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the words indicated

I

zoz

Johnson: Yes But she's not a special girlfriend

Suzuki: It's not strange It's (quite) OK (Are you going on) a date? That's nice (I'm jealous.)

Johnson: Urnm well

Johnson: I'm thinkuig of sendmg flowers to a friend Can you take care of it?

Florist: Yes, of course Delivered, you say? We can do that What's the delivery day (you

have in rnind)?

Johnson: Please deliver (them) tomorrow

Florist: Certainly

Johnson: How much are these roses?

Florist: Y250 each

Johnson: Al1 right I'd like twenty of them (They're) meant to be a birthday gift, so would you

include this card and deliver (them)?

Miss (Keiko) Tanaka,

al1 nght

umm

send (a present) deiivery intention, purpose include (lit "attach") congratulations consignee, destination Yokohama (city) deiivery charge, postage

al] right

VOCABULARY 203

I

k i volitional form

Verbs ending in L i (plain form) and 3 L a i are in the volitional form and, in general are translatable by "1'11," "we'ii" or "let's." As in other cases, the usage of plain forms at the ends of sentences indicates familiar speech

ex 9 7 9 - T i7 : i "Shall we go by taxi?"

3 \ 4 4 2 Z i L "Since (it's) close, let's walk."

t, 71,

As for the volitional form of Regular I verbs, note Z i in the example and keep

in mind the correlation with the a, i, u, e, o vowel order

9 & l) is actuaiiy a noun and is much used in this pattern to show intent or purpose

"Mr Yoshida is coming today, but I don't plan to see him."

2 A L t: 3 l F8 1) & t 'Wiil you go back to Tokyo tomorrow?"

%Frlf T T 4 \ "1s it to be delivered?" In this case, too, prefacing the verb with the honorific

-L is one way of expressing politeness or respect (See p 23.)

ex l r -LIR 1) T t 4 W h e n are you coming back?"

meaning a s 7 < #i & -tfk 7 ) - but is more polite

1 I intend to study Japanese every day

2 If it clears up tomorrow, (1) plan to play tennis

18

I

ex ;3<+;3Z i &<3+&4a j jft3-sRLi

I1 Make dialogues by changing the underlined parts as in the example given

4 1 ; t f i b h

!"

(5Y"dfic) 7 s 6 have a baby, become pregnant

find spare time fai1

feilure, mistake try hard future designer take (a person) take, bring, be accompanied by salt

pass help, assist

Section Chief: On the way home shall we have a drink?

Ogawa: My wife has a cold today

Section Chief: If it's just a short one, it'il be OK (I think)

Ogawa: No, it's really out of the question

Section Chief: 1s it now? Oh well then, I give up

Kato: Are you going to take part in this year's Japanese speech contest?

Brown: Yes, I intend to, but if I cannot do enough preparation, I wiii probably do it next year

I Read this lesson's Opening Dialogue and answer the following questions

I1 Convert the following verbs into their volitional form

I11 Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs indicated

A Congratulate a friend for passing his exarnination

tomorrow evening

4

Ntr

H MBN

puaw! op b~lieax nob

$u.Cies bq uo!)sanb

.ar.uoy ) a$

auoyd ay) uo '3

Mr Chang and his neighbor, Daisuke, go for a walk together

Can anyone use it?

Yes, of course Anyone can go in You can get books and look at them, so it's very easy to use

That's nice Choosing books by looking through (the card catalogue) is difficult for me But I suppose you can read kanji, can't you?

Yes I understand the meanings But I like libraries where I myself can look at the books and choose

It's in a slightly inconvenient location, but it's roomy and quiet, so it's a pleasant (place)

Can you borrow books and make photocopies?

Yes If you go through the formalities, you can borrow books At present I have bor- rowed two books

Chang: Can you borrow newspapers and magazines, too?

Daisuke: No, you can only borrow books But you can ask for photocopies of newspapers and

magazines We can get there in a couple of rninutes, so shall we go (there) now?

male given name anyone, everyone, someone

of course can go in

get, take in one's hands can see

difficult, poor at

can read meaning can choose but, however formality, procedure can borrow (counter for books) only

can ask can get io, reach, can go

Potential form of verbs

Potentiality can be expressed by the verb T 2 5 and also by the pattern Z Z 71' T 5

b (See Book I for the first and p 38 for the latter.) In addition, many verbs have a

potential form made by conjugation It will be noted that in terms of pronunciation, the

fina1 u of Regular I verb is replaced by eru, for example, C - 4 , "can read," "be

readable." And iì i, .i: - A 4 i b , "can choose," "can be chosen." (Aithough it is techni-

cally correct to call b and A b b dictionary forms, in the great majority of cases

this form does not appear in bilingual dictionaries since the verbs are made by regular

transformations of other verbs.)

Regular I

Potential verbs conjugate the same as Regular I1 verbs but have no volitional form

Other examples: %T{ + % T l t b , % $ -.%-tib,~@b ~ ~ ~-.$)24,f ~ b{ , ~ b

i i 'i l i 'i i),% i)'z fi <

The foliowing sentences compare the meanings of the verb and its potential form:

ex 1 f t 2 'I L l i EiSE l: A l) 2 T "Chang enters the library."

L L t i)'L I i i ,

2 f t 2 'I Lii EiSt%l: i l t , A)2 2 -f, "Chang can enter the library."

For Regular I1 verbs add i; 6 to the stem of the t i form as, for example,

R+d' t - J$ b il 6, "can see," "can be seen," and 'I 7Cb t - 4% O b 6 , "can borrow,"

"can be borrowed." The Irregular + 6 becomes i; #t 6 , "can come," and 8 6 is

replaced by T 3 6

An easier, more practical way to make this form is to insert b )2 (or sometimes only il

in colloquial usage) between the stem and the fina1 6, 3 8, t:, etc

Regular I1 and Irregular

The topic or subject of a potential verb can be either animate or inanimate For exam-

ple, Z 0 t i 7 li L < 3 )2- 2 T "This knife cuts well."

ex 1 2 E 2 5 L li S ? d C %& 2 8 , "Smith can read Sino-Japanese characters."

.),l C

Potential verbs have customarily taken the particle d\ but recently % has also come

into use

ex l # r 2 5 L l i 1 % 8 & 2 8 o "Chang can read Sine Japanese characters."

2 $ d i / 5 I% 1) b )2 a 'You can borrow books."

When it comes to a choice between the potential form and Z Y d C T 3 6 , it can be

said that the former, being slightly shorter, is often preferred # r 2 5 L li EiSE r L 1:

i i).A

A b Z Y d P 7 3 2 8 , although grarnrnatically correct, sounds a bit stiited Stiii the

li,,

forms are interchangeable, and it is not necessary to be overly cautious concerning the

differences between them

ex 1 2 E 2 5 L l i 4% KraJ d P 8& 2 8 , '5mith can read a Uapanese) newspaper."

L l ?,A

2.Ei+%l: 4 T l f l f , 1 0 + i i Ì 0 % M $ 8 Z Y d C T 3 & f o

''H (you) go to the library, (you) can read newspapers from ten years ago."

GRAMMAR & LESSON OBJECTIVES 2 1 5

-h

l T -f-t.;/5LIi S $ d z % b j & - T ' L a i

i ) X L When used like this, T L h i normally has a rising tone and implies, "I suppose (some- thing) Aren't I right?"

some contexts al1 these are comparable to the particle d' and convey no particular meaning (See Book I, p 76.)

ex i, L i, L , 9 3 2,) 2 7 T 1 5 t / i ? Y / l ? & ~ ' ~ / l ? & E " i , , i t i \ T 3 L l i

1 Mr Brown can speak Japanese

2 If they go through the formalities, anybody can borrow books

3 Watanabe eats only vegetables

I Verbs: Study the examples, convert into the potential form, and memorize

W &

1

'=

4G Z C@

# Y%

Lì Vocabulary

foreign language believe

international telephone call international

meter second (counter) bicycle

motorcycle pork weekday

A: I have to find one more receptionist for the meeting Can anyone come to help the day after

tomorrow?

B: (If I'm good enough) I can come

A: Thank you (lit "you save me") Please do

ì8

OZZ

.sasay)ua~ed ay) s p

~ o

~d o~

dd

e ay) )nd

1 1

O (

't

C/

, "