PART I: Types 01 Flame Detectlon Systems PART II: Requlremenls ror Flame Rod PART III: Flame Rods, Holders, and Rectilier Pilots PRIMARY CONTROLS RA890 Primary Controls RA890H Self-C
Trang 2PART I: Types 01 Flame Detectlon Systems
PART II: Requlremenls ror Flame Rod
PART III: Flame Rods, Holders, and Rectilier Pilots
PRIMARY CONTROLS
RA890 Primary Controls
RA890H Self-Checking P,lmary Controls
R471lS Primary Controls
R771lS Primary Controls
PROGRAMMING CONTROLS
The Sell-Checking Function
6asic ProgrammIng Sequence
R4140 Programming Controls
BC7000 Microcomputer Burner Control Systems
Semi-Automatic, Industrial FSG Con1fols
TROUBLESHOOTING AND MAINTENANCE OF
SERVICE EOUIPMENT
LIMITS CONTROLLERS, AND INTERLOCKS
VALVES AND VALVE TRAINS
SIZING AND APPLICATION OF LARGE GAS VALVES
FIRING RATE CONTROLS
G LOSSAR Y
206
Trang 3WHAT ARE FLAME SAFEGUARD
CQNTROLS7
The '.rm FLtmo Sol'f4!Jard irl i" b"""de.t _ _
00-" aU tbe """"0"' ,.,;.,.-<1 'lrith burnen, d
lhei.r , '111 ",":pn>eIlL Thi> illcllldn ,he Ilomo
,onsin~ deoi'" -I 10 dooIoc! Ills no"", operw.liIlq aDd
aroty de""",,, -I \0 5tUt :l1t01> I llwtle I_
to' <00"01 lui fi<l " ""I-c:i"'l flitI'" 00><1 .<I'riIiarY
",n"o~ u J in co~j"''':'lon witlt ,1>0 bum aloty
"'n,,,,1 ·""oms If _ -bod to dofino the 'onn FJuo
s"roquud 5J'll~m 'lui d'lIIlition miljht be .,m lWlq
Iil<
"A of CIJIl,,01 ~Il.il>""" _ in • ''1''_ '0
I',,,,rid ar 0:>0'1'01 01 bU<»ar opetalion .-.<dtod
by In bwa ppij""tian."
If 'hs denz,ilion ms brood "'"",mbor 'lui' it must
",dud con,,,, I"" 1I typo of.,- fro", <implt
""n,in""",, ( "otinq) pilot "",nKorlnq 'yr<O"'" 11 tile
_y '0 ""mpln -.qu.n<illoJ "amtroJ <)'110m, for!arl;1o
bumen
HISTORY OF FLAME SAFEGUARD
CONTROLS
Tb hi>lory of IJome Wequa>d "'0,,,,11 do_ bock
.Imo" '0 tho n 1' ,.,1 "" "d oil bumOR- Tbt
tim: afoqllOlrl ct>ot1<lb op.,,"od ~,,"Uy and 111'1
<Iluch to b d- l ftom 'luIlU1>d OI of _yo fo'
.:tample, on ot '"" Iiort typos 01 'UIO <Ic n.m
af_nl, ""lJOd lllo "Bea/D Sal»;' """,m
wMnl>y ,h aOCllIllw.,i"" 01 ""b",,*, oil 1lI • """
wno< ",used leo t<> clD a 1 ill 'bo rupply aU
line This, of count, Jl'O"Od ""'1' umatlsloetory
Than c eJ""lro~ combination dill
"'nlll<! '_peratu by Clfblm.ut., diophra9"'J 0'
,hermoooup!os TI\IIy wort "",,,"'td by Ilw tompo<:I.,
of the !lUi _ or lbe dJr""" rorholi of boo< fr<lm th
!101M Tl>ooo "",.hods _ lUitoblo rOl JaaaII tumo<:eo
ond boU , bu' instaUolion1 ~otd ill .a, tM
""", .,.;.,g nom Afoquard "' 11 ",,,,",,, 0 be I ,
.ID ODd """"blo
So ,h iIld\IfUY " - " -.chir>l far f , , of
p-o.u.q 1Io""" Dol no- tli1", In lbe 10<1 1920'0, it
toUlld llul na- "" _1>0< obara '" _b1o
la' oI.toclion-tU abllltyof a fluoo 10dl , a""t\c:ol
ow-r.nt T1li:Ilod 10 ,he develop." ' of tlul .flV trpoo
of .ltetr<>ni tlom .feguard ,",011Ols Thne lIOt "'Jy
pre ,be tlomo lIluch fastor, but , _ _ also lIIucb
""''' _,i to fla"'" ~ M<lo.l"'I"U 'lui
first manur''''","r to oI.n1ap a \nCIicol ,., of
dotOC'tinq flallll oloc<r<>ai<:aUy;.nd ill ,luI ly 19:51)'"
marko'ed 00 Io""ooi sy1tlltl "';"g a !Io n>d ood
ho' is looWl at a fIollll <:ollduc<ioity dm>It While 'his
a impr-ofttllenl 0_ dII locu<> -clumi<:ol
.",e , , it hod iu ba<"<",miJl.p; 1IIIZlIIv, ; plrmittod a
hillb _ ' " IlIcn ;, .be n.mo 18IIIUul cirv.IlI, """"
••• n m rod du:nod to ~ to oImW.," a fIo_
Thi., of "'\IJ1I, "'" U ""ootl a>odltioo ODd IJI
impr-o""" """bod bod 10 be deoi.d
Shan., &ner World W"" II, d Joped ,110 tIo",a ,1tCti1I.""ion ircuit to 0_0> ,bo prolll101l of ,be 110"", oolld<><O.iYitl clrotlit If .lIa of 0111 lle<trodo in
lbe t1allUl is mad .11;0\10 1of<jOl Ihl a of 'ho oth"" tbe mol' is a 1I<'lif1OOtiOO of al'omating curt'I!l,
'0 dJr«:l CUtt'OJI' lit WIO at lloctroDi "'lwpomnt ", opoo.cl 0II1y '0 ,h;,o direa "",,00' able '0 "id 'M pombJU,V at a skart coUliDf 'llo .f
O>l>di,;"" ",uld wi'b b !II""" <:on4"",;Yi.y
'YO'"'"
Tho II", llo<:t,OIli<' ~*"'" _to Umi.od bu:i""Uy '0
a !Ioml rod, pbl""""lly ill bl 1Io100 i olf 0' •
pboto<>tll to n'" a Yiallll 114b' t ler il _ fOW'ld l"~
.hl pntI " 0/ infrved udiotioft in a !lome a>uld b
uood fa, d ,i;:In purp:ae.-oftd 'he d uIf>dol no"", dlWCUlr bam 10 le, ,"' _ r""nd tIla' "ill
aootlulr pttrtiQII at 1ioJh tpectnlb'l <>:>Illd be._ fo'
lJ,omo driectiOll -.llich would be ""'to l.e-ti ;n i"
_ o n ODd _b, po>ide 'l! af.ry_ond ,b
Ill"".-iol.' <Io"""or
",,,,"aped-All of 'b ",n""l doroolopmon ""'to b",u!lo' about by ,bon,,", .01 oddi<i<Jo:o '" ,he <:'>ro",""",1 and
iodoomu bw:oor and boiler 501d.o 0 "' , dlCiqn ",d appU""liOu od n""
FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY THE FLAME SAFEGUARD SYSTEM
•
Tbe modo'" Flo SoJ"l""rr1 cootrol ,,,,ern on a
",,,,,,,,,rciol 0' indu"';"'] boilo' porfo ,110 rol"win~
fu.oction"
1 l'toYidn JJJlI m of ~ and toPP'nq ,bl
burn i,ber """,, Uy or au'o"",'iaUy
2 Stan 'M bumer in 'be P'O]lOt" qu""", nd
"'~ ,be b, r !10m during oporation
3 GlloVtb tho ., om 090it>, u"""""" P""""" Q'
IImpora.ur ",""-'<iOUL
In .dditicm, ler<Ier <v-stlltll olao perform t~ lUDe<ions:
I Raqulall" b"""" I'IliOi" "'re
2 llbimalJI b -.Ii 4uritlq 'M b~ ,rr
pm.,,,,,, on _",,]lor "",y .ls>o be IItOrt/ltOp ".'ion
wbid1 0110", tbe opera'o, 10 .uoay non nd, if
dasi:w:l, _nuo!l, ItOP 'Oo bllJ1tor
71-97~S8
Trang 4B LlMlf NO tA.FEfY CONTROLS
IV • cbo<:k IIp:m ,110 'D1UlOlIa ."d 1~ prowido •
"",:<>mom Limi' b.l""'d whkh lilt bwn 'hould not be
• Lio_ '0 opo""'•• Iimil ""n'I'>! must b pro';dod
J"Oil<>n<h"'l ither '0 p nn Of .po' LU'• On " m
boil.", iHs·olo<> • , ry to provid•• low w."'" CUlcff
La I'<""",t bwn <>po",ti<ln should the _at., 10 1dro~
b.lo", r Li"." In dditiOfl, if ,be beil.r M' • food
,.r or """d ' r",wn PI'/IlP ,hi.o i, "anod prio' to
low .,.r outoff <'-i"n ill- ord.r '0 ,,'um 11>0 bail.,
_lOr 10 LI>o desired Jonl
c, llURl'leR INTERLOCK CONTROLS
S"'- lnt.rled< ""nnob porI'Ofm LWI> fWlOli!>",
l Pro IMt ,he ""n_•• 10< combustion a", os·
,"b~,luKI d 'ML 1M b i' _dJ'o be nanod
2 Pro 'hot ""ndinon' a", 'i<faOlary fo< b"",or
ope",ti"" to """'inu•
5, on ;;'1011""b indu'" w1- r:l"'ocl in k>d<I dalllpo,
PO"~""''''l o:nitrolo, rutl "",",,"'" 'ob••• oJectriool
our< "".rloeb •."d oil 10"0110."" """"010
RUMj~ inrorloda ibollJd '"01 p lIOIlle rwitcltao
""mbwtio air ""n""b (t.irfi switob)•••d doft
oon'-l"'l, (10" ;md hlgh In ptQting switohoo)
Locllout bltori<cl:! tnd.ude airflow and fuel ~.-uro
swi,ch ~ W<lllid be used will> flame f ttl e<lIl-
trois iIl00f?C,.ting • lockoul iIllorlock citcuit Th"y
""'llId "pia ,imilar running ir!uulock •
SmAller bum"", do nO' ",quir oil 0( "'••• inL.dod<l
in 1Il0ir <:onLe," ",,,.ltII' bet lo."lOf b"'n"", would _
mCll1 0( LMm,
0 fiRING R n CONTROLS
Tbe "",jori'y "I """"""rcial and i.du''''''l !l""'"'"
be a mAm or ,yj1Ig 'ho firinoJ ,.L '''''''~ to
tho 1<».~ ~"","nd Thi.o i:l "\lOlly acccmpU,hod 01""
tticallY ("",y be don PJI.""""iooliy) and in""l_
0!lulqln9 'h" firin~ ",te (boLh o.i, .o~ lu.1 ~l1OJltiti
,imoltallOOusly) f,oUl high rl." 10 low rlr., or mr>du
Jotin~ LlI firill~ raT ,110 syst.m d.malld cMnlJl"'
Whon flti"'l ro"i """",,I, 01 to: higlVlow 0' m<><lu'
1.tin9 rypo .ro pmtld.,j, • """,an,eed low II'" nut ,
be requir.d '0 pro¥ida ,mooth Sl.,.mp
f FUEl V LVES
ruol 1 , open, do"", .d _ i Jt»d t
'~a fuol ",pply On oil b""""9 rryo1OmIl IOma _ ,
ha d""'yed openinQ r.,,,,",, Gu I may boo 01
Lhe Iow 1J1 r.j! openi"'l lypo
F PFlI_FlY 011 PIIIOGFl MMING CON'Tl'IOU
Tbe primary ·0' ptolJfUlllling oo~,rol, with ill
associ&'OI! fIa"'" "''-ttl, iJ ,he 01 ,be <:o"'rol
,yno", and pto moon of ItOrlizul Lbo b","",
i ;t> propor ""I"""""', .uu, thot LM fIomo ha,
- "UI'oIi:lhO<l .d "'i>tmlin~ "' name dI1rin9
l.un.r oporan"n
An .1000roolo n "", t«jlOUd oon=1 a"""",p!tollM
i" purJlO" I>J porI'orming , _ IWlOlian, 1Il0h "'0
iIlt",lo~od ., 'ha' wi,hou, ClIDIplKiJl9 ,11 Om, ,be
,"""od ~""Ol ""n'inn:
1 Senoing Lhe preMO"" 0( a 'idoctOl'Y n o
2 seq <inQ- tbe opar ian of tho b"""" rryotom,
In ddi,ion, ,h fla",• t«juord <y>.L." must provid• a'Nrd fuoctjo to f"O¥ide t opera"on
~ (:h.ckin; ito 0 o<>mp:tllllo"
1 SENSING 'I'IU: PRESENCE OF A SATlSFACTORY FLAME
A flam ",f«juord mu" d;nin~ui,h b., t
Iltm•• rt.:l n f flo"" and ,0methiOll (re, in"""",
ht>! :of'.Oto,y) tha' i:l ooL a flam at u hUl ",.,<1J
ha 10"'" of Lbe chua"'oriJli", of flam<, And iL mun
do thi.o la and mOro a'",,,,.,,ly tM \'Ou could do
iL or 'III ",,,,I, may b a ditT.,enL kind 01 ri WI>'b
Withou, \0;' ""mpl abili'y, • flam .r<quar~ .'"
t.", i, " ,ban _10,,_;\ i' dOWlVight dong.fou,
~ JiEQUE;tlC1I'lG TIlEOPERA'I'ION OF TIlE BURNER SYST£fl!
When we ,pook of "'Qu••cin~ Lh' 0PO«l;OO 01 lh
b"",,,, syn.m, _ nlUO tN.t it "'<><0" b!cw ,
ill"itio•• and fuel I• " must b••••"';zed ooly when 'hoy or need.,j-in 'h' proper '.QU••"' On a .hUl
do,"", ""' 1 or ho",u_ 01 flam lailura, Lh_ com· po:Ion" u" also.be d -gi .~ ill Pl'opor "QUO."
'0 pw"~' w:lbumed ru.l l'om a"cw.,,.lIs'inq ,n ,h
a>mb""io ,bember wher i' ,""uld CiU'" a boArdoU'
OCII't.di,in
Ylbsn • <tan bu"on ill ptlt_ 0' an au!o"""io
<:onrroU", Cil!b lor hu', "'methi"'l mun make sur
'M' ,b blLcnor 9"lJ fuel ••~ illl\,,;on at ,b righ, ""'"
to a good ~~ht-<>ff Power mun be ""J>P~'" to motOll, opo!! I " 1Id 0 J>ro';~ i9n.i'ion
ANI il ""me com"" ' or intetlock be bo, tho lJIl.m if dan ow, thi.> m• ,,,,,,,!Woq moot stOP 'ho ooq and >bu, down ,he burn., , ,ern r.ly,
Tho "lcmotllinq" 'M' mutl ~"""mpliJh an 'hi.o i> the flo"," !~ ryItOtll h , y parlorm OLhar dUli too """b pur11in; 0' "'utlding alar",;, bu' ill ""m>
duty;' to f Ol"""tion To do thi< it mUn noL o.ly ,"" ~"" or .""'not of tillaOlo"
flo hut abo coo'lOl tho onli, operaTini ooquen
01 all <:ompono." 0( Lh blLcno, 'l'Sl.ltl ," propel' orde<,
Trang 53 CHECKING ITS OWN COMPONENTS
Ey me,.,", 01 a built·in Ie·nan cbecl:, the no"",
",fe'l'"'''' ohecl:s in.if fer un",fe railures en "'ry
".n ilnd try time po_ ill ,eapp~ed if nome
<ilnul.tinq failuro is pr nt, tho ale-start eh""k will
p,event!he bIlmer lrom artisl~
We !MY be tao incline<! to ronOd.r.ll ,hu,down,
nuiianoe shutdawn, Eu' • •butdawn is a nuilanoe
'hutdoWil only If ron'inue<! al""otion would ho"" b _
sate beyond all question A 'hutdoWll 0tI a owgiml
flome rondit;on i.l no, a noiwloe shu'down; the flo"'"
sofequonl i runC<ionjn~ as it houJd A flo"'" sat.·
'1'"'''' oynern "'nsid"", Mf.ty fun IIDd c't:m nion""
><condo
Tho primary ",ntrol contoins tho neoesary "'LlY'
ond oonta", tor , ninq ond rroppinq tho burnor WId
orner.- from tbo apo""inq ",n'rollor, limit "'ntrollorr,
innlrlook., ond I10me d "",o, A ~enerali:led fla"",
s.IequonI control yrtem i' 0110,"", in the lollowin~
Thi, i""."1ized 'yII.m is rep'''''''''''t; , of all 110_
.alequ.ud ooouol ,y e"", '!'he fi'l"'e mokeo i apparont
that the primary conlrol iW't> oIle b""",," sj'ltem on
siqnal from the eontrnller, and pwmia operatiOll ro
""""il" UIlder control at """ feedback \oope Tha
!lams d eer.o mooitor.lIarne ",nditian Ind 5iqnols tho
bumer 'a "op if I10me is Ie , Or if ~ lailun """"" ill tho
d "",ion ,y em Tbo limi" and inlerlock monitor ron· dition othor thon the p.-nee of nome, hUltinqdmwn tho ",em if condi'ion.< oxceed limi' or int""lccl:
WHY DO WE NEED SPECIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR LARGE BURNERS?
A bllffier is imply a ·deoico far ronv.nin~ fuel into
"""ble Ileat o_!/y Bwne'" ore ra'o<! by ,he amount
of h".t m.y prodllce in BN" per bOIl' (Eruhl Thi,;,
det"rmined by the amount of fuel hoin" burnod, and !he Etu eool.'11 of tbe fuol A "P"~ bea,er in· 'e<ldenoo
~hl be rated for 30,000 Eruh; a damellio rurillloe
!oJ, 80,000 0' 100,000 Stub Equip"""" of 'iii, i
u.ually controllod by bOAt ,,,,,sin~ I10me d o",ion I)'5lenu .uck OJ ,hormaeouple' and oil stadt ,ola\,,wiliob =p tb ope,.tian when they n en """,fo ritwtion In a t1umnaoouple y o"" fuol is rut all
Lf no pilOt is 1""",0'- In 'be of 'taok lay, ILIOI
is CUt orr if i'l'tition dee, nOt OOell< The .",t_nu, g"nmUy ~uiring 1m", I 'a 3 minu' (0 a",ually ent off lu.l IUpply Iller I1omo I"", or f.iluro to iqnite, a'" podo<:tly ",lirl'''Qry fo' tho ,ypo, or bum on whioh 'noy Ole 1lMd Aaume ,he, 'lI' burnet u<in~ 120 ""bie
f _ or 1000 B,u ili" per hour (110,000 Etuh bllffie,) l1o""",u• I" hN' nling protoction 'f'!'om ,b"', of! IUlII to the bllnJe< in .bout a minule Whal luipp<ru'
In tho minute '01Jo"""~ !lamoou', 2 cubic fOOl at ili" anr ,,,leaoed inro tho eombwtian clwnber Mi>:e<l wi'h IIDouqh air for colllb_ioo-ohou 10 ti""", lh" all>Ount
of 'lI' in thi! "",,-wo eould ha 22 enbio reet of
explc Oli""""' Eut wha' would happen If thi! m" control oynern _0 .pptiod '0 • bume< med for 1,200,000 Etuh_bwninq 1200 <Ubio fOOl of 'lI' every hour in alllinut folJo.nnq I1orni'Oul, ,hi! rynom wouJd in<ro<la"" 20 ""bin feo1 of 'IOI-or, b.n IiIin<i wi'b combustio.n ai<-220 enbk r_ of oxplosi min",e
I! deLlyood iqrtition tokn pia"", tbe ,e.uI~ wiU be dioootro
Obriaualy _ r tw _<hodl' of flam foiJuro d11IKtiCln rot ~ bum For sof"'Y, ,h l)'Ilem m_ a",\I011y MUI ott the fuol wi'k±o 2'04 """,od, or I1omo filii
I:n ddilion lO rpeod., need ,,>liabili,y-bo.h for
r y ODd for """••",Ii<: reasons, sin., lot of bumor may be experui
We _ ~u""natie """.ml-c:apoblo of ""nuoI!ing all the fUneticns of a eolllP",X burn "YW'0m Mf.lyand !iobly-withou' ""notan' a ention fmm an QperalO'
W _ to PlOtect ,bot '>"".m from 0'''''' d.ul~"n
besido bsII of f\omo-""",h e~ ,,,,,,pera'''',,
0< boiler -=
In otdot to _ all tm r8quinmlon , _ oopblstirated "Io"''''''in !lalM requonl CDntrall)'llOlilL
Trang 6To .t8tJlish am mainLain carouellOl1, 3 slsma<lts
must be pr"""nl TIls ars ruel, air, and ignition This Oan
be illustraled a a oi'ole dMded into 3 equal pe'ls called
lhe combuslJon clrc/o
Removinll any SS\jr1"lIlnl .111 destroy lha cirols Slml
la,ly, r"m,wirN;j ona 0' lha slemants raquired lor oombus·
bon will OSIJ"" lhe burning 10 osasa R""""vlng fLJelI wilt
stop combusllon as air alone will ",t bu,n, a,sn al high
temperatures Ramc.lng air will leav" ruel and ~nitlon,
but sinc" ru,,1 will nol tlurn wilhoot ai', oombo.JsllOI1 cannot
be maintained,
One may say lhat famoving ignition wiil root Slq) Com·
buslion, but this ie nOllrua, sinca the combo.Jstion 01 pert 01
lha fuel and air provides th" roea! """essa", 10 lQ"lita the
unburned ruel am air Illhi heat (01 inh"rent ilJ1ilion) is
re~ th" incoming rual 9<'\d air ill r in al a Iem
peralura lawar troen that recp.Jireo for oorrtJuet;on
CLASSIFICATION OF HEATING FUELS
Healing ruals may be Cl ified accordin" to thair
physical SLata as solid, liqukj, or Q1ISSOus
SOUO FUELS
The prlnclpel solid fuel is cOiII Healing vallJllS cf coal rango Irom 6,900 BW per It> lor lignite to 15,550 Btu per Ib for IOW-IIOialile bituminous Ott>el examplll!l cf ""lid fuels ara coke, - ood, $9,.OOst, and t>riqususs,
lIOUID FUELS
The prlnoipel liquid luel I 011 Fuel oils ara Qfadad according 10 Ihelr oharaoterlsllcs, includirN;j viSCOSity, flash point, pou' point, "aler and :limenl C0l11 ,I, oarlxln , Iwe, aslI, and dlstiliallOl1 cha,acterlstlC$
The 1Ig,ler oila, Graela No.1 end No.2, are used predominantly In do"",.llc heating aqJlpma<l1 The hea,,! oils, Gradels No ~ end 6, a'a used in cOmmercial and in· d.<strial burne,s and gensrally 'aqulrs prshaatirN;j Haating values rangs from 132,900 Btu per Qal fo' No '1 od 10
155,900 Btu 'per Qal for No, 6 011
Oths, eXSfTllles olllqukj ru s a,e kerosene, Q850line,
and alcohol
GASEOUS FUELS Fuel \lase fall inlo 4 broad cl=Wcatio,,": 11) ""lural, 12) manulactured, (3) mi,ed, am 14) liqu~ied petrOleum (LPI, Healin" values of \l5s.s fange from 900 10 3200 Btu per cu~
1 Nalural \ISS is a mixture 01 sa,sr~1 combustibla
Q88BS and, usually, a small percantal;j<l 01 inert Q8S9S at>
tair>9d lrom geolog;o formafio,,"
2 Manufaclured \15595, such coke c.a<l and car· tlufaled walar gas, ara made by the C1islillatiOl1 or crack"'\1
01011 or 0"""1, by lha SlearTl-Cafl:<;n ,aaction, or by combinations 01 these orocesses
TYPICAL HEATING VALUES OF FUELS
COAL.:
FUEL OIL.:
ORI\DE NO 1 (IJGI lTEST]
GflAOE NO 6 (HEAVIEST)
12,S10 10 15,200 Btu pel Ib 10,150 to 15,:lSO 81u pal It>
8,300 to 13,000 BIu par It>
6,000 to 8,300 Btu par It>
132,900 to 135,800 to 143,100 to
146,800 10 149.400 fO 151.:lOO to
1J7,000 Bru per \151 141,eOO Btu per gal 146,100 Bru per gal 150,000 Bru per 0"1
152,000 Biu par \151
155.000 Biu par (lal GAS:
NATURAL GAS USUAl RANGE FOR USE
MIl:ED GASES UOUEFIED PETROLEUM (LP)
COMMERCIAL PROPANE COMMERCIAL BUTANE
Trang 73 Mi""," Il"""" a,a a mllttu,a of ""Iu'al and trlMllfac
Mod ~ They 'SSlJIl f,om lI"oII """ -:ld;sttil:oJllon 01
n'I~'oJ lh't>.VlI'onsoonlirerrtal p;pa lil"lll!l, Inlo atlla5
h ng a.ioling """llfaclu'oo gas Illcilili,,*
4 Uqulfllld patmleum ILPI gases suoh ;os ,ropo
ar<! ""a"" a'e hl\1l8r I!y<jrocarbon gases r(),,,,.I'Y o:b
lairlod liS a by-p'ock;cl 01 oil 'alineries 0' bv SIh""ingnalu
,al gas, 51""" Ihay Can be Il<J1IllO>d by 11'>0 8W/ical;"" 01
moderate p'",,"ure al no,mal ,lempe'atu",., IheV II" <J5IJ
ally SOld in matal eylinders ~ri<lar p'8S5~,e as II 1i"Ji<! and
called bol1la'Q1lS., Tha IICl~i<J avapo ales vmen p,essu' i
,ali••ad im::n.ha '""ullin,, ""5 ,IS I:oJrnad,
FLAMMABLE LIMITS
In ordar fo' lual 10 bu'n, II is necessary 10 hova ad&
q,Jala ai' Ios~r1CO~l;on, Hlha,e Is 100 muCh or 100
lillie a~, LJ-oII'wI will nal bu'n, The 'ange belw , th
IWD ao! ,~ <;all",," Ihe "liarnnabia limits" oi lhe par
l,o lar 1I.ol1 TNs is lhe ,1lt'Ql in Wh;ch burning III be "'ff
hmhs, lhe nre , m cp cul
The l~e below sllooos lhe 'anl:l&,ol air lhol "'HI eu~r1
carb.Jslion, 1115 >pi"'" in per ca'" 01 ",o;:niOtT1Blfle air, I.a
lha e"'ol amo~nl 01 ai, 'eq~I'ad 10' p"d~<l combusll"",
Fo' ample: 11100 Cu tl 01 air l< ffq.Ji,ed lor pot1ect can
l>JsI.lon 01 '0 O~ n oi nolU'a,I Q8& tha gas will ,ill b~,n wilh
eo Iii!" as 84 <u n01 ai,' or ilh as m~ch as 247 Cu n01 ai'
PERCENT/l,GE OF STOICHIOMETRiC AIR
The 1",,1 shown afa MllJlal QaS oil, ond 0081 Notice
partlcularl~ Ihe exlfama I""ll" 'hal wi!',po'mit caa.1 10 I:oJrn,
ThiS means lhel ~'M coal wilt bu'n e-an Whan the
cmo, ",.I.", is ery low 0' very ~ig~, As a msull, greal
<." ,~I t:e laJ<en 10 ha.a a vary ",lioO'" aou,ca of igni
I"" IOf p::>",,"fed coal 00''''''''
The 11"6 and pjl mixtu'es, ha.lng a mora Iimil"" Ilam
"loOM,\" '''''0'1 mUllI be """"011",," to aosu,a II>.iII lhey slay
"lIhin m l~rnnabla l,milS crICEIlgnlled
IGNITION
To CIIu " 1,-,"1 TO bulO or reeCI wllM 0 (100, hast must
be _ ,The I"",perar~res al whl,h lhe vari"" luel6 i
nile vary g'''''W Tha 'Ollowinij l8bIa gives Iha "I¥',oxi
J!IIlle V'iticl'1 tempe'at~" 01 a lew 01 lhe moat common
1 ,•
The t~'al~'es sM_ a' dIlla,mlned "'" hasling a
mixlu,e oi 1he fuel Bt'ld 'ha prope, amo.ml oi ai, Ullillgni
1I""la<"" DlSce "'W'oval MdIe SOm&limas allow special
Iu,,,,,ce end "" -.s Lhal ha"" a normal oPe'.'ing- lelT\
po'~lu'a "' axcess 01 1400 F, sfnea I" , C<>,.iclllr lhel a
<ombU:Sllon chamber at>ove lhal tampera'ure will raliably
"'II(11t llammable mlxlura A haL>roo~a c<>,d't;on exists
IGMTION TEMPERATURES OF FUELS
Spark i'ln;lion ""'amS, consisting 01 an eleelrl, SP"rk belween t"", el"cl'O<l<ls, are mosl common Dapend;nQ
on "'a anarQY S<.9i'IiM I" IMe a,c, ils lempe'el~'a ";;1 tle well abo lhe ignili""I"""PEJ'alura oi tha luel and al! mi IU'e Arc terrparatu'es In ">oa"" 01 3000 Fare Oommon
TN II'PE' 01 ;""ilion is used "" op;>lianoe., WtnesiiO oil burners, andlo' pnot Q/lS 0' ",.in 0;; Ilam Ignition on oom· merclal 51 burne'•
Olha' I",,'i<>, eystam ora """d on romeslle lype Meal· inO equipmenl and "I¥'1i.neas euch es Maat""" "i,e illn;l.rs catelylic Ign~er,;, aM p;e.oelaot"c ignilers • bul
thElSllII}~"IJl'll ar ",n generally saltslaclory 10, Oomme" oi.1 or in<U;l,i.J i)'P8 equipmenl
flAME PR\JP/l,G/l,T10N RATES
FlAme pm""""'~M rale illnilion valDeity, wln,n~ ,'.iN ity, and ns_ &;>eed a,a synonymous larms ~soo '0 (lef;n Iha 'ales al "h;oh a llama willl,aval th,ou(11 a Ocnr:l~,t;bl mixlur oi luel and a;' If an alact,lc spa'k I, ",aoa ,n II Con· laina' filled "'11M a 11"mmoOla mixlura, il III &<plooe Tha
lhe llarronable ml.rura A<luBI'Y lhe burning slarts in' a small a,,,,, whe'e Iha m,Xlu'e Is Ignited, Tha burning j~al
lhen ignlles more lual.""".""ls Il'1rough Iha spaca until il 'aecheslhe al~ ol/l1e conl8;nar Whe,a tha,e is no combusllble "",terial ""''';;e !his OCCU'S .ary rapldl~, Inare IS a dallnlla Ii"'" 'equi'ed 10' lhe ria"", f'''''1 10 l:I&'ao,o" IMe
Trang 8- , "'9.3'"0 "!><-~ ",rn ~-- (l\'!.!!(!ll~-"~-""• -<0 0"1\ ai~_l ~i~~~~~~~~A32·( ~~g~~~i~
• ~ 0.3 _Q::T",'0,_0 <0 "_g.::IDC: 0 -'"~ i51l'~~.S!.O":I:0 5 c " P j n ~iiii~~,"- ~~~-:,9 i!fc!: -'iil!l",Q.~'l' ~:> 5'" ""<Ii iii <Ii - " =~~<D "'~n,,;>; ~c~* ~cr=- ~§Bo ~~€~~Di5l~i§ii' ~"~~<DIii~~_m~ crS~~=~~~~c_~~ l~mmc~S_ C~~U~~~~ ~ ~i.~~i
:I~;;' ~O ",-g5'5'iP' - - - ~o~_cr" <D3.~o5 o~~~F ~
_ 0 :>~<;JJ
- - "-0 0 0_"'>- l"ii?;;r"'i"~~15!-E",!:! ;; -"I"'" -c.;> 0;"'3;1, ~~J[ ~i§~i~a~~i~~;i ~~~~~~ ~
i i f i ~O '!·.-~i.5,£n ig~""-e: ~1-'!(5:>.'.<T:> ct::_~", oc::rf·"~<D'i'~O)",'!I.il ~ i.:oO)'" <l
l:::- 0'" Ii ?_O·· ", """ :I - ~~~!~l-o~~~~~ ~~5° ~a~~~C_.~d~.gg_ 33c~ii *~a~, ~~=~~~~i~.m"@~ ~~~~p~ n i
.::i!" "" & ~ JO:§::r~3.t,!:!,\liilli-a§ i~"'3 ~!.·r~=g~i ~'~3 ~m=~~.5' 3
, " 0 F~"'O < ''(j:[~5':::i~''! ~_~p",~Sl~ '" z ':I'" il ? 8'i8~g~5~~1 !"' ~~~'"~~!l'!l !" ,."'=5~ - 0-.~-"'llf'O 0
~[<~ -."", - - g,i"' 121ilJ;; ;>1!~-.!'<~ ~i ;:;:&;>O~~:;' limii: ~:>-"-"5'-i 0" l~ l """ " ~~!.,~!.~ " ,jf i:l ~_"" cl,!" '=
i 8.~ ![~ i!'~ 3 i III ~~il!l::!i ~~ Gl o ~5 'i,§~ ~~ 'H _ ~ cO' " 0 iil~~~~~!'.ii~i::! i~~~~~§·i~~ ,,0= ~-i;'" 0l~Q"~8!i E"i·":;;'l~
!_-;;;-~ - ¥;~ii:i~!~ Ol~ Ol'$ 3-l;'&-"''''' 'i'5 0 i5"d6'_" " 0 ~~i~ii;i~il"~:I" - - ~15"~!i~g 0,
~!i8.iil~~"~~ ~=: :E~o"~p!!',l:,,:r<ii ";3 ,12~_IYl
!~~ ~~it~l iii!!!':J"",_~aSl." og ':8: ~ m Oi!li m ~ ~'3-:~] i i C'Z ~!1 ~ 0
Trang 9aboul 0.0210 OA micro,," 11 readily deteoled by awn>
prlal~ ,"""'5
Tl1e !ImCU11 <>I' ulI,a1o'1"'@III\t1l""~led i 'elaled to lhe
~ame 1""'P",ature M lmum radllliion ocou," nea' lhe
bas of the llame anddec,_ _ near Ihe ond of lhe lIame
Tesls iooloal that hlg, I"""",'atum lIa , suoh liS
Ihose on , 0""3clel""" wekJino tD'Ch a' exl,emely rioh
in ull'a.>OI.1 ,adialion
E IOtllL/l.TIOH IN AtlPAIlOUNO nn FLAIr/lE
H""I from Ihe flame cau ai' moleoul 10 ",,'lIde with on ole., Ill> ",""oibly 10 knock acm "Ieeuo,," OUI of
1M 1011"6, lnuo; p'w.,oclng Ions eoo free eleou<Y\O In lhe
~am ,'1""11 ond In a (hln ",elope a'ound the name Tl1is makes 1M llame <ooouolive The lesistance of lhe fl
on a <onv""l;o~ bur r o>Brl ba salow as 100.000 cl">
Trang 10Because name saleg""'d co~lrol, 3'e used on 1"'0" Ir>
<iJslrlal 1!.nd tommarOial bu,~" Ihis rala"""oa Ii.' em
~_'%e lar,." burnars lfl(Ju"na! tJUlnB, ~ "sed lor
p,~ing matarials In pr<:O.><"oo arid """'ulaolurirog
Th<ly inolude oooking ""d baking o,·~, dryir(l kilnS an;I
metallut';lical iur""Ce!l Commorci,1 !Jt.JmotS "' USild 10
heallal\lO o~·;oa Olapartmerll buildings "!'My ara t)ErIa"
ally found on bailors and "aa!ir(l fLJrnao
In<).J51f1al boJrners aro USualty ignilad manwlLy or semi,
au!omatioaLly """ oomma<Oi~1 burna ,,, ~sually ig
M"d aulomolically In soma ca ,he sarna TyP<l of
bUf"'" cen be el'~e' induslrial ar o<ommorc"'l d'f'l/nOnQ
on ils a~oa"o~ Sn'a'l ,i.GS I"'" OOr,,"," L lhan
400.00lJ B1Uh or oil bu'na i!l'$S U ,n 3\)01 """ ~I Can """n
be usad.' domesliO i'esid~~liall bur""
SOME USEFUL DEFINiTiONS
COM8USTION - lheaol or proce" 01 burninQ; Ih '<1Pid
a.,clilli~n 01 lC1SI ac<vmpanle<l by 111 pro<iJct",n of
he ' or heat ar>d Ii(}hl Tobe re <onll>Jstion mU'1 ba
coni roll , by Mop.lralor or a oon\l<>l ,yoram F""I nd
O"l'gen rai,) musl be ml.ad in II pr~r p,~rl,O'l~
and ign,led
AI R·FU£L RATIO _!M ralio of air 5LfJPI~ llow '''Ia 10 luel
"'-'PlJly no r.le ""'",urad In lha same CflIIS ,-,,-;lOl' Ihe
""rna condillons !'or mosl aI'IiCi~~1 burning 10 cub"
feel 01 air afa ~e""'ally r.qu.irM [0' an ornounl ollual
havlr>g a n.·all"IJ valu~ '" 1000 Btu For nalu'aI =
wilh "hearing val,," 011000 Blu per wboc teat I~eq;lli'
"",m .iHuel ratia WOLJi<l ce 10 to 1 A ",iO~· folio (n-o,e
1u~11 of 9 10 1 oLM rOSUliln a cool, I'."i"'" ~8me wI1ile
a "lean" ,allo!ia tue~ or 11 Ie 1 "ould resul! in a [:QOI
blu," flam., In nor"",1 aw'ic",.\"~, ao.'lain "",,"-",I 01
a,ce80 8i' is provl<led
BURNE~ - a davice "hi<:~ inlroouoae luOI an;Iair plOp
"rly mi<ad I1f"o(j in ihOl COrreot prqxll\ into a oom·
bustion ohamoo' Mfa Ihe mixlu'e is t>Jrnad""d 1M
produOis DI oont>C1Sli"" r."."",,,"
FURNACE - an enclo.ad oham""r or slruolu,e", hioh
heal i p'<;dJcect the <ormClSliOfl oharrt><!<
CLOSED (SEALED-IN) I3URNER - alltJ'''''' lOOunlOO O'l
a ILJrnaCD in an al~ignl mannar so a.'1 Ql lhe air requir""
for comb",:,,,,, i~ SUpplied 1,~«)iJQh ,he OO"'''L
OPEN BURNEA - a bu,ne, I'o3vinQ an opening a'ound il
through hiCIl ""cordary air anl~,s lho CllrT()wlion
Chamber; as atsh'9"s/led l'om a cl"""d"",ner Many
bu''''''s ~ave ~ air "'gi5!8r wilh " .U'" 10 alldw W
juslmanl 01 !ha VQI"ma '" sacOf'l<lary air
CHAAGE _ in an irldusl", lumace, 1M """'" ICled nr "'"
leria' , It;h is oong ~
BATCH TYPE FURNACE _ an in<iJsl(lal lurnaca "'al"
aIM rl:lwn perirocally 10 'em"", thQ old oho'O" ""d aCl:l a n chorQO,
CO'lTINUOUS FURNACE - an IrdJstfJol lumar:e ope,
.tad on an ,-",;nlarrupled ,,\,ola I~ ~IC~ 1M Ci'atga II being CONlBr1I1~ a<ti3d 10, "",vad 1~!OUQh ~r : removed from 1M /urnaoe dlslirgJishad ~om a
b'IO~.l\'Pa lurnaca
PRiMART AIR _ Ih9 a" suppliad !h'''''-9'' abu''''' lhol mixes w,th 'M ruel befc,e il ,aao_ I~ ocrnbusl'l>"'1 charme', Jno'udeS alomi"nO ""d c"",,,uolion air
S"CO~OAflT AIR _ air ",hiC~ ,nlrodJead ~t IMl"linlof eorf'C!Uslion; ail w~lch 10 n~t mi<ad il~ 1M lusl t>e/o'a
il 'mla 1M eomoClSlion cMrrb,
8URNER CHARACTERISTICS
Fioi1g fa, is Iha corrt>us!",~ tale, II is Ina 'ale Ol hIC~
~i', lual or 9n Air_I",,1 mid",a i" "'-"P'iad to at"",,", or lurMOd ~xpr,SSe<l'ln volum~ eighl or halJ unlls~Liad
pe, ~nil lime,
rutt>tj~wn 15 iM ralio of 1M ma.imum firing rale '" Iroe
minimum ~""O rale al hiell tI10l ~um~, ill ~,at "'U•
laolorily !'or ~xampl , Ihe ~''''Il W 01 alltJ'''''',,,In a' '0
1 IufMo n 'ange can"" """ad lrom 11lI "",x;mum (100
",,«enl) d::own ID 1/ 01 ils maximum tz.l P'«enI'), A hit;t\
I~,nrl:lwn ralio ',s partloulart~ oo<;l'.t>fe 10' ba!C~-fjpe ",-, nece or olhar< Inal ara shul - perlr;i:jlcall~.A ~iQ'1 ~r
lng r~t9 ,an ba used It> Mal 'he lurnaoe rapidly tn.r Il Is
sI""ed up again Afte.- lho lurnece is _Ied~ 1M nrlng r"" oan be lurnad 00_ ICl normal,
Flam tiow·o" timl!s 1M ma<imwn M"Il rala A flame
ml'lure i.geeaw Ihan 1M veloc, , 01 1M """'" ~ (llama pre,>!I(IiII,,,,, rala) Blow-<J"'o~en raso.JI!$ in "'e ~8tflIl I;$r(l
e':'~I'J;.had, FI~sh"'ok 1i",;15 I~~ minimum ~ling ,ale A nome IMV,," baCk 'l1.'ou~h abu,,,,,, (arid possibly back!CI Il"ea" luel m;xi"l1 POlnl) hen n- flame pr~~I'" ,a'" ;s
Qr9~ler lhan '~a velooii>' <>I1~a ,larinQ alr· 1mIXlu,e,
Sl~bilily is anOIha/ ilT"flllllan' oM,ael"",liO A slIlb" cum ill remain 1;1 over ils no""",1 ·'eroa '" p,,,,,,,,,-,,es ar<! ""'lua' r~I;DS nil i! ;s slill colll "'I rdom t~atura
du'inO <la'IUP! A tlurner ""nnal be cor ide,ad olallie ;"'1 baC1>lJ5ll ,I f\as a pilol M ,,,,I<1Ole bur""r 1 _ ma1 ~
""I drld e~ gas mig'l' a<ccrnulal I" cause an ""pI<> Slon han the p.,OI feignilas Ih9 burner
Flamo 5iIa"" i dependant '-P')n bJrnar 9nd ccnbu'>
llan ~~ deSiO", Tu!bJl.nOfl I1f"o(j hiit' ""II:>:if'" rllSUi! in ~ mi<ing hiet'lpr<XiJcase sho~ CuS/'Iy nsne Dellal'ld mi"ng and 10- ,Iocilies pmctJ••• 1ong ' _ r
Trang 11~o'i~ ~ iH~ ga~]
~ 0i6<>''''"t:''~ Sol' :.fj"''"t)I-;:::JiZ ~E1i£
il l'i ~ ~ og-o~~o8l:l"""z=.rI g, !,,~&Ec.It~l'li!i' ~!~~
WliE~~ ~11:"'!!£ii:i~!ig'i"i J1Sa&i!",~"s~~=W_o~~.3~'5~""
Z"'o:::>E ~ a<J" "'",- ~ 21~1"''.l!",o>j~&~''!-lIl'''~
Trang 12FIG 2_TYPICAL UPSHOT BURNER
"><'
<O""""ON ".,
FIG J_NATURAL_DRAFT BURNER
AA insri(,,~nrJ buml/r IFi~ 4) IAas enh.Jrl acllon 10
brino in primary air, Gas is al~ 10 asoape inlo the c0n
stricted Inroat of a enluri lutaltEconolriclion increoses
tne cas velocity, nlcn lower Ine pr!OSSlJra in lhe Inroal of
Ine tUbe ltE sli""t vaCUlJm IMt is dIMllcpod d'aws oir
InlO lne tUbe The amount of air anlrained incraases as lhe
gas pre55um arKl velocity incraase Large indiJ5t,iai and
commercial burners require nilt' gao prassures This :we
of burner is also called an ini.G~on bumer or a venturi mix
ing burner,
MECHANICAL·DRAFT BURNERS
A mecnanical-d'afr bur""r uses macnnery 10 dell-er
air 10 tna combuollon c~, Twogeneral melhodsa,e
used-lorCed-ci"a~or In<1J<ed dra~,
A rorced-d,alt Oumer IFilJ 5), canmonly called apo '
burner, """" a motor ci"lven Ian or blo r al t"" inlet o( Ille
combustion cnamoor 10 blow air Into Ine ocmbuSljon
chsrrbe' II requi'ed, a<Xlitii:rlal ai, may be provided by
,w ,
"'""VA"
"'"n" '""
FIG 4_INSPIRATING BURNER
FIG 5_FORCED·DAAFT (POWER) BURIlER nalural d'aft or by ""nluri action "'any 01'"" laroer IndusIrial and cnmmerclallJJr""", are power eur"",s
AA induc.d<1ralt bum., IFiO 6) usas a molor-d"iv,"" fen
or blow.r alll1a ouUel oIlne combuotion ch8ittler 10 creale a slient partial v.Ctll1l ,lnin the CMrTDe< This cauaas a sucllon wnicn draws In air
A va'ialion oftnis method is Ine lanmix burner IFIll-7) In wnicn tne fan is nol motor-drIven and is located allhe Infol
to Ina cc.TbJstlon cn8ittler The Ian ;s mecl1anl<:a11y c0u
pled 10 propalkl'·like blades mounled on a free-spinninl/ S/1aft Oriflces e drilled at an angle along theedgoS ofthQ blades HIg, prassure gas (10 to 50 pslg) escaprng Intothe cootllJStion cMmber Ihr~ tne orifices CalJSB5 lhe tH1Ides 10 "pin The sr>nning bl1ldes r01a1e thQlan which e1raws in air
CLOSED AND OPEN BURNERS The amounl of carrtluslion ai, ~iod IMrCilQ1 lhe burner glv,," riee 10 aOdillooallBlms regardir>;j t"" dellvlllY
or air
A clO!JOd or .oai.,Un bumer ie mounted on a furnace In
an elrtiglt manner eo all of Ille air raqulrod for OCn-/:x.lsllon
Ie ~;od through Ihe lJJrner This PB,mlls aC=ura~ a:n11'01 ollne alr·fuel ratio, • wldia ,ange 01 tumace ~ralir>;j
pressure, anel wide ral'"gll 01 firing 'aleo ~u'rrtlwn)
1Hl155&-1
Trang 13AA open tvln8' lIaS an openin~ arocn;! 'I through
WI'llcll_cndllry air Cllf) ""'IB' Ihe CO/TlOuSl''"'' charmer
Clper> OUn'lll'S permit Qreale, capaoilies by vlrl,-"> o! this
adi!;,nll air "","""ver a <x>rrnsp:J01dinoly la'Qa! ""'I ca'
paclty must also be availat>e
Marry burn~t~ hav~ an ai, ~giSlo, around them ",lin .~
edJusl"'l~ shull8' '" pII'mil c,>eralion "' em, , an CI"'" '"
a cloead burna' Ths Ier can also bio r<liuSled 10 con
I'DI Ih~ volu'I1e o! """on",,')' air
3 MIXING TilE FUEL AND AIR
0"" method al classi!ylrtll;lllS burne,s is uf where llie
IJ'lS and ai, are mixed I" pt~m,~nfJ 00'$ bum.~ Jl1e gas
end primary air ,ra ",Ixed belor" [hey ,each 1"" tl.Jmer
porlls) II seoMmry ai' Is also riQuired '!ley are"""",
times oalla<! ","'I1_","mix bumels
/Vi The nome i""lies, I~ non! ",,:.il1l} Qas OOfflltlS tr.a
Il"S on:Ielr are kspl sepIlrale "llhrn Ihe burner 11",,11, bul lhe MI:Ils orifices am deoiQl'ed lo pro'ide rapid m;,lnQ,,1
(Mllulc:ls as I~ lea'i&.ln<l<lIoliYIJ(f mlJdnQ gas ~~m'fs, I~e
rate 01 rYIi>lnglh \IIOurxl air Is ,ery low go Ihell,'\8Y Iravel
a considerable di51ance from lhe i:lJrn." t>9tore m;xlng and blJ,ni~
The thol0L.fQhn8SO 01 mlxinQ de,a.rmlnes 10 a Oreal ex,
1""1 lhe ~Mract risliOt of 'he 1lame, Turbulence Md high vel"'''till!! resull in IJOIX.' ml>,"Il, and prOO<Jce a 51'01(,
Ou<ny I"""" DelayOO ml"'~ ~'Id low , ,loCili prc<%><e ~
long, SI8r>der flame
Trla manne' In which the gas and air are m;>oo lewns
In sevllra! 'l'P9" or premi,inQ nonle mi,.;,g, and ""laved mixing IJ'IS ourners Ttlll a'a ~"olJSS<ld in the SIlchon
,I~I"'" GAS BURNER TYPES
4 IGNITINCl AND aUI'ININCl THE FUEl.AIFl MIXTUFlE
Aomall Qas bums' c~lIed a pilor is usua"~ cUld 10 i""ite larO" 1n<llJSlr 'a'Md commercial gas burna,"ll A c""trn~o~s
pilot (sorT'Ielim, called COIIS'."I sral1O'by, or s,analng pl
lot) bur, wi'l>ou! turnO;Jwn Ih'''''l1'Oul lhe entire tim~ Ire bur"", is In Service, whelhar 01 nal the main burner " fir
,"~ M inleffupled pilot Is,,-n,rtime< called il1nilion plD:1 IS Bulomalically luon£l<l "" each lime there Is a call 1o, hOl8t
and l\lJlemalicall~ Ou' on at the end 01 Ihe "",in burrer
call~ 'u'nord on eaoh lime ,he,e is a ca.li la' ""31 and main' lainord <l:Jrr"O Ire Bnlire run pe';c.j II is hul oN will'! the ma", Ou'""r at lhe end of heel dernEl'ld,
In a manually i~nil.cf bum., luel to I"" main bu'"", " wrred on only loy nand and i""iled llf'odsr lhe super""1""
of an operalo, In on alf1omaHca!It Ig"lled bum.f, ludl Is
a~1orne.ticall~ I",ned on and igniled "hoot lhe pr_nOB
of an operato' At1 alJlomatic bUf" r.,.t1" runs end slope
aU'orne.li,ally, while" somiauromalio burne, reQuires
$omo manual operali,,"," _ talling, ill"llin\l, and slop
P,llg· ",",roval agenoiBs' delinillon~ vary: ref., 10 iha specKiOClli""lslandard fn, I"" pa,tioular a""noy.l 80fh
typlI!! a,e pur., , """1Uern;ed, and mo<lUlau.:t AUlomalioBlly wilh cell.in sfeps end CCO:IIIIOn$ supervi'ed b~
salety inIO"","", Induslrial burnert ~,e usually semieul<>malic 10' man~ai'" Iglitad), whi" ocmmBrcial burnaiS a,a
'!Sua a~lCITIatic
Co'lsiderable oonll,,1 r>! \Ile flame <haracte'isllcs 0""
tle c.jleinord loy r9\JJlalir"IQ lhe relalive """"un,s of primary and ~ry air,
a, Rich mlxle'llI!! (100 Iltile ai~ <XI roJ! t m com~lelely
until ""C<J1dary ai' mi~"" cOlTplelely wilh 11>0 lual The'elo'e a rich miXlu' '""",lis rn a lonQ COOl, ye" (0 ~ame
b \.BiIn mi.tuoes 1100 me~l'! alt] burn more rapidly I"S-n perlect mi,lu, l;>ooCeuse lhey prr;x;klCa a ,'1ghe' flame plq:,aQi'lim ,ale H""",,"er, II, a'cellS air de
cre.ses lhoe ani"iancy r>! lhe bUm&' booCau.e Ihe rapid t:.Jrnino allo 100 muCh """I 10 eacape up Itle "I~Ck A leBn mi.IUia r6,,,II" in a sl'>c~, 0001, Oluo flame
Trang 145 REMO"'I~G THE PROOVCTS OF COMBV'5TlON
The prOCl"ol< or CCO"l'i]u.li~n are uS<Jally r~"'oved f'om
1M comtlu:<\i"" ,~~mtle' as a ","ull of "",pplying combus·
U"" ~ir Ir\ r i , 1 _"",l~ i",lcr:Ie:
a N~I,,'af<jran - P,.:a,,:11 01 t<>"Ttl II"" escape up
Ine c~;mney or alacl< or<! poJll in "",c""dary air
b 1ft<;l1'3IiflQ - ""Iu'; atli<n bri.-.g:< in p,lmal)' ai'
hic~ mi ;I~ 100 Q3ll and di,;places Ihe p'od
uct aI com<M;liM
e ro'<:ad-<l'aft _ a fatl {)( bl ' blows ai' into the
con;tlusliM tt'larrber "tlItn be"" <>Jllhe p,ooucls
aI comtlu:<lion
d Induoed-dra~ - a Ian 0' blower oreales a "'-Jelion
whien dravr,; In air aro:J ""mv"" If>e p,oouc\s of
combu",ion
OTHER FACTORS AfFECTING GAS BURNER
DESIGN
In oddlllM 10 lhe 5 besic fUncllons jusl (jj.C"ilSad
e,al olher leQLJi'amenls may arlectltle deSign"" 0'" P"rn
ing equipment
1, MODULATION OF BVRNER INPUT TO MATCH
LOAD
In rneny caoes;l;s del;iloO", 10 mooulale 1M !LeI Inpul
to lhe bU<oo1 in '''''4X'r"ISa 10 changes in "'«d To maintain
Hiciancy "nder mo:iJlaling conlro~ il 18 neooa:lolary 10
moclulala tha fUal and ail "Ul'PI'as lli lta"'""u.t,- Tha
range "" nring ralas ovar which satisfactory oaTtl",,:,on
may be cblained i raferred 10 as lhe I"r~ range ~I
If>e b"rnar Mo:iJlalion may be ec.-.in"o,,~ lI>t~'-O'"dtllh;
range, or if may in""l", ont,- high-and "' ·!ir pasilit:lrlS
sa_aral me,,,,,, am uoed to obtain mo:iJlellM
a Simullanooua adjuslme: "" If>e air reg"lIe' er a~
~ arYl the 0"" val"" - Il U!Il.I8lt,- is diflicuille
cblain a wide 'enge aI lurl"lClown b)I Ihis mea""
chiefly t>e<euie er tf>e "" 1nrW cMraclerlaties aI
datrpars and Iv,,"
D Varying \he gas pressu - Th;s means Is partIe,,"
larty ""eclmo wr.e all air for combusllon IS I.,
'4lltale<:l i~ a venlUrl sectIon by the energy Ql a high
pressur gas stream llis alSO affective In elher al·
mowl'e,it b"tnefS
c Varyi~" t~e air pressure - This means provid't!! a
large tumdown rallc In aspirating t)pe Du,ner
whet" lhe ~ IS enlrained b)I lhe high ","""ily air
sIt""m
do Pr~p::mio-.al ml'ing I~ ablower _ A large turndown
rallo <an be cblained b)i IhiS m ns "llh unlls he""
i~g """tielly desi""ed air and gas val_ conlrol
Une ruer ,d air inpul to a mectw1lcal blower
e varyi~g the 0'" pre""u,a!o change lhe"-; of a
O"&d'iven fa~ which is ind.Jcing air fer o<>rT1bu&ion
~anmi t>urne~
2 PREVENTION 01" FLASHBACK
Valv,," and preml.i"g bume" " sWject 10 ~aaroack
"ndar ecrne corYlil"'n• Flaort:.cl< ""cu when If>e "'Icc
Ily allf>e alr-oas mix lure Ihf"Wl1' If>e burner po"" I!I I
1tw1 If>e flame pr~gallon rale It o~en ""c" al mini_ mum firing ral,,", Flasrmck "",y result f'~m:
Low gas pre""um
leaking gas .alve, lean gas-al' mixture
Buma' ports or p~ 100 lar~e
Exe"",iv lernperalure alltle Qas-air mi'l"ra Exc"""lv I~tature alltle burner pons CI! plr:m
l~sutliCienl d'at!
ir"lSulllcie,u combustion speoe
3 PROVISION OF SMOOTH IGNlTlON Among fae!e,s iml"""ci"ll Q3ll burner 1""llion are 1M
IoIlowing:
Locallon and number aI pIlQlS
Opening cf>eracterislic" 011tle Qas alva Manifold charel"llilme
Burner draft condiUens
O;;rtb.JSIiM chambe' lemperal~re
Flame "q:>1QiIl",n rale
n lollowing"" a Jew 01 ihe many means ' - "10 ,,<>vOle ,.,Ih au",1 i""il:""
SIQW-<J;>ljfli~ O"s "Iv,,"
Muiliple pilOlli f~r simullaneous i(Tlilion al ,oj PJ'~l$
PilOl local ion al poi~l of nrsl gas daliv"l)'
l.lJ fif~ ~ralion unlil slacl< and corrb.i&llon chember a'e wa'm
GAS BURNER TYPES
Tl>e'" sr~ many lyPM of O"s burners ar'ld Ihere;6 nol al '" S "'arp di!ltlnclloo between types l~ fOCi, rTCISl
t>.J'~er:l ara a con-tlI""lion 01 2 br rmre fYPElS ~ng
~n 1M mell1o::ts or elassl~cellon For a "",n Wicolion Soe, "al ",Ust.lclory dasi"na can be worked oul
Gas b.u"t18'S range in capaCity lrc:m abo"l 20 10 l1'O)I"a than 100.000 ccbiC f "" gas per heur D~lng en ,he heliti"ll value allhe gas uoed !hls ,ange ill l'om aI:o.rI 10.000 Bluh (BIu's per i"oIJrt /or small ~Iie burrlEl!S t~
".,.er 300 million Bluh for la'lJ! Indusl,;al erd cemme,clal bume'S MO!iI Q3llburMrs ara ortopr'Dle 10 ~da 'ilfIQa!lal capaCity, gas pr re and ~ t-earing value merely b)I char"(Ji"ll o'ifice sizes arod air 'IOgI!II -~in~ n rebll
~ Is dltllcullle a l"" ••i:z& '1lnQIl 10 a partl""l t)pe of burMr
Sr:>Too oorl'/enillnl CI .iliCiliol'le 01 gas burM'S ar b)I drafllype, port type and mlxlflQ~ Toblg I "'"., lhe mi.ing types comrronly used ",il~ tna _.,IOV!J dran ~
erd port ~ !lllathar con_lent olasslnCall"" 1""1 Is
srmell"",s <&ld Is the ph;SoioOi ~ 01 If>e ~u,_ Tl>e
"""I caTVTllln ef Ih••a ~ will t>e dMcrlb9:l rn I~is
saclion
DRAFT TYPES These lypea M"" already _ oesc'lbed r~ lhe as;
lia'l a'I GAS BUflNER fUNcnONS (fUnCUM Nc 1-11 l"",iflQ Air to Itle cO'tt1Uln"'~ C/IerW:lerl In ' ••1 , I""" inclcr:le:
Trang 15"' 0 " .::l ~~_.~ ~P;i~~io ~~~~~i~~~~~m ~ ~"'~"' _ _ a_DD~ ~j'''_''':T;J.
:"'i'~i<§' i5 _ ib~ :T'" 'O~=01lil Q'5l~:>c HI" , ~!~ -.:3 ~ill~; on ililR ~';~ ~
Trang 16Ir,e lile w;jl fe;l1'ile the ga5·~;r mi>lurB Th'" 1IVllilo ""'
10 mainlain ig~ilion ,'" rWLlO& !IUhtlaCk IlN:l bl""'<lll
Tl'1e presence 01 lha lile ,_It~ in • <1'o:;r1~' ~""'" ""ich
te<1ds 10 be more Iable 0"8' b 00 ,on"" 01 input FiQ 10
snows a typical lillJ-PO't ~umer
TIle mosl common 111&1'0"1 IJurner ;1 " TIJN"lEL
BURNER, so called be<a""" !Me [;til r u a O()1iCal 01 "rIO'>
drioal h04e (!lame lunn"l) WOOlll' Its omte' AcU 1"""'"
toJsll"" begins in tha (un l FoQ 11 ,no"", a 'un toJmer
which L.lSGS no le mi.ir(l ~t<ltTl;.I"ll1O al"" eft , ~
capacltl range from 400 10 1~,OOO C<be feel 01 " ' " PO'
hoor
The FLAT FlJ;,ME eUANEA (0< ""l1k1ing 1lUnf~
""own in Fig 1:/, Is aoluaUy a rTo:;dincallon '" Ihe lu
t;Io.Jrn~r The :~nnel IlIlhe life ChBnQaS f'om a cylirdar 10 a
w;cjg-",,~" ConG, Gas Is ",rayed into an ai,,,,,,,,,,,, apir>
nin", , ~;g~ velocity The l1"li aro:l a;1 ale _II m"ad al!he
e<'l'anoe '0 '~e lile aro:llh,own _ along !he waif of
t~e Ilia T1'1e ml~lure toJ'ns in a flaI flatnll!hel ftlI_lha
00'1"", 0' lhe lila A Wieal llama may be ontya few inch9s
long ~ori<JXJlalty bul save,al 1In dlamalar The 9sme
h le Iha lila and lhe ,efraelory surface oll~a su'l"Oi¥dng
lu,na<;e wall or roof by CO.- cllon These roel relraclory
"ur1'ac,," t~en radiale heBI to lhe WQrkload, '85Uftlng In
.ery ""Ifo,m lemperalures The flaillame t:unar 15 used
in bolh sdawalls and 'txlls 01 irdJSlrial Iu,nac,," aro:l
ovans
T1'1e RADIANT+lEAD BURNER (Fill IJ) heS rel'a<!Qry
blocks InslMd of a liIe 'in>.i-The g:<l$-al' m"lu,e Is IlIleao;ed
"aOIOry blOCks CorTtlllslion begina he'e heeling lhe
blOC~ 10 Inear1dascanca The blocks radiale m<lI<l of lhe
heal Ie l~e workload and incr !he ftame p'opaQalm
rala This "l'?" ~l toJr ,;$ usualty used !or amoll txlilers C81;Jao,li '8'Vi I,om 50 10 15,000 oubic r 1or \l8-i per
-,
MIXIN(; TYPES
""""Ihe' conv ,1enI go" bu,ne, cl lflcation i" by lhe positlM and manna, In w~lch lhe gas aro:l corrbJ"llon >i' ale b,ouQ~1 l">l"l~e, They can be cl ifled as p'<ITlixlng
"""'-Ie mi.lng, 0' dslayed ml~ing toJrne's
PREMI~ING 8URNERS lAGS 14 TI-lROUGH 17)
In a preml'l"" burner, the gas aro:l prjmary oir are
mi.e<l tlelcra lr>oy ",,110 the toJme' porlls) The ml,e, JTI8lI
be an fnspIra''''II.• ,iral;"" 0' Ian mixing type The toJ'r>
ar proper ae",es ontv as a llama 1YJlde< maimoining lhe ftame in !he ~,ed locallon Theoratlc".I;~, 111ha "'oclt)'
01 lhe >l8Wi' mlxlura EQ->III, Ihe flama propagell<:r" 'ala, Iha flame will 9Land$lall"",,,-ry al , polf'll III which igIlUm
ie awlled AoluaJl~, a 'e1&II.eIy cOQl t:lJI'TlIII" no", (0' por1)
is n-:Qj a ne.me "Bl)jlr- n-e"""" PO~ ~<'-lhe flame 11 II ad'<an<e5 100 "., Into lhe PO~ <1.00 10 • ~
lary fluolualion in ml,lu,e veloelly
Air ""d gao ara lho'r:u:1'I~ m;,Q<l1n ~ prarrlltlng toJrn
ar, 'esulllnQ in II shOfl, hoi ~am8 wllh hl~ naal 'el T1'18 INSPIAATING BURNER ,ISO carted 1"i""~t>7
burner 0' venWtf mi;ri1llJ burn." u""'" - t " 101lon 10 tlrl"" In primary al, The hiQh eloC'1y '" lhe l1"li orseaping in,o the oonslrloled Ih,oal 01 a van/u,i ILbD lDMlrs tr pnot
sure and dra1l'S In (enlral"" or ~,al8!l pnmary alr T1'1
Is lhe <:r"1~ type of m"a, wllf'l .CI'l , , ai, ~iow
requi'ed
71-97!l56-1
Trang 17fIG 10 _TYPICAL' TILE_PORT (RADIANT] BURWEll, (C"Ufl<S~ 0' North AmeriG/l!! Mg Cf,., Cll,vel~~cf Ohio.)
In the sl, sla(l<> mi shOwn In F;g, 14 high pre.
SUfe Q<lS cl;sc~",lllng Irem the spLJd (gas ori!I,.) forms a Mig, oeloclt1 jet in It>\! IMroal of the v ,turi-lil<& l>::>C'f The
0"" jilt Inspi'.t"" air in or<lpOnion to the gas II""" and lhe
gas and air are m"i>(l The grad""l ""Ia",,"me~t O! the bo<:I)I 'es,,''! In Ihe mixtur8 eiQclly returning 10 sl"(,< ples
~vrg AdjLJSt;ng the position of the disc prOOu'''' 1M
,c••• d<roiIed air-fuel fallo
In domestic and low-ruly Indu.\';a' burners, the I., OilS pressures available for llIl~~r.1 """ ~r9 adequale 10
iflopl'ete enolJ\11 primary air Larger burners require much
mor~ primary ai' and tn~r"o", nl<;lher gas pressures
InciJ"lrlal Inspiralo's r>ea<lal 1&51 5 PSi\! ~r manufaeturoo
n , " " ,
~"".""."
gas, and at , _'0 p5;g for nalural s_ Induslrlal blJr""rs
typically r'4';" M air-fUel rallo of about 6 10 1, will> mo'a
seeordluy ai, """'0 al the IlJrna.C<! P,~na or bula""
gas eM"'" be used w'Ih irld",u;al bur""", 000."", lI",se
fuerl ,,,,,,,i,e "" ai,·!v«1 ,allo or oboul ~ 0' JO 10 1 Thl
Jl"<lth If oannol blI in""i'ated with a"'l ,,,,'mel gas
o,a.;sure,
fiG 11_TUNNEL eURNER, (From GmI1lW,,,,,
a.".la"", 01>0.)