Choice b reverses the subject and predicate, creating awkward word order.. Choice e changes to make decisions into deciding, creating an awkward sentence because the sentence opens with
Trang 1assumptions make a logical connection between the premise and conclusion of the argument It is
possible that the speaker’s leadership ability will be questioned by the Task Force findings (choice d) or that the Task Force wants to hire more police officers (choice e), but these two assumptions also do not
link the premise and conclusion
Sentence Correction
51 c Choices a, b, and d have problems with word order In choices a and d, the modifier presumed to be genetic or partially genetic in origin is misplaced In b, the subject and predicate are reversed Choice e
is unnecessarily wordy and redundant
52 a The original is the most clear and correct version Choices b and c are unnecessarily wordy, and c also creates a sentence fragment with the semicolon Choice d is awkward and unclear, and the use of
since in choice e is illogical.
53 b The correct idiom is hazard a guess All of the other choices incorrectly express the idiom In
addi-tion, the idiom completes an independent clause, and we need more data to draw a real conclusion is
also an independent clause; they cannot be separated with a comma, so choices a and d are also
incorrect
54 d This choice is nearly identical to a, except that choice a makes a mistake in subject-verb agreement
(have instead of has, which must be singular to agree with each) Choice b reverses the subject and
predicate, creating awkward word order Choice c disrupts the parallel structure of the list, and choice
e is slightly wordy and less direct than choice d.
55 c Errors is a plural noun, so it should be modified by fewer, not less Thus, choices a, b, and e are incorrect Choice e also reverses the word order, placing the modifier less after the noun Choice d is incorrect because it is less concise than choice c and the placement of 20% to 30% in parenthesis is
slightly awkward and less direct than in choice c.
56 b Choices a, c, and d are wordy and redundant, with a being the most problematic Choice e changes
to make decisions into deciding, creating an awkward sentence because the sentence opens with a
par-ticiple rather than an infinitive clause, suggesting action already in progress rather than action that will
be taken once reasons for punishment are understood
57 c The correct idiom is to live a life of privilege, so choices a and d are incorrect Choice b is wordy (simultaneously repeats while and she is repeated unnecessarily), as is choice e (wealth is redundant
with life of privilege).
58 e This is the most correct and concise version Choices a, b, and d are less concise, and d creates an
illogical sentence by changing have to having Choice c is incorrect because declining over the last 20
years is misplaced and as a result modifies main reason.
59 e Choice a reverses the subject and predicate Choice b is correct but is less effective than choice e
because it sets up the two items of information as equal—that stalking is probably as old as human
society and its definition Choice e uses probably as old as human society as an introduction to the focus
of the sentence—the definition of stalking Choice e is also more direct and does not need to repeat
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Trang 2the verb is Choice c uses the phrase the definition of stalking is rather than the more direct stalking is defined as Choice d puts the definition before the word being defined, which is less effective, making
readers wait until they have finished the definition to find out what is being defined
60 c This choice maintains the parallel structure necessary in a not only/but also construction Choices a
and d disrupt the parallel structure, and d is also wordy Choice b uses the grammatically incorrect
phrase being that Choice e has two problems First, it creates an illogical sentence by changing as
hav-ing to as it has If you eliminate the whether clause in the middle of the sentence, the core sentence would read Typically people think of genius as it has two qualities, not only supernatural but as well eccentric Second, it changes not only/but also to not only/but as well, an incorrect idiom.
61 a Choice b is a run-on sentence Choice c inserts an unnecessary which clause, making the sentence unnecessarily wordy Choice d misplaces the modifier a system of recording, analyzing, and reporting economic transactions, which should be as close as possible to accounting Choice e has awkward word
order and the indirect and bulky phrase in that it is.
62 b Choices a, c, and e are incorrect because the helping verb is is required to make the sentence logical Choice e is also missing the preposition through, which is necessary for the correct meaning as sug-gested by the context of the sentence Choice d uses the preposition by instead of through, which is
inconsistent with the final phrase and also less correct as suggested by the context of the sentence
63 d Choice a uses a double superlative, combining most and a modifier with -est Choice b uses a double comparison as well, using more and a modifier with -er Choice c incorrectly uses evolving instead of evolved, changing a modifier to a verb and making the sentence illogical Choice e makes evolutionarily
an adverb, which creates an awkward and unclear sentence
64 c The proper idiom is in conjunction with Choices a and e are therefore incorrect Choices b and d are
incorrect because the pronoun who, not that, must be used to refer to doctor.
65 d Choice a is wordy and redundant Choice b is correct, but it is less effective than choice d because the word choice and sentence structure are less sophisticated Choice c has an error in subject-verb
agreement (problems shows) and has awkward word order Choice e has a misplaced modifier;
because of its placement, lacking computer-related skills modifies today’s job market.
66 a This is a complicated sentence, and many phrases and clauses separate the subject story from the
verb is (this subject-verb pair is not the main subject of the sentence but the subject and verb in the
that clause describing what Jung and Campbell believed) Because story is the subject, choice c is
incor-rect; the verb must be singular Choices d and e are incorrect because they do not provide a verb to complete the clause; rather, they create an additional clause or phrase Choice b creates a sentence
fragment by inserting a semicolon after people.
67 c The correct idiom is based on, so all other choices are incorrect.
68 d The pronoun who should be used to refer to people Choices a and c are therefore incorrect The
clause who suffer from antisocial personality disorder is necessary to describe which people demonstrate
a disturbing emotional shallowness Choices b and e do not use a pronoun to create such a clause,
mak-ing the sentence unclear and/or illogical
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Trang 369 e Choices a, b, and c misplace the modifier in protracted space flight, which should follow astronauts, and a also misplaces brought on by weightlessness, which should follow atrophy Choice c also makes an error in the idiom brought on by Choice d is wordy.
70 b All of the other choices are unnecessarily wordy and/or less direct Choices a and e also disrupt the parallel structure of the list Choice e is also awkward.
71 e The correct idiom is of a like mind All other choices are therefore incorrect.
72 a This is the most concise version Choice b disrupts the parallel structure by turning the modifier
renowned into a clause Choices c and d are wordy Choice e incorrectly uses being to create an
awk-ward sentence
73 c Choice a misplaces the modifier also called genetic engineering, which should immediately follow recombinant DNA technology Choice b turns what should be the predicate of the sentence (the main
action and focus of the sentence) into a huge introductory phrase, shifting the emphasis onto also
called genetic engineering, which becomes the new predicate Choice d incorrectly uses the wordy and
indirect phrases the cutting of instead of the infinitive to cut and the combination of them with instead
of combine them with Choice e is wordy.
74 b Choice a is a run-on sentence, which choice b corrects by changing the comma to a semicolon Choice c creates a wordy and awkward sentence Choice d changes the meaning of the sentence and
makes it unclear—90% more of what? Choice e is also a run-on.
75 d Choice a is an unclear sentence because it could refer to several antecedents, including foreign body, molecules, immune system, and species The correct antecedent is immune system Choice e also has an
error in subject-verb agreement (species requires a singular verb—reacts).
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Trang 5active voice when the subject is performing the action (as opposed to passive voice)
ad hominem a logical fallacy in which the arguer attacks a person rather than the person’s claim
agreement the state of being balanced in number (e.g., singular subjects and singular verbs; plural antecedents and plural pronouns)
antecedent the word or phrase to which a pronoun refers (e.g., Jane kissed her son)
argument a set of claims with a conclusion (main claim) and one or more premises supporting that conclusion
begging the question a logical fallacy in which the conclusion repeats the premise
bias a strong inclination or preference for one person, position, or point of view over others
cause a person, thing, or action that makes something happen
chronological order when events are arranged by time (the order in which the events occurred or will occur)
claim a statement with a truth value
clause a group of words containing a subject and predicate (e.g., as he came running)
comparative the adjective form showing the greater degree in quality or quantity, which is formed by
adding -er (e.g., happier) or less (e.g., less beautiful)
C H A P T E R
Verbal Section Glossary
12
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Trang 6comparison the discovery of similarities between two or more items or ideas
complex sentence a sentence with at least one dependent and one independent clause
compound sentence a sentence with at least two independent clauses
conclusion in critical reasoning, the main claim of an argument (the assertion it aims to prove)
conjunctive adverb a word or phrase that often works with a semicolon to connect two independent clauses
and show the relationship to one another (e.g., however, therefore, likewise)
contraction a word that uses an apostrophe to show that a letter or letters have been omitted (e.g., can’t)
contrast the discovery of differences between two or more items or ideas
coordinating conjunction one of seven words—and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet—that serve to connect two
independent clauses
dependent clause a clause that has a subordinating conjunction and expresses an incomplete thought
diction word choice
direct object the person or thing that receives the action of the sentence
effect an event or change created by an action
fragment an incomplete sentence (it may or may not have a subject and predicate)
gerund the noun form of a verb, which is created by adding -ing to the verb base
helping verb (auxiliary verb) verbs that help indicate exactly when an action will take place, is taking place, did take place, should take place, might take place, and so on
independent clause a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand on its own
indirect object the person or thing that receives the direct object
infinitive the base form of a verb plus the word to (e.g., to go)
intransitive verb a verb that does not take an object (the subject performs the action on his-/her-/itself)
logical reasonable, based upon reasoning and good common sense, not emotional
logical fallacy a flaw or error in reasoning
main idea the controlling idea of a passage
mechanics the rules governing punctuation, capitalization, and spelling
modifier a word or phrase that describes or qualifies a person, place, thing, or action
non sequitur a logical fallacy in which the connection between a premise and conclusion is unstated; jump-ing to conclusions
order of importance when ideas are arranged by rank, from most to least important or least to most important
paragraph one or more sentences about one main idea, set off by indenting the first line
participial phrase the adjective form of a verb, which is created by adding -ing to the verb base
passive voice when the subject of the sentence is being acted upon (passively receives the action)
past participle the verb form expressing what happened in the past, formed by a past-tense helping verb plus the simple past-tense form of the verb
phrase a group of words that do not contain both a subject and a predicate (e.g., in the box, will be going)
post hoc, ergo propter hoc a logical fallacy that assumes X caused Y just because X preceded Y
predicate the part of the sentence that tells us what the subject is or does
premise a claim given in support of a conclusion in an argument
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