THE BALANCE SHEET POCKET BOOK phần 7 ppt

THE BALANCE SHEETINTERNAL FORMAT ● The format examined to this point has addressed an internal report to the Management Team ● The focus has been to consider the Management decisions in

THE BALANCE SHEET

COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS

‘The Balance Sheet tells me the value of the business.’

No Remember the shareholders own the business and therefore the value of the business is the cost of acquiring those shares, ie:

Number of shares x Share Price

There are many reasons why this is not the same as the Balance Sheet value of Shareholders’ Funds For instance, some of the business’s value does not

appear on the Balance Sheet, eg:

- Employee skills

- Market Opportunities

- Order Book

- Market value of Fixed Assets or Stocks

THE BALANCE SHEET

INTERNAL FORMAT

● The format examined to this point has addressed an internal report to

the Management Team

● The focus has been to consider the Management decisions in respect of the:

Use of Funds (Net Assets Employed) made available to the business from a number of external sources:

Source of Funds (Net Capital Employed)

● Management must account for and make a return on the Net Capital Employed

● The Report provides essential management information

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THE BALANCE SHEET

PUBLISHED FORMAT

The Balance Sheet

published format

A Report to the Owners of the Business

the Shareholders

● The published format is structured to feature the different needs of the Shareholders - the owners of the business

● The Shareholder is seeking to trace that part of the business funded by the

Shareholders either through Share Capital or Reserves

● This change of end user requires a change of format only The accounting terms

used to this point are retained with the same definitions

THE BALANCE SHEET

REPORTS TO THE SHAREHOLDERS

Internal Format

£’000

Less:

Current Liabilities 290

Net Assets Employed 700

Financed by:

Shareholders’ Funds 500

Net Capital Employed 700

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Published Format

£’000

Less:

Current Liabilities 290

(Working Capital)

Total Assets less

Less:

Creditors/Loans (greater than 1 year) 200

Capital and Reserves Share Capital 300 Reserves 200

THE BALANCE SHEET

PUBLISHED FORMAT

● In most companies the Balance Sheet is subject to external audit

(Note: different rules now apply for small companies)

● Current Liabilities includes all items due for payment within the next financial year

● Creditors and Loans (greater than one year) includes items of indebtedness required to be paid in the future but not in the next 12 months

● The format provides summary information only - the report is supported with detailed notes cross referenced to the Balance Sheet

● The format is required to show the comparative figures for the preceding year

SECTION 2

THE PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

Page

Operating Profit 78

Financing Costs 82

Example 85

Published Format 90

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PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

LINK BETWEEN FINANCIAL REPORTS

● Revenue performance is assessed in respect of a defined trading period

● The Balance Sheet provides a picture of the business investment at a specific

point in time, eg:

- at the start of the trading period

- and at the end of the trading period

● The Profit and Loss Account reports what happened, in terms of Revenue Performance, between those Balance Sheet dates

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

BALANCE SHEET

"End Point"

BALANCE SHEET

"Start Point"

TRADING PERIOD

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

DIFFERENT APPROACHES

Companies use many different formats and styles to report their revenue or profit

performance internally, eg:

● Trading Account ● Operating Statement ● Revenue Account, etc

Whatever the name, the statement will be reporting on some or all of this part

of the business model

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PRODUCTS / WORKING CAPITAL

Sales Attributable Cost Operating Profit Interest Tax Earnings Dividend Retained Profits

Less:

Less:

Less:

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

REVENUE PERFORMANCE

Hence the Profit and Loss Account is a statement of revenue performance over a given period of time showing:

● The value of products or services sold - Sales

● The costs the business has incurred in meeting those sales

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

PROFIT NOT CASH

The Profit and Loss Account measures the profit or loss made on the goods sold

during the period

● It does not measure the cashflows into and out of the business

● This is an essential difference

● Cashflow is a vital part of the financial management of the business and is dealt

with separately in the Cashflow Statement

(see further The Managing Cashflow Pocketbook)

● To manage a business both Profit and Cash must be considered

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PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

PROFIT NOT CASH

SALES

This is the value of product or

services sold during the period

(excluding Value Added Tax)

NOT

the amount of cash collected

(Any sales not yet paid for by

the customer will appear on the

Balance Sheet as Debtors/Receivables.)