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quotation marksQUOTATION MARKS The examples below are set off in order to avoid confusion over the use of single and double quotation marks.. They are often used ironically: She ran aro

QUIET/QUITE

This is probably caused by a slip of the fingers more often than by a slip of the mental gears, but one often sees “quite” (very) substituted for “quiet” (shhh!) This is one of those common errors your spelling checker will not catch, so look out for it

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QUOTE

A passage doesn’t become a quote (or—better—"quotation") until you’ve quoted it The only time to refer to a “quote” is when you are referring to someone quoting something When referring to the original words, simply call it a passage

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quotation marks

QUOTATION MARKS

The examples below are set off in order to avoid confusion over the use of single and double

quotation marks.

There are many ways to go wrong with quotation marks They are often used ironically:

She ran around with a bunch of “intellectuals.”

The quotation marks around “intellectuals” indicate that the writer believes that these are in fact so-called intellectuals, not real intellectuals at all The ironic use of quotation marks is very much

overdone, and is usually a sign of laziness indicating that the writer has not bothered to find the precise word or expression necessary

Advertisers unfortunately tend to use quotation marks merely for emphasis:

“FRESH” TOMATOES

59 CENTS A POUND

The influence of the more common ironic usage tends to make the reader question whether these tomatoes are really fresh Underlining, bold lettering, all caps—there are several less ambiguous ways to emphasize words than placing them between quotation marks

In American usage, single quotation marks are used normally only for quoted words and phrases within quotations

Angela had the nerve to tell me “When I saw ‘BYOB’ on your invitation, I assumed it

meant ‘Bring Your Old Boyfriend’.”

British usage tends to reverse this relationship, with single quotation marks being standard and

double ones being used only for quotations within quotations (The English also call quotation marks

“inverted commas,” though only the opening quotation mark is actually inverted—and flipped, as well.)

Single quotation marks are also used in linguistic, phonetic, and philosophical studies to surround words and phrases under discussion; but the common practice of using single quotation marks for short phrases and words and double ones for complete sentences is otherwise an error

Block quotations like this should not be surrounded by any quotation marks at all (A

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quotation marks

passage this short should not be rendered as a block quotation; you need at least three

lines of verse or five lines of prose to justify a block quotation.) Normally you should

leave extra space above and below a block quotation

When quoting a long passage involving more than one paragraph, quotation marks go at the

beginning of each paragraph, but at the end of only the final one Dialogue in which the speaker changes with each paragraph has each speech enclosed in its own quotation marks

Titles of books and other long works that might be printed as books are usually italicized (except, for

some reason, in newspapers); but the titles of short poems, stories, essays, and other works that would

be more commonly printed within larger works (anthologies, collections, periodicals, etc.) are

enclosed in quotation marks

There are different patterns for regulating how quotation marks relate to other punctuation Find out which one your teacher or editor prefers and use it, or choose one of your own liking, but stick to it

consistently One widely accepted authority in America is the Chicago Manual of Style, whose

guidelines are outlined below English, Canadian, Australian and other writers in British-influenced countries should be aware that their national patterns will be quite different, and variable

In standard American practice, commas are placed inside quotation marks:

I spent the morning reading Faulkner’s “Barn Burning,” which seemed to be about a

pyromaniac

Periods are also normally placed inside quotation marks (with the exception of terms being defined, see above) Colons and semicolons, however, are preceded by quotation marks

If the quoted matter ends with a question mark or exclamation point, it is placed inside the quotation marks:

John asked, “When’s dinner?”

But if it is the enclosing sentence which asks the question, then the question mark comes after the quotation marks:

What did she mean, John wondered, by saying “as soon as you make it”?

Similarly:

Fred shouted, “Look out for the bull!”

but

When I was subsequently gored, all Timmy said was “this is kinda boring”!

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quotation marks

Finally, I must lament that many standard character sets, including ASCII and basic HTML, lack true quotation marks which curl to enclose the quoted matter, substituting instead ugly “inch” or “ditto” marks Some browsers can translate the code for a true quotation mark (and true, curled apostrophes), but many cannot

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RACISM

The “C” in “racism” and “racist” is pronounced as a simple “S” sound, Don’t confuse it with the

“SH” sound in “racial."

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RACK/WRACK

If you are racked with pain or you feel nerve-racked, you are feeling as if you were being stretched on that Medieval instrument of torture, the rack You rack your brains when you stretch them vigorously

to search out the truth like a torturer “Wrack” has to do with ruinous accidents, so if the stock market

is wracked by rumors of imminent recession, it’s wrecked

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RAN/RUN

Computer programmers have been heard to say “the program” s been ran,” when what they mean is

“the program” s been run."

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RAPPORT

Many more people hear this word, meaning “affinity,” than read it, judging by the popularity of various popular misspellings such as "rapore” and “rapoire.” If you get along really well with someone, the two of you have rapport

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RATIO

A ratio is a way of expressing the relationship between one number and another If there is one

teacher to fifty students, the teacher/student ratio is one to fifty, and the student/teacher ratio fifty to one If a very dense but wealthy prince were being tutored by fifty teachers, the teacher/student ratio would be fifty to one, and the student/teacher ratio would be one to fifty As you can see, the order in which the numbers are compared is important

The ratios discussed so far are “high"—the difference between the numbers is large The lowest possible ratio is one to one: one teacher to one student If you are campaigning for more individual

attention in the classroom, you want a higher number of teachers, but a lower student/teacher ratio

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RATIONALE/RATIONALIZATION

When you’re explaining the reasoning behind your position, you’re presenting your rationale But if you’re just making up some lame excuse to make your position appear better—whether to yourself or others—you’re engaging in rationalization

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