Machinery''''s Handbook 2th Episode 4 Part 3 pot

Liquid Measure 1 British Imperial gallon = Note: Figures in Bold indicate exact conversion values Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition... Continued Cubic Measure and Conversion Factors Mac

FRACTIONAL INCH TO MI

Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly All values in this table are exact Example: Convert 2123⁄64 inches to millimeters Solution: From the first page of this

table, find 20 inches = 508.0 millimeters and add to that 123⁄64 inches = 34.528125 millimeters found at the intersection of the 1- inch column and the row containing

23⁄64 inch Thus, 2123⁄64 inches = 508.0 + 34.528125 = 542.528125 mm, exactly

33/64 13.096875 38.496875 63.896875 89.296875 114.696875 140.096875 165.496875 190.896875 216.296875 241.696875 267.096875 521.096875 775.096875 1029.096875 17/32 13.49375 38.89375 64.29375 89.69375 115.09375 140.49375 165.89375 191.29375 216.69375 242.09375 267.49375 521.49375 775.49375 1029.49375 35/64 13.890625 39.290625 64.690625 90.090625 115.490625 140.890625 166.290625 191.690625 217.090625 242.490625 267.890625 521.890625 775.890625 1029.890625 9/16 14.2875 39.6875 65.0875 90.4875 115.8875 141.2875 166.6875 192.0875 217.4875 242.8875 268.2875 522.2875 776.2875 1030.2875 37/64 14.684375 40.084375 65.484375 90.884375 116.284375 141.684375 167.084375 192.484375 217.884375 243.284375 268.684375 522.684375 776.684375 1030.684375 19/32 15.08125 40.48125 65.88125 91.28125 116.68125 142.08125 167.48125 192.88125 218.28125 243.68125 269.08125 523.08125 777.08125 1031.08125 39/64 15.478125 40.878125 66.278125 91.678125 117.078125 142.478125 167.878125 193.278125 218.678125 244.078125 269.478125 523.478125 777.478125 1031.478125 5/8 15.875 41.275 66.675 92.075 117.475 142.875 168.275 193.675 219.075 244.475 269.875 523.875 777.875 1031.875 41/64 16.271875 41.671875 67.071875 92.471875 117.871875 143.271875 168.671875 194.071875 219.471875 244.871875 270.271875 524.271875 778.271875 1032.271875 21/32 16.66875 42.06875 67.46875 92.86875 118.26875 143.66875 169.06875 194.46875 219.86875 245.26875 270.66875 524.66875 778.66875 1032.66875 43/64 17.065625 42.465625 67.865625 93.265625 118.665625 144.065625 169.465625 194.865625 220.265625 245.665625 271.065625 525.065625 779.065625 1033.065625 11/16 17.4625 42.8625 68.2625 93.6625 119.0625 144.4625 169.8625 195.2625 220.6625 246.0625 271.4625 525.4625 779.4625 1033.4625 45/64 17.859375 43.259375 68.659375 94.059375 119.459375 144.859375 170.259375 195.659375 221.059375 246.459375 271.859375 525.859375 779.859375 1033.859375 23/32 18.25625 43.65625 69.05625 94.45625 119.85625 145.25625 170.65625 196.05625 221.45625 246.85625 272.25625 526.25625 780.25625 1034.25625 47/64 18.653125 44.053125 69.453125 94.853125 120.253125 145.653125 171.053125 196.453125 221.853125 247.253125 272.653125 526.653125 780.653125 1034.653125 3/4 19.05 44.45 69.85 95.25 120.65 146.05 171.45 196.85 222.25 247.65 273.05 527.05 781.05 1035.05 49/64 19.446875 44.846875 70.246875 95.646875 121.046875 146.446875 171.846875 197.246875 222.646875 248.046875 273.446875 527.446875 781.446875 1035.446875 25/32 19.84375 45.24375 70.64375 96.04375 121.44375 146.84375 172.24375 197.64375 223.04375 248.44375 273.84375 527.84375 781.84375 1035.84375 51/64 20.240625 45.640625 71.040625 96.440625 121.840625 147.240625 172.640625 198.040625 223.440625 248.840625 274.240625 528.240625 782.240625 1036.240625 13/16 20.6375 46.0375 71.4375 96.8375 122.2375 147.6375 173.0375 198.4375 223.8375 249.2375 274.6375 528.6375 782.6375 1036.6375 53/64 21.034375 46.434375 71.834375 97.234375 122.634375 148.034375 173.434375 198.834375 224.234375 249.634375 275.034375 529.034375 783.034375 1037.034375 27/32 21.43125 46.83125 72.23125 97.63125 123.03125 148.43125 173.83125 199.23125 224.63125 250.03125 275.43125 529.43125 783.43125 1037.43125 55/64 21.828125 47.228125 72.628125 98.028125 123.428125 148.828125 174.228125 199.628125 225.028125 250.428125 275.828125 529.828125 783.828125 1037.828125 7/8 22.225 47.625 73.025 98.425 123.825 149.225 174.625 200.025 225.425 250.825 276.225 530.225 784.225 1038.225 57/64 22.621875 48.021875 73.421875 98.821875 124.221875 149.621875 175.021875 200.421875 225.821875 251.221875 276.621875 530.621875 784.621875 1038.621875 29/32 23.01875 48.41875 73.81875 99.21875 124.61875 150.01875 175.41875 200.81875 226.21875 251.61875 277.01875 531.01875 785.01875 1039.01875 59/64 23.415625 48.815625 74.215625 99.615625 125.015625 150.415625 175.815625 201.215625 226.615625 252.015625 277.415625 531.415625 785.415625 1039.415625 15/16 23.8125 49.2125 74.6125 100.0125 125.4125 150.8125 176.2125 201.6125 227.0125 252.4125 277.8125 531.8125 785.8125 1039.8125 61/64 24.209375 49.609375 75.009375 100.409375 125.809375 151.209375 176.609375 202.009375 227.409375 252.809375 278.209375 532.209375 786.209375 1040.209375 31/32 24.60625 50.00625 75.40625 100.80625 126.20625 151.60625 177.00625 202.40625 227.80625 253.20625 278.60625 532.60625 786.60625 1040.60625 63/64 25.003125 50.403125 75.803125 101.203125 126.603125 152.003125 177.403125 202.803125 228.203125 253.603125 279.003125 533.003125 787.003125 1041.003125

2556 DECIMAL INCH TO MILLIMETER CONVERSION

Table 11 Decimals of an Inch to Millimeters Conversion

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

DECIMAL INCH TO MILLIMETER CONVERSION 2557

Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly All values in this table are exact Use Table 8a to

obtain whole inch and other decimal equivalents to add to decimal equivalents above Example: Convert 10.9983 in to mm Solution: 10.9983 in = 254.0 + 25.3492 + 0.00762 = 279.35682 mm.

0.510 12.9540 12.9794 13.0048 13.0302 13.0556 13.0810 13.1064 13.1318 13.1572 13.1826 0.520 13.2080 13.2334 13.2588 13.2842 13.3096 13.3350 13.3604 13.3858 13.4112 13.4366 0.530 13.4620 13.4874 13.5128 13.5382 13.5636 13.5890 13.6144 13.6398 13.6652 13.6906 0.540 13.7160 13.7414 13.7668 13.7922 13.8176 13.8430 13.8684 13.8938 13.9192 13.9446 0.550 13.9700 13.9954 14.0208 14.0462 14.0716 14.0970 14.1224 14.1478 14.1732 14.1986 0.560 14.2240 14.2494 14.2748 14.3002 14.3256 14.3510 14.3764 14.4018 14.4272 14.4526 0.570 14.4780 14.5034 14.5288 14.5542 14.5796 14.6050 14.6304 14.6558 14.6812 14.7066 0.580 14.7320 14.7574 14.7828 14.8082 14.8336 14.8590 14.8844 14.9098 14.9352 14.9606 0.590 14.9860 15.0114 15.0368 15.0622 15.0876 15.1130 15.1384 15.1638 15.1892 15.2146 0.600 15.2400 15.2654 15.2908 15.3162 15.3416 15.3670 15.3924 15.4178 15.4432 15.4686 0.610 15.4940 15.5194 15.5448 15.5702 15.5956 15.6210 15.6464 15.6718 15.6972 15.7226 0.620 15.7480 15.7734 15.7988 15.8242 15.8496 15.8750 15.9004 15.9258 15.9512 15.9766 0.630 16.0020 16.0274 16.0528 16.0782 16.1036 16.1290 16.1544 16.1798 16.2052 16.2306 0.640 16.2560 16.2814 16.3068 16.3322 16.3576 16.3830 16.4084 16.4338 16.4592 16.4846 0.650 16.5100 16.5354 16.5608 16.5862 16.6116 16.6370 16.6624 16.6878 16.7132 16.7386 0.660 16.7640 16.7894 16.8148 16.8402 16.8656 16.8910 16.9164 16.9418 16.9672 16.9926 0.670 17.0180 17.0434 17.0688 17.0942 17.1196 17.1450 17.1704 17.1958 17.2212 17.2466 0.680 17.2720 17.2974 17.3228 17.3482 17.3736 17.3990 17.4244 17.4498 17.4752 17.5006 0.690 17.5260 17.5514 17.5768 17.6022 17.6276 17.6530 17.6784 17.7038 17.7292 17.7546 0.700 17.7800 17.8054 17.8308 17.8562 17.8816 17.9070 17.9324 17.9578 17.9832 18.0086 0.710 18.0340 18.0594 18.0848 18.1102 18.1356 18.1610 18.1864 18.2118 18.2372 18.2626 0.720 18.2880 18.3134 18.3388 18.3642 18.3896 18.4150 18.4404 18.4658 18.4912 18.5166 0.730 18.5420 18.5674 18.5928 18.6182 18.6436 18.6690 18.6944 18.7198 18.7452 18.7706 0.740 18.7960 18.8214 18.8468 18.8722 18.8976 18.9230 18.9484 18.9738 18.9992 19.0246 0.750 19.0500 19.0754 19.1008 19.1262 19.1516 19.1770 19.2024 19.2278 19.2532 19.2786 0.760 19.3040 19.3294 19.3548 19.3802 19.4056 19.4310 19.4564 19.4818 19.5072 19.5326 0.770 19.5580 19.5834 19.6088 19.6342 19.6596 19.6850 19.7104 19.7358 19.7612 19.7866 0.780 19.8120 19.8374 19.8628 19.8882 19.9136 19.9390 19.9644 19.9898 20.0152 20.0406 0.790 20.0660 20.0914 20.1168 20.1422 20.1676 20.1930 20.2184 20.2438 20.2692 20.2946 0.800 20.3200 20.3454 20.3708 20.3962 20.4216 20.4470 20.4724 20.4978 20.5232 20.5486 0.810 20.5740 20.5994 20.6248 20.6502 20.6756 20.7010 20.7264 20.7518 20.7772 20.8026 0.820 20.8280 20.8534 20.8788 20.9042 20.9296 20.9550 20.9804 21.0058 21.0312 21.0566 0.830 21.0820 21.1074 21.1328 21.1582 21.1836 21.2090 21.2344 21.2598 21.2852 21.3106 0.840 21.3360 21.3614 21.3868 21.4122 21.4376 21.4630 21.4884 21.5138 21.5392 21.5646 0.850 21.5900 21.6154 21.6408 21.6662 21.6916 21.7170 21.7424 21.7678 21.7932 21.8186 0.860 21.8440 21.8694 21.8948 21.9202 21.9456 21.9710 21.9964 22.0218 22.0472 22.0726 0.870 22.0980 22.1234 22.1488 22.1742 22.1996 22.2250 22.2504 22.2758 22.3012 22.3266 0.880 22.3520 22.3774 22.4028 22.4282 22.4536 22.4790 22.5044 22.5298 22.5552 22.5806 0.890 22.6060 22.6314 22.6568 22.6822 22.7076 22.7330 22.7584 22.7838 22.8092 22.8346 0.900 22.8600 22.8854 22.9108 22.9362 22.9616 22.9870 23.0124 23.0378 23.0632 23.0886 0.910 23.1140 23.1394 23.1648 23.1902 23.2156 23.2410 23.2664 23.2918 23.3172 23.3426 0.920 23.3680 23.3934 23.4188 23.4442 23.4696 23.4950 23.5204 23.5458 23.5712 23.5966 0.930 23.6220 23.6474 23.6728 23.6982 23.7236 23.7490 23.7744 23.7998 23.8252 23.8506 0.940 23.8760 23.9014 23.9268 23.9522 23.9776 24.0030 24.0284 24.0538 24.0792 24.1046 0.950 24.1300 24.1554 24.1808 24.2062 24.2316 24.2570 24.2824 24.3078 24.3332 24.3586 0.960 24.3840 24.4094 24.4348 24.4602 24.4856 24.5110 24.5364 24.5618 24.5872 24.6126 0.970 24.6380 24.6634 24.6888 24.7142 24.7396 24.7650 24.7904 24.8158 24.8412 24.8666 0.980 24.8920 24.9174 24.9428 24.9682 24.9936 25.0190 25.0444 25.0698 25.0952 25.1206 0.990 25.1460 25.1714 25.1968 25.2222 25.2476 25.2730 25.2984 25.3238 25.3492 25.3746

2558 MILLIMETER TO INCH CONVERSION

Table 12 Millimeters to Inches Conversion

MILLIMETER TO INCH CONVERSION 2559

Based on 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, exactly

2560 MICROINCH TO MICRON CONVERSION

Table 13a Microinches to Micrometers (microns) Conversion

Both tables based on 1 microinch = 0.0254 micrometers, exactly All values in both parts of thistable are exact; figures to the right of the last place figures are all zeros

Example: Convert 1375 µin to µm:

600 15.24 800 20.32 1000 25.4 1500 38.1 2100 53.34 2700 68.58

700 17.78 900 22.86 1200 30.48 1800 45.72 2400 60.96 3000 76.2

From lower portion of Table 13a: 1200 µin = 30.48 µm

From upper portion of Table 13a: 175 µin = 4.445 µm

1375 µin = 34.925 µm

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

MICRON TO MICROINCH CONVERSION 2561

Table 13b Micrometers (microns) to Microinches Conversion

Both portions of Table 13b are based on 1 microinch = 0.0254 micrometers, exactly

Example: Convert 23.55 µm to µin.:

2562 FEET TO METERS CONVERSION

Table 14a Feet to Meters Conversion

SQUARE MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2563

Units of Area Table 16 Square Measure and Conversion Factors

a square, 208.71 feet on a side0.4046856 hectare40.47 ares4046.856 square meters

625 square links

1 square yard (yd 2 ) =

9 square feet

1296 square inches 0.83612736 square meter 8361.2736 square centimeter 836,127.36 square millimeter

1 square foot (ft 2 ) =

0.111111 square yard

144 square inches 0.09290304 square meter 929.0304 square centimeters 92,903.04 square millimeters

1 square inch (in 2 ) =

0.0007716 square yard0.006944 square foot0.00064516 square meter

6.4516 square centimeters 645.16 square millimeters

1 square mil (mil 2 ) =

0.000001 square inch 0.00064516 square millimeter

1 square micro-inch ( µin 2 ) =

1 × 10 −12 square inch

0.00064516 square micrometer (micron)

Note: Figures in Bold indicate exact conversion values

Measure Used for Diameters and Areas of Electric Wires

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2564 SQUARE MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Table 17a Square Inches to Square Centimeters Conversion

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 inch2 = 6.4516 cm2, exactly

Table 17b Square Centimeters to Square Inches Conversion

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 cm2 = 0.1550003 inch2

Table 18a Square Feet to Square Meters Conversion

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 ft2 = 0.09290304 m2, exactly

Table 18b Square Meters to Square Feet Conversion

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 m2 = 10.76391 ft2

inch 2 cm 2 inch 2 cm 2 inch 2 cm 2 inch 2 cm 2 inch 2 cm 2

cm 2 inch 2 cm 2 inch 2 cm 2 inch 2 cm 2 inch 2 cm 2 inch 2

SQUARE MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2565

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 yd2 = 0.83612736 m2, exactly

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly, 1 m2 = 1.195990046 yd2

Table 20a Acres to Hectares Conversion

2566 CUBIC MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Units of Volume Table 21 Cubic Measure and Conversion Factors

219.96925 British Imperial gallons

1 liter (l) or 1 cubic decimeter (dm 3 ) =

1 liter = volume of 1 kg water at 39.2°F

1 cubic inch (in 3 ) =

0.55411256 U.S fluid ounces

16.387064 cubic centimeters Shipping Measure

For measuring internal capacity of a vessel:

1 register ton = 100 cubic feet

For measurement of cargo:

1 shipping ton =

Approximately 40 cubic feet of dise is considered a shipping ton, unless that bulk would weigh more than 2000 pounds, in which case the freight charge may be based upon weight

merchan-40 cubic feet =

32.143 U.S bushels31.16 Imperial bushels

British (Imperial) Liquid and Dry Measure U.S Liquid Measure

1 British Imperial gallon =

Note: Figures in Bold indicate exact conversion values

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

CUBIC MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2567

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly 1 inch3 = 16.387064 cm3, exactly

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly 1 cm3 = 0.06102376 inch3

British (Imperial) Liquid and Dry Measure Apothecaries' Fluid Measure

1 British Imperial fluid ounce =

1.733871 cubic inch

1⁄160 British Imperial gallon

28.41306 milliliters

1 British Imperial bushel =

8 Imperial gallons = 1.284 cubic feet

1 fluid drachm = 60 minims

U.S Dry Measure Old Liquid Measure

1 bushel (U.S or Winchester struck bushel) =

1.2445 cubic feet

2150.42 cubic inches

a cylinder 18.5 inches dia., 8 inches deep

a cylinder 47.0 cm dia., 20.3 cm deep

1 bushel = 4 pecks = 32 quarts = 64 pints

1 peck = 8 quarts = 16 pints

1 dry quart = 2 pints =

67.200625 cubic inches

1.101221 liters

1 heaped bushel = 11⁄4 struck bushel

1 cubic foot = 0.8036 struck bushel

1 barrel (bbl) = 311⁄2 gallons

1 hogshead = 2 barrels = 63 gallons

1 pipe or butt = 2 hogsheads = 4 barrels = 126

gallons

1 tierce = 42 gallons

1 puncheon = 2 tierces = 84 gallons

1 tun = 2 pipes = 3 puncheons

Other Cubic Measure

The following are used for wood and masonry:

1 cord of wood = 4 × 4 × 8 feet = 128 cubic feet

Note: Figures in Bold indicate exact conversion values

Table 22a Cubic Inches to Cubic Centimeters Conversion

inch 3 cm 3 inch 3 cm 3 inch 3 cm 3 inch 3 cm 3 inch 3 cm 3

Table 22b Cubic Centimeres to Cubic Inches Conversion

cm 3 inch 3 cm 3 in 3 cm 3 inch 3 cm 3 in 3 cm 3 in 3

2,000 122.048 200 12.205 20 1.220 2 0.122 0.2 0.012 3,000 183.071 300 18.307 30 1,831 3 0.183 0.3 0.018 4,000 244.095 400 24.410 40 2.441 4 0.244 0.4 0.024 5,000 305.119 500 30.512 50 3.051 5 0.305 0.5 0.031 6,000 366.143 600 36.614 60 3.661 6 0.366 0.6 0.037 7,000 427.166 700 42.717 70 4.272 7 0.427 0.7 0.043 8,000 488.190 800 48.819 80 4.882 8 0.488 0.8 0.049 9,000 549.214 900 54.921 90 5.492 9 0.549 0.9 0.055 10,000 610.238 1,000 61.024 100 6.102 10 0.610 1.0 0.061

Table 21 (Continued) Cubic Measure and Conversion Factors

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2568 CUBIC MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly 1 ft3 = 0.02831685 m3

Based on 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly 1 m3 = 35.31466 ft3

Table 24a Cubic Feet to Liters Conversion

Table 23b Cubic Meters to Cubic Feet Conversion

ft 3 liters ft 3 liters ft 3 liters ft 3 liters ft 3 liters

liters ft 3 liters ft 3 liters ft 3 liters ft 3 liters ft 3

3,000 105.944 300 10.594 30 1.059 3 0.106 0.3 0.011 4,000 141.259 400 14.126 40 1.413 4 0.141 0.4 0.014 5,000 176.573 500 17.657 50 1.766 5 0.177 0.5 0.018 6,000 211.888 600 21.189 60 2.119 6 0.212 0.6 0.021 7,000 247.203 700 24.720 70 2.472 7 0.247 0.7 0.025 8,000 282.517 800 28.252 80 2.825 8 0.283 0.8 0.028 9,000 317.832 900 31.783 90 3.178 9 0.318 0.9 0.032 10,000 353.147 1,000 35.315 100 3.531 10 0.353 1.0 0.035

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

CUBIC MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 2569

1 U.K gallon = 4.546092 liters

1 liter = 0.2199692 U.K gallons

Table 26a U.S Gallons to Liters Conversion

1 U.S gallon = 3.785412 liters

Table 26b Liters to U.S Gallons Conversion

1 liter = 0.2641720 U.S gallon

Table 25a U.K (Imperial) Gallons to Liters Conversion

liters gals liters gals liters gals liters gals liters gals

2570 FLOW CONVERSION FACTORS

1 U.S fluid ounce = 29.57353 milliliters

1 milliliter = 0.003814 U.S fluid ounce

Units of Volumetric Flow Rate Table 28a Volume Flow per Second Conversion

Pitot Tube.— A pitot tube is a small, transparent, open tube bent at right angle It is a

hol-low tube that is placed longitudinally in the direction of fluid fhol-low, alhol-lowing the fhol-low toenter one end at the fluids velocity of approach When the fluids enter the pitot tube, itcomes to a stop, all of the velocity head is converted to pressure head The differencebetween the total and static energies is the kinetic energy of the fluid The velocity of thefluid can be calculated by using the Bernoulli equation

Table 27a U.S Fluid Ounces to Milliliters Conversion

Table 28b Volume Flow per Minute Conversion

ρ - (US)

=

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

MASS AND WEIGHT CONVERSION FACTORS 2571

Units of Mass and Weight

Table 30a Pounds to Kilograms Conversion

1 pound = 0.4535924 kilogram

Table 29 Mass and Weight Conversion Factors

Metric System Avoirdupois or Commercial Weight

1 metric ton (t) =

1000 kilograms

2204.6223 pounds

0.9842 gross or long ton (of 2240 pounds)

0.9072 net or short ton (of 2000 pounds)

1 grain Avoirdupois =

1 grain apothecaries' weight =

1 grain Troy weight

1 drachm = 3 scruples = 60 grains

1 scruple = 20 grains

Old Weight Measures

Measures for weight seldom used in the United States:

1 gross or long ton = 20 hundred-weights

1 hundred-weight = 4 quarters = 112 pounds

2572 DENSITY CONVERSION FACTORS

Table 30b Kilograms to Pounds Conversion

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

DENSITY CONVERSION FACTORS 2573

1 lb/in3 = 27.67990 g/cm3

1 g/cm3 = 0.03612730 lb/in3

1 lb/ft3 = 16.01846 kg/m3

1 kg/m3 =0.06242797 lb/ft3

Table 33a Pounds per Cubic Inch to Grams per Cubic Centimeter Conversion

lb/in 3 g/cm 3 lb/in 3 g/cm 3 lb/in 3 g/cm 3 lb/in 3 g/cm 3 lb/in 3 g/cm 3

Table 33b Grams per Cubic Centimeter to Pounds per Cubic Inch Conversion

g/cm 3 lb/in 3 g/cm 3 lb/in 3 g/cm 3 lb/in 3 g/cm 3 lb/in 3 g/cm 3 lb/in 3

3,000 108.382 300 10.838 30 1.084 3 0.108 0.3 0.011 4,000 144.509 400 14.451 40 1.445 4 0.145 0.4 0.014 5,000 180.636 500 18.064 50 1.806 5 0.181 0.5 0.018 6,000 216.764 600 21.676 60 2.168 6 0.217 0.6 0.022 7,000 252.891 700 25.289 70 2.529 7 0.253 0.7 0.025 8,000 289.018 800 28.902 80 2.890 8 0.289 0.8 0.029 9,000 325.146 900 32.515 90 3.251 9 0.325 0.9 0.033 10,000 361.273 1,000 36.127 100 3.613 10 0.361 1.0 0.036

Table 34a Pounds per Cubic Foot to Kilograms per Cubic Meter Conversion

Table 34b Kilograms per Cubic Meter to Pounds per Cubic Foot Conversion

kg/m 3 lb/ft 3 kg/m 3 lb/ft 3 kg/m 3 lb/ft 3 kg/m 3 lb/ft 3 kg/m 3 lb/ft 3

2,000 124.856 200 12.486 20 1.249 2 0.125 0.2 0.012 3,000 187.284 300 18.728 30 1.873 3 0.187 0.3 0.019 4,000 249.712 400 24.971 40 2.497 4 0.250 0.4 0.025 5,000 312.140 500 31.214 50 3.121 5 0.312 0.5 0.031 6,000 374.568 600 37.457 60 3.746 6 0.375 0.6 0.037 7,000 436.996 700 43.700 70 4.370 7 0.437 0.7 0.044 8,000 499.424 800 49.942 80 4.994 8 0.499 0.8 0.050 9,000 561.852 900 56.185 90 5.619 9 0.562 0.9 0.056 10,000 624.280 1,000 62.428 100 6.243 10 0.624 1.0 0.062

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2574 PRESSURE AND STRESS CONVERSION FACTORS

Units of Pressure and Stress

1 lb/in2 = 0.07030697 kg/cm2

1 kg/cm2 = 14.22334 lb/in2

Table 35 Pressure and Stress Conversion Factors

1 kilogram per sq millimeter (kg f ⁄mm 2 ) =

1422.32 pounds per square inch

1 kilogram per sq centimeter (kg f ⁄cm 2 ) =

14.223 pounds per square inch

1 pound per square inch =

144 pounds per square foot0.068 atmosphere2.042 inches of mercury at 62°F27.7 inches of water at 62°F2.31 feet of water at 62°F0.0703 kilogram per square centimeter6.894757 kilopascals

6894.757 pascal

1 atmosphere =

30 inches of mercury at 62°F14.7 pounds per square inch2116.3 pounds per square foot33.95 feet of water at 62°F

1 inch of water =

0.0735559 inch mercury at 0°C1.8683205 torr

0.5780367 ounce force per square inch0.0024583 atmosphere

Table 36a Pounds per Square Inch to Kilograms per Square Centimeter Conversion

lb/in 2 kg/cm 2 lb/in 2 kg/cm 2 lb/in 2 kg/cm 2 lb/in 2 kg/cm 2 lb/in 2 kg/cm 2

Table 36b Kilogram per Square Centimeter to Pounds per Square Inch Conversion

kg/cm 2 lb/in 2 kg/cm 2 lb/in 2 kg/cm 2 lb/in 2 kg/cm 2 lb/in 2 kg/cm 2 lb/in 2

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

PRESSURE AND STRESS CONVERSION FACTORS 2575

1 lb/ft2 = 4.882429 kg/m2

1 kg/m2 = 0.2048161 lb/ft2

1 lb/in2 = 6.894757 kPa Note: 1 kilopascal = 1 kilonewton/meter2

1 kPa = 0.1450377 lb/in2 Note: 1 kilopascal = 1 kilonewton/meter2

Table 37a Pounds per Square Foot to Kilograms per Square Meter Conversion

lb/ft 2 kg/m 2 lb/ft 2 kg/m 2 lb/ft 2 kg/m 2 lb/ft 2 kg/m 2 lb/ft 2 kg/m 2

3,000 14,647.29 300 1,464.73 30 146.47 3 14.65 0.3 1.46 4,000 19,529.72 400 1,952.97 40 195.30 4 19.53 0.4 1.95 5,000 24,412.14 500 2,441.21 50 244.12 5 24.41 0.5 2.44 6,000 29,294.57 600 2,929.46 60 292.95 6 29.29 0.6 2.93 7,000 34,177.00 700 3,417.70 70 341.77 7 34.18 0.7 3.42 8,000 39,059.43 800 3,905.94 80 390.59 8 39.06 0.8 3.91 9,000 43,941.86 900 4,394.19 90 439.42 9 43.94 0.9 4.39 10,000 48,824.28 1,000 4,882.43 100 488.24 10 48.82 1.0 4.88

Table 37b Kilograms per Square Meter to Pounds per Square Foot Conversion

FORCE CONVERSION FACTORS

Units of Force Table 40 Force Conversion Factors

Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact

Table 39 Pressure and Stress Conversion Factors

Inch of Water Inch of Mercury Millimeter

MOMENT AND TORQUE CONVERSION FACTORS 2577

Table 43a Pound-Inches to Newton-Meters Conversion

lb f -in N·m lb f -in N·m lb f -in N·m lb f -in N·m lb f -in N·m

2578 ENERGY, POWER, AND HEAT CONVERSION FACTORS

1 newton meter = 8.850748 pound-inches

Poundal.—The expression “poundal” is sometimes used in connection with calculations

in mechanics Many mechanical handbooks, however, do not define it, because of its ited use A poundal is a unit of force, and is defined as that force which, acting on a mass ofone pound for one second, produces a velocity of one foot per second A foot-poundal is aunit of energy equal to the energy resulting when a force of one poundal acts through a dis-tance of one foot In order to reduce foot-poundals to foot-pounds, multiply the number offoot-poundals by 0.03108 Dividing the number of foot-poundals by 32.16 (accelerationdue to gravity) will also give foot-pounds

lim-Units of Energy, Power, and Heat

Table 43b Newton-Meters to Pound-Inches Conversion

N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in N·m lbf-in

2545 Btu (British thermal units)

2.64 pounds of water evaporated at 212°F

17 pounds of water raised from 62° to 212°F

1 kilowatt-hour =

100 watt-hours1.34 horsepower-hour2,655,200 foot-pounds3,600,000 joules

3415 Btu3.54 pounds of water evaporated at 212°F22.8 pounds of water raised from 62° to 212°F

Table 43c Power Conversion Factors

2.64 pounds of water

evapo-rated per hour at 212°F

1 kilowatt =

1000 watts1.34 horsepower2,654,200 foot-pounds/hour44,200 foot-pounds/minute

737 foot-pounds/second

3415 Btu/hour

57 Btu/minute0.95 Btu/second3.54 pounds of water evapo-rated per hour at 212°F

1 watt =

1 joule/second0.00134 horsepower0.001 kilowatt3.42 Btu/hour44.22 foot-pounds/minute0.74 foot-pounds/second0.0035 pound of water evapo-rated per hour at 212°F

Table 43d Heat Conversion Factors

1 Btu (British thermal unit) =

0.74 foot-pound

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

ENERGY, POWER, AND HEAT CONVERSION FACTORS 2579

1 Btu = 778.26 ft·lb, conversion factor defined by International Steam Table Conference, 1929

1 ft·lb = 0.00128492 Btu, conversion factor defined by International Steam Table Conference, 1929

1 Btu = 1055.056 joules

1 joule = 0.0009478170 Btu

Table 44a British Thermal Units to Foot-Pounds

Table 44b Foot-Pounds to British Thermal Units

10,000 12.849 1,000 1.285 100 0.128 10 0.013 1 0.001 20,000 25.698 2,000 2.570 200 0.257 20 0.026 2 0.003 30,000 38.548 3,000 3.855 300 0.385 30 0.039 3 0.004 40,000 51.397 4,000 5.140 400 0.514 40 0.051 4 0.005 50,000 64.246 5,000 6.425 500 0.642 50 0.064 5 0.006 60,000 77.095 6,000 7.710 600 0.771 60 0.077 6 0.008 70,000 89.944 7,000 8.994 700 0.899 70 0.090 7 0.009 80,000 102.794 8,000 10.279 800 1.028 80 0.103 8 0.010 90,000 115.643 9,000 11.564 900 1.156 90 0.116 9 0.012 100,000 128.492 10,000 12.849 1,000 1.285 100 0.128 10 0.013

Table 45a British Thermal Units to Kilojoules

2580 ENERGY, POWER, AND HEAT CONVERSION FACTORS

1 hp = 0.7456999 kW, based on 1 horsepower = 550 foot-pounds per second

1 kW = 1.341022 hp, based on 1 horsepower = 550 foot-pounds per second

Table 47a Foot-Pounds to Joules Conversion

ENERGY, POWER, AND WORK CONVERSION

Table 48 Power Conversion Factors

Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact

Table 49 Energy and Work Conversion Factors

Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

Table 50 Thermal Conductance Conversion Factors

Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact

Conduction.—Whenever the molecules of a working substance,

whether liquid, solid, or vapor, are restrained so that no appreciable

rela-tive translatory motion occurs among them, the kinetic energies of the

various molecules will be largely due to vibration If a temperature

dif-ference exists in the working substance, some adjacent molecules will

necessarily be at different temperatures hence will possess different

degrees of vibratory motion In this case the molecule which is vibrating

most rapidly will transfer some of its motion to the slower-moving

mole-cule next to it, the one then undergoing a decrease in temperature and the

other an increase In this way, thermal energy will be transferred by the

mechanism of conduction from the region of higher to the region of lower

temperature The process will continue spontaneously until the entire

system has reached a uniform equilibrium temperature

In contrast to radiation, conduction only occurs when a working

sub-stance is present and when the molecules of that working subsub-stance retain

practically fixed positions with respect to one another Thus, conductiveheat flow would always occur through solids, but would take place in liq-uids and vapors only if special conditions prevented or greatly reducedthe normal translatory motion of the molecules within these materials

Fuel Oil, Coal and Gas Equivalents.—One gallon of fuel oil equals

13.1 pounds of coal, equals 160 cubic feet of natural gas One barrel offuel oil equals 0.278 ton of coal, equals 680.6 cubic feet of natural gas.One pound of fuel oil equals 1.75 pounds of coal, equals 21.3 cubic feet

of natural gas One pound of coal equals 0.763 gallon of oil, equals 12.2cubic feet of natural gas One ton of coal equals 3.6 barrels of oil, equals24,500 cubic feet of natural gas The heating value of the average mid-continent fuel oil having a Baume gravity of 26.9 is 19,376 British ther-mal units per pound of oil, and 143,950 British thermal units per gallon ofoil The specific gravity and the heat value may be expressed approxi-mately by means of a simple formula, as follows: BTU per pound =

TEMPERATURE 2583

Units of Temperature Thermometer Scales.—There are two thermometer scales in general use: the Fahrenheit

(F), which is used in the United States and in other countries still using the English system

of units, and the Celsius (C) or Centigrade used throughout the rest of the world

In the Fahrenheit thermometer, the freezing point of water is marked at 32 degrees on thescale and the boiling point, at atmospheric pressure, at 212 degrees The distance betweenthese two points is divided into 180 degrees On the Celsius scale, the freezing point ofwater is at 0 degrees and the boiling point at 100 degrees The following formulas may beused for converting temperatures given on any one of the scales to the other scale:

Tables on the pages that follow can be used to convert degrees Celsius into degrees enheit or vice versa In the event that the conversions are not covered in the tables, usethose applicable portions of the formulas given above for converting

Fahr-Table 51 Temperature Conversion Fomulas

Absolute Temperature and Absolute Zero.—A point has been determined on the

ther-mometer scale, by theoretical considerations, that is called the absolute zero and beyondwhich a further decrease in temperature is inconceivable This point is located at −273.15degrees Celsius or −459.67 degrees F A temperature reckoned from this point, instead offrom the zero on the ordinary thermometers, is called absolute temperature Absolute tem-perature in degrees C is known as “degrees Kelvin” or the “Kelvin scale” (K) and absolutetemperature in degrees F is known as “degrees Rankine” or the “Rankine scale” (R)

Measures of the Quantity of Thermal Energy.—The unit of quantity of thermal energy

used in the United States is the British thermal unit, which is the quantity of heat or thermalenergy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water one degree F (Ameri-can National Standard abbreviation, Btu; conventional British symbol, B.Th.U.) The

French thermal unit, or kilogram calorie, is the quantity of heat or thermal energy required

to raise the temperature of one kilogram of pure water one degree C One kilogram calorie

= 3.968 British thermal units = 1000 gram calories The number of foot-pounds of

mechan-ical energy equivalent to one British thermal unit is called the mechanmechan-ical equivalent of heat, and equals 778 foot-pounds.

In the modern metric or SI system of units, the unit for thermal energy is the joule (J); a

commonly used multiple being the kilojoule (kJ), or 1000 joules See page2544 for an

explanation of the SI System One kilojoule = 0.9478 Btu Also in the SI System, the watt

(W), equal to joule per second (J/s), is used for power, where one watt = 3.412 Btu per hour

= Degrees Celsius 5×(degrees F–32)

9 -

2584 TEMPERATURE

Table 52 °C → °F and °R Temperature Conversion °F → °C and °K

0.0 −273.2 −459.7 … … 261.5 −11.7 11 51.8 511.5 293.7 20.6 69 156.2 615.9 5.4 −267.8 −450 … … 262.0 −11.1 12 53.6 513.3 294.3 21.1 70 158.0 617.7 10.9 −262.2 −440 … … 262.6 −10.6 13 55.4 515.1 294.8 21.7 71 159.8 619.5 16.5 −256.7 −430 … … 263.2 −10.0 14 57.2 516.9 295.4 22.2 72 161.6 621.3 22.0 −251.1 −420 … … 263.7 −9.4 15 59.0 518.7 295.9 22.8 73 163.4 623.1 27.6 −245.6 −410 … … 264.3 −8.9 16 60.8 520.5 296.5 23.3 74 165.2 624.9 33.2 −240.0 −400 … … 264.8 −8.3 17 62.6 522.3 297.0 23.9 75 167.0 626.7 38.7 −234.4 −390 … … 265.4 −7.8 18 64.4 524.1 297.6 24.4 76 168.8 628.5 44.3 −228.9 −380 … … 265.9 −7.2 19 66.2 525.9 298.2 25.0 77 170.6 630.3 49.8 −223.3 −370 … … 266.5 −6.7 20 68.0 527.7 298.7 25.6 78 172.4 632.1 55.4 −217.8 −360 … … 267.0 −6.1 21 69.8 529.5 299.3 26.1 79 174.2 633.9 60.9 −212.2 −350 … … 267.6 −5.6 22 71.6 531.3 299.8 26.7 80 176.0 635.7 66.5 −206.7 −340 … … 268.2 −5.0 23 73.4 533.1 300.4 27.2 81 177.8 637.5 72.0 −201.1 −330 … … 268.7 −4.4 24 75.2 534.9 300.9 27.8 82 179.6 639.3 77.6 −195.6 −320 … … 269.3 −3.9 25 77.0 536.7 301.5 28.3 83 181.4 641.1 83.2 −190.0 −310 … … 269.8 −3.3 26 78.8 538.5 302.0 28.9 84 183.2 642.9 88.7 −184.4 −300 … … 270.4 −2.8 27 80.6 540.3 302.6 29.4 85 185.0 644.7 94.3 −178.9 −290 … … 270.9 −2.2 28 82.4 542.1 303.2 30.0 86 186.8 646.5 99.8 −173.3 −280 … … 271.5 −1.7 29 84.2 543.9 303.7 30.6 87 188.6 648.3 103.6 −169.5 −273.2 −459.7 0.0 272.0 −1.1 30 86.0 545.7 304.3 31.1 88 190.4 650.1 105.4 −167.8 −270 −454.0 5.7 272.6 −0.6 31 87.8 547.5 304.8 31.7 89 192.2 651.9 110.9 −162.2 −260 −436.0 23.7 273.2 0.0 32 89.6 549.3 305.4 32.2 90 194.0 653.7 116.5 −156.7 −250 −418.0 41.7 273.7 0.6 33 91.4 551.1 305.9 32.8 91 195.8 655.5 122.0 −151.1 −240 −400.0 59.7 274.3 1.1 34 93.2 552.9 306.5 33.3 92 197.6 657.3 127.6 −145.6 −230 −382.0 77.7 274.8 1.7 35 95.0 554.7 307.0 33.9 93 199.4 659.1 133.2 −140.0 −220 −364.0 95.7 275.4 2.2 36 96.8 556.5 307.6 34.4 94 201.2 660.9 138.7 −134.4 −210 −346.0 113.7 275.9 2.8 37 98.6 558.3 308.2 35.0 95 203.0 662.7 144.3 −128.9 −200 −328.0 131.7 276.5 3.3 38 100.4 560.1 308.7 35.6 96 204.8 664.5 149.8 −123.3 −190 −310.0 149.7 277.0 3.9 39 102.2 561.9 309.3 36.1 97 206.6 666.3 155.4 −117.8 −180 −292.0 167.7 277.6 4.4 40 104.0 563.7 309.8 36.7 98 208.4 668.1 160.9 −112.2 −170 −274.0 185.7 278.2 5.0 41 105.8 565.5 310.4 37.2 99 210.2 669.9 166.5 −106.7 −160 −256.0 203.7 278.7 5.6 42 107.6 567.3 310.9 37.8 100 212.0 671.7 172.0 −101.1 −150 −238.0 221.7 279.3 6.1 43 109.4 569.1 311.5 38.3 101 213.8 673.5 177.6 −95.6 −140 −220.0 239.7 279.8 6.7 44 111.2 570.9 312.0 38.9 102 215.6 675.3 183.2 −90.0 −130 −202.0 257.7 280.4 7.2 45 113.0 572.7 312.6 39.4 103 217.4 677.1 188.7 −84.4 −120 −184.0 275.7 280.9 7.8 46 114.8 574.5 313.2 40.0 104 219.2 678.9 194.3 −78.9 −110 −166.0 293.7 281.5 8.3 47 116.6 576.3 313.7 40.6 105 221.0 680.7 199.8 −73.3 −100 −148.0 311.7 282.0 8.9 48 118.4 578.1 314.3 41.1 106 222.8 682.5 205.4 −67.8 −90 −130.0 329.7 282.6 9.4 49 120.2 579.9 314.8 41.7 107 224.6 684.3 210.9 −62.2 −80 −112.0 347.7 283.2 10.0 50 122.0 581.7 315.4 42.2 108 226.4 686.1 216.5 −56.7 −70 −94.0 365.7 283.7 10.6 51 123.8 583.5 315.9 42.8 109 228.2 687.9 222.0 −51.1 −60 −76.0 383.7 284.3 11.1 52 125.6 585.3 316.5 43.3 110 230.0 689.7 227.6 −45.6 −50 −58.0 401.7 284.8 11.7 53 127.4 587.1 317.0 43.9 111 231.8 691.5 233.2 −40.0 −40 −40.0 419.7 285.4 12.2 54 129.2 588.9 317.6 44.4 112 233.6 693.3 238.7 −34.4 −30 −22.0 437.7 285.9 12.8 55 131.0 590.7 318.2 45.0 113 235.4 695.1 244.3 −28.9 −20 −4.0 455.7 286.5 13.3 56 132.8 592.5 318.7 45.6 114 237.2 696.9 249.8 −23.3 −10 14.0 473.7 287.0 13.9 57 134.6 594.3 319.3 46.1 115 239.0 698.7 255.4 −17.8 0 32.0 491.7 287.6 14.4 58 136.4 596.1 319.8 46.7 116 240.8 700.5 255.9 −17.2 1 33.8 493.5 288.2 15.0 59 138.2 597.9 320.4 47.2 117 242.6 702.3 256.5 −16.7 2 35.6 495.3 288.7 15.6 60 140.0 599.7 320.9 47.8 118 244.4 704.1 257.0 −16.1 3 37.4 497.1 289.3 16.1 61 141.8 601.5 321.5 48.3 119 246.2 705.9 257.6 −15.6 4 39.2 498.9 289.8 16.7 62 143.6 603.3 322.0 48.9 120 248.0 707.7 258.2 −15.0 5 41.0 500.7 290.4 17.2 63 145.4 605.1 322.6 49.4 121 249.8 709.5 258.7 −14.4 6 42.8 502.5 290.9 17.8 64 147.2 606.9 323.2 50.0 122 251.6 711.3 259.3 −13.9 7 44.6 504.3 291.5 18.3 65 149.0 608.7 323.7 50.6 123 253.4 713.1 259.8 −13.3 8 46.4 506.1 292.0 18.9 66 150.8 610.5 324.3 51.1 124 255.2 714.9 260.4 −12.8 9 48.2 507.9 292.6 19.4 67 152.6 612.3 324.8 51.7 125 257.0 716.7 260.9 −12.2 10 50.0 509.7 293.2 20.0 68 154.4 614.1 325.4 52.2 126 258.8 718.5

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

TEMPERATURE 2585

325.9 52.8 127 260.6 720.3 357.6 84.4 184 363.2 822.9 741.5 468.3 875 1607.0 2066.7 326.5 53.3 128 262.4 722.1 358.2 85.0 185 365.0 824.7 755.4 482.2 900 1652.0 2111.7 327.0 53.9 129 264.2 723.9 358.7 85.6 186 366.8 826.5 769.3 496.1 925 1697.0 2156.7 327.6 54.4 130 266.0 725.7 359.3 86.1 187 368.6 828.3 783.2 510.0 950 1742.0 2201.7 328.2 55.0 131 267.8 727.5 359.8 86.7 188 370.4 830.1 797.0 523.9 975 1787.0 2246.7 328.7 55.6 132 269.6 729.3 360.4 87.2 189 372.2 831.9 810.9 537.8 1000 1832.0 2291.7 329.3 56.1 133 271.4 731.1 360.9 87.8 190 374.0 833.7 838.7 565.6 1050 1922.0 2381.7 329.8 56.7 134 273.2 732.9 361.5 88.3 191 375.8 835.5 866.5 593.3 1100 2012.0 2471.7 330.4 57.2 135 275.0 734.7 362.0 88.9 192 377.6 837.3 894.3 621.1 1150 2102.0 2561.7 330.9 57.8 136 276.8 736.5 362.6 89.4 193 379.4 839.1 922.0 648.9 1200 2192.0 2651.7 331.5 58.3 137 278.6 738.3 363.2 90.0 194 381.2 840.9 949.8 676.7 1250 2282.0 2741.7 332.0 58.9 138 280.4 740.1 363.7 90.6 195 383.0 842.7 977.6 704.4 1300 2372.0 2831.7 332.6 59.4 139 282.2 741.9 364.3 91.1 196 384.8 844.5 1005.4 732.2 1350 2462.0 2921.7 333.2 60.0 140 284.0 743.7 364.8 91.7 197 386.6 846.3 1033.2 760.0 1400 2552.0 3011.7 333.7 60.6 141 285.8 745.5 365.4 92.2 198 388.4 848.1 1060.9 787.8 1450 2642.0 3101.7 334.3 61.1 142 287.6 747.3 365.9 92.8 199 390.2 849.9 1088.7 815.6 1500 2732.0 3191.7 334.8 61.7 143 289.4 749.1 366.5 93.3 200 392.0 851.7 1116.5 843.3 1550 2822.0 3281.7 335.4 62.2 144 291.2 750.9 367.0 93.9 201 393.8 853.5 1144.3 871.1 1600 2912.0 3371.7 335.9 62.8 145 293.0 752.7 367.6 94.4 202 395.6 855.3 1172.0 898.9 1650 3002.0 3461.7 336.5 63.3 146 294.8 754.5 368.2 95.0 203 397.4 857.1 1199.8 926.7 1700 3092.0 3551.7 337.0 63.9 147 296.6 756.3 368.7 95.6 204 399.2 858.9 1227.6 954.4 1750 3182.0 3641.7 337.6 64.4 148 298.4 758.1 369.3 96.1 205 401.0 860.7 1255.4 982.2 1800 3272.0 3731.7 338.2 65.0 149 300.2 759.9 369.8 96.7 206 402.8 862.5 1283.2 1010.0 1850 3362.0 3821.7 338.7 65.6 150 302.0 761.7 370.4 97.2 207 404.6 864.3 1310.9 1037.8 1900 3452.0 3911.7 339.3 66.1 151 303.8 763.5 370.9 97.8 208 406.4 866.1 1338.7 1065.6 1950 3542.0 4001.7 339.8 66.7 152 305.6 765.3 371.5 98.3 209 408.2 867.9 1366.5 1093.3 2000 3632.0 4091.7 340.4 67.2 153 307.4 767.1 372.0 98.9 210 410.0 869.7 1394.3 1121.1 2050 3722.0 4181.7 340.9 67.8 154 309.2 768.9 372.6 99.4 211 411.8 871.5 1422.0 1148.9 2100 3812.0 4271.7 341.5 68.3 155 311.0 770.7 373.2 100.0 212 413.6 873.3 1449.8 1176.7 2150 3902.0 4361.7 342.0 68.9 156 312.8 772.5 377.6 104.4 220 428.0 887.7 1477.6 1204.4 2200 3992.0 4451.7 342.6 69.4 157 314.6 774.3 383.2 110.0 230 446.0 905.7 1505.4 1232.2 2250 4082.0 4541.7 343.2 70.0 158 316.4 776.1 388.7 115.6 240 464.0 923.7 1533.2 1260.0 2300 4172.0 4631.7 343.7 70.6 159 318.2 777.9 394.3 121.1 250 482.0 941.7 1560.9 1287.8 2350 4262.0 4721.7 344.3 71.1 160 320.0 779.7 408.2 135.0 275 527.0 986.7 1588.7 1315.6 2400 4352.0 4811.7 344.8 71.7 161 321.8 781.5 422.0 148.9 300 572.0 1031.7 1616.5 1343.3 2450 4442.0 4901.7 345.4 72.2 162 323.6 783.3 435.9 162.8 325 617.0 1076.7 1644.3 1371.1 2500 4532.0 4991.7 345.9 72.8 163 325.4 785.1 449.8 176.7 350 662.0 1121.7 1672.0 1398.9 2550 4622.0 5081.7 346.5 73.3 164 327.2 786.9 463.7 190.6 375 707.0 1166.7 1699.8 1426.7 2600 4712.0 5171.7 347.0 73.9 165 329.0 788.7 477.6 204.4 400 752.0 1211.7 1727.6 1454.4 2650 4802.0 5261.7 347.6 74.4 166 330.8 790.5 491.5 218.3 425 797.0 1256.7 1755.4 1482.2 2700 4892.0 5351.7 348.2 75.0 167 332.6 792.3 505.4 232.2 450 842.0 1301.7 1783.2 1510.0 2750 4982.0 5441.7 348.7 75.6 168 334.4 794.1 519.3 246.1 475 887.0 1346.7 1810.9 1537.8 2800 5072.0 5531.7 349.3 76.1 169 336.2 795.9 533.2 260.0 500 932.0 1391.7 1838.7 1565.6 2850 5162.0 5621.7 349.8 76.7 170 338.0 797.7 547.0 273.9 525 977.0 1436.7 1866.5 1593.3 2900 5252.0 5711.7 350.4 77.2 171 339.8 799.5 560.9 287.8 550 1022.0 1481.7 1894.3 1621.1 2950 5342.0 5801.7 350.9 77.8 172 341.6 801.3 574.8 301.7 575 1067.0 1526.7 1922.0 1648.9 3000 5432.0 5891.7 351.5 78.3 173 343.4 803.1 588.7 315.6 600 1112.0 1571.7 2033.2 1760.0 3200 5792.0 6251.7 352.0 78.9 174 345.2 804.9 602.6 329.4 625 1157.0 1616.7 2144.3 1871.1 3400 6152.0 6611.7 352.6 79.4 175 347.0 806.7 616.5 343.3 650 1202.0 1661.7 2255.4 1982.2 3600 6512.0 6971.7 353.2 80.0 176 348.8 808.5 630.4 357.2 675 1247.0 1706.7 2366.5 2093.3 3800 6872.0 7331.7 353.7 80.6 177 350.6 810.3 644.3 371.1 700 1292.0 1751.7 2477.6 2204.4 4000 7232.0 7691.7 354.3 81.1 178 352.4 812.1 658.2 385.0 725 1337.0 1796.7 2588.7 2315.6 4200 7592.0 8051.7 354.8 81.7 179 354.2 813.9 672.0 398.9 750 1382.0 1841.7 2699.8 2426.7 4400 7952.0 8411.7 355.4 82.2 180 356.0 815.7 685.9 412.8 775 1427.0 1886.7 2810.9 2537.8 4600 8312.0 8771.7 355.9 82.8 181 357.8 817.5 699.8 426.7 800 1472.0 1931.7 2922.0 2648.9 4800 8672.0 9131.7 356.5 83.3 182 359.6 819.3 713.7 440.6 825 1517.0 1976.7 3033.2 2760.0 5000 9032.0 9491.7 357.0 83.9 183 361.4 821.1 727.6 454.4 850 1562.0 2021.7 … … … … …

Table converts °C → °F and °R, or °F → °C and °K Find “convert from” temperature in bold column and read result from °F

and °R or °C and °K columns Example 1: 183 °C = 361.4 °F and 821.1 °R Example 2: 183 °F = 83.9 °C and 357.0 °K.

Table 52 (Continued) °C → °F and °R Temperature Conversion °F → °C and °K

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2586 VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION CONVERSION FACTORS

Units of Velocity and Acceleration Table 53 Velocity Conversion Factors

Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact

Table 54 Acceleration Conversion Factors

Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact

Units of Viscosity Table 55a Oil Viscosity Conversion Factors

ρ = Specific gravity of the oil

Figures in bold face indicate the conversion is exact

cm/sec m/sec km/hr ft/sec ft/min ft/hr knot a

a Knot means nautical miles per hour

mile/hr cm/sec 1 0.01 0.036 0.032808 1.9685 118.110236 0.01944 0.02237 m/sec 100 1 3.6 3.2808 196.8504 11811.0236 1.94384 2.236936 km/hr 27.77778 0.27778 1 0.911344 54.6806 3280.8399 0.53995 0.621371 ft/sec 30.48 0.3048 1.09728 1 60 3600 0.59248 0.681818 ft/min 0.5080 0.00508 0.018288 0.016667 1 60 9.8 × 10 −3 0.011364ft/hr 0.008467 8.47 × 10 −5 3.05 × 10 −4 2.78 × 10 −4 0.01666 1 1.6 × 10 −4 1.89 × 10 −4 knot 51.444 0.51444 1.852 1.687808 101.2686 6076.11549 1 1.15167 mile/hr 44.704 0.447040 1.609344 1.466667 88 5280 0.8689 1

Centi-(Z)

Reyn ( µ) Stoke(S)

Table 55b Additional Viscosity Conversion Factors

centipoise 0.001 pascal-second (Pa · s) pascal-second 1000 centipoise

centistoke 0.000001 meter 2 /second (m 2 /s) pascal-second 10 poise

stoke 0.0001 meter 2 /second (m 2 /s) poise 0.1 pascal-second (Pa·s)

100 cm2

- gram mass

100 cm-s -

ρ - 1

ρ -

lb force-s

in2

ρ - 6.9×106

ρ -

MOMENT OF INERTIA CONVERSION FACTORS 2587

Units of Moment of Inertia and Momentum

Miscellaneous Measuring Units

Ohm’s Law.—The following figure represents basic electrical relationships This chart

has been formatted in such a way that each variable has been related to the other three ables This figure is simply for reference

vari-Table 56 Moment of Inertia Conversion Factors

Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus moment of inertia [kg · m 2 ] 23.73036 pound-foot 2

moment of inertia [kg · m 2 ] 3417.171 pound-inch 2

moment of inertia [lb · ft 2 ] 0.04214011 kilogram-meter 2 (kg · m 2 )

moment of inertia [lb · inch 2 ] 0.0002926397 kilogram-meter 2 (kg · m 2 )

moment of section [foot 4 ] 0.008630975 meter 4 (m 4 )

moment of section [inch 4 ] 41.62314 centimeter 4

moment of section [meter 4 ] 115.8618 foot 4

moment of section [centimeter 4 ] 0.02402510 inch 4

section modulus [foot 3 ] 0.02831685 meter 3 (m 3 )

section modulus [inch 3 ] 0.00001638706 meter 3 (m 3 )

section modulus [meter 3 ] 35.31466 foot 3

section modulus [meter 3 ] 61,023.76 inch 3

Table 57 Momentum Conversion Factors

Momentum kilogram-meter/second 7.233011 pound-foot/second

kilogram-meter/second 86.79614 pound-inch/second

pound-foot/second 0.1382550 kilogram-meter/second (kg · m/s) pound-inch/second 0.01152125 kilogram-meter/second (kg · m/s)

1 great gross = 12 gross = 144 dozen

1 gross = 12 dozen = 144 units

1 dozen = 12 units

1 quire = 24 sheets

1 ream = 20 quires = 480 sheets

1 ream printing paper = 500 sheets

A

Abbreviations

accuracy 1250

mathematical signs and 2542

scientific and engineering terms 2540–

contact wheel selecting 1232

cubic boron nitride (CBN) 782, 1178,

Active face width 2029 Acute-angle triangles solution 64, 94–95 Adaptive control, NC 1262

Addendum 2029

chordal 2048–2049modification 2077involute spur and helical gears 2077

Addition

decimal fractions 10fractions and mixed numbers 9matrix 119

Addresses, letter, NC 1272 Adhesives

acrylic 2481bonding 2480moisture cured polyurethane 2483one-component 2482

retaining compounds 2483rubber cements 2483sealants 2484threadlocking 2484two-component 2480types 2480–2481

Adiabatic expansion and compression 430 Adjoint of a matrix 121

Adjusting gear blanks for milling 2093 Aerodynamic lubrication 2342 Aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1805 Aero-thread 1890

Aging of metal 503 Air

absolute pressure 433–435adiabatic expansion and compression 431compression and flow 428

density 429expansion and compressionadiabatic 430

power or work to compress 431, 435

pressure, temperature, and volume

expressions and formulas 30

rearrangement and transposition of

bending sheet metal 1332–1335

cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 651

unilateral and bilateral tolerances 645

Alloy cast iron 1360

directly hardenable grades 456–457

drilling and reaming 1061–1064

effects of alloying elements 2147

Alloys

aluminum 571–579antimony 585bearing 1373, 2261–2263binary 441

brazing 1382–1388cast steels 1362copper 555–570copper-beryllium 569–570copper-silicon 569die casting 1371magnesium 586, 588nickel 589–590nonferrous 554numbering systems for 440quaternary 441

soldering 1380ternary 441titanium 589, 591

Alternating current motors 2469–2472 Alternating stress 206

Aluminum

alloys 571–579anodizing 1463characteristics 584chemical composition 575, 578–579electrical conductivity 584elongation 575–583high corrosion resistance 584mechanical properties 584temper 575–583ultimate tensile strength 575–583workability 584

yield strength 575–583Association 572, 575bearing material 2264cast composition 575characteristics of 571clad alloys 583–584coefficient of expansion 403density 403

designations 575die casting 1372elongation 417heat treatability of wrought 583machining 1153

melting point 403soldering 1380specific heat 403structural shapes 2518temper designation 572–575tensile strength 417thermal conductivity 403welding 1416wrought 583yield strength 417

American

Boiler Makers Association 292

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

National Standards Institute vi, 2079

(see also ANSI Standard)

Society for Metals (ASM) 471

Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) 503, 550, 586–588, 1360

copper alloys 554

Society of Mechanical Engineers

(ASME) vi, 2079

(see Index of Standards)

Standard Code for Information

between lines tangent to two circles 715

between two lines 42

measuring by disc method 713

minutes, seconds into decimal degrees 97

minutes, seconds into radian 96

radian into degrees 96–98

sine bar for measuring 695–705

weight per foot 2515–2517

taper per foot corresponding to 714

Angle (continued)

thread, tolerances on gages 1917

to find, given taper per foot 713–715tolerance, single point tool 767trigonometric functions of 99–102useful relationships among 99

Angular

acceleration 169torque, relation to 172backlash in gears 2073indexing 1990–2009velocity 167–169

Annuities (calculation of) 127–128 Anode 1349

Anodizing 1464

hard 1468

ANSI Standard

abbreviations 2540, 2543Acme threads 1825–1843bolts, nuts, screws, washersinch 1512–1539metric 1540–1544boring tools 887, 891carbide 887–888buttress inch screw thread 1850cap screws

inchhex 1516slotted head 1618–1619socket head 1620metric 1540–1543socket head 1552chain, transmission 2441–2446clearance fits 669–671, 674–675core drills 876

cutting tools 756–772cylindrical fits 645diamond wheels 1201–1206dowel pins, hardened and ground 1670–1671

drawing and drafting practices 630symbols

accuracy 1250–1253between 633comparison to ISO 633concentricity 1252controlled radius 633datum referencing 638diameter 633parallelism 633part tolerance 633, 667perpendicularity 633position 633, 1250roundness 633

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

INDEX 2591ANSI Standard (continued)

drawing and drafting practices

for self-holding tapers 934

for Unified screw threads 1911–1918

usage, recommended 678

gear tooth forms 2035

geometric characteristic symbols 633

geometric dimensioning and

hexagon spline socket set screws 1627

hose coupling screw threads 1873–1876

keys and keyseats 2363

keys and keyways 819

knurls and knurling 1240–1244

letter symbols for mechanics 2543

limits and fits 651–677

metriccap screws 1540–1543clearance fits 670–671, 674–675hex flange nuts 1564hex flange screws 1547interference fits 672–677nut thread series 1563nut tops 1561nuts 1560, 1567retaining rings 1684–1692screw 1551

screw threads, M profile 1783–1803screw threads, MJ profile 1804–1807screws, bolts, nuts, and washers 1540–1544

slotted hex nuts 1563square neck bolts 1547–1548transition fits 672–673, 676–677microscope threads 1884milling cutters 797–825miniature threads 1777–1781numerical control 1255nuts 1512–1516pins 1667–1683pipe and pipe fittings 2526–2530pipe thread 1860–1869plain washers 1532–1535, 1569preferred

basic sizes 690fits 669metric limits and fits 656metric sizes 665, 690thicknesses, thin, flat metals 2522reamers 839–853

retaining rings 1684–1692rivets 1483–1485roundness symbols 1251runout symbols 1253screw thread symbols 1825–1834, 1837,

1846, 1878metric 1785screw threads 1725, 1732–1776, 1783–

1843, 1850, 1881metric MJ profile 1804–1807screws and bolts

hex structural bolts 1549hexagon socket 1560metric 1540, 1544–1546

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

2592

ANSI Standard (continued)

screws and bolts

metric hex bolts 1550

metric neck bolts 1547

square neck bolts 1548

section lining symbols 630, 632

self-tapping thread inserts 1654

slotted headless set screws 1625

spindles and drives for portable

spur gear tooth forms 2035

square head set screws 1628

Applications nickel alloys 589–590 APT (automatically programmed

tool) 1292–1309axis nomenclature 1264circles 1294–1299, 1301computational statements 1294for turning 1307–1309geometry statements 1294geometry, 3-D 1303motion statements 1299–1304planes 1302

points 1295postprocessor statements 1304–1309program 1306

programming 1292–1309tabulated cylinder 1303

Arbors

circular saw 948diameters for spring-winding 353dimensions of centers 839keys and keyways for 819milling cutters 815shell reamer 850standard milling machine 940–944

Arc

checking radius of 718cutting 1418electric, cutting of metals 1418–1419length of given angle and radius 66, 70–72

plasma precision cutting 1418plasma welding 1414welding 1389–1414

Area

circle 66circularring 67ring sector 67sector 66segments 66, 71–72cycloid 66ellipse 68enclosed by cycloidal curve 61fillet 67

finding by Simpson’s rule 60geometrical figures 63–74hexagon 65

hyperbola 68irregular outline 60octagon 65parabola 67–68segment of 68parallelogram 63plane figures 63–74plane surface of irregular outline 60polygon 65

rectangle 63spandrel 67

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

ASA Code for transmission shafting 303

ASCII, American Standard Code for

Avoirdupois or commercial weight 2571

Azimuth reading displacements 1248

determining proper amount of 2067

excess depth of cut 2070

located in single plane 198–200

located in two or more planes 200–201

materials 2326number per kilogram 2331number per pound 2330ordering specifications 2324package markings 2315preferred gages 2324preferred sizes 2325, 2328–2329tolerances 2326

Band brakes 2358

coefficient of friction 2360simple and differential 2359

Band saw

blade selection 1138–1139blade types 1139break-in 1142–1143speed and feed 1140speed for cutting materials 1141–1142speeds and feeds, metal cutting 1140–1142

Base

circle 2030, 2157diameter 2157helix angle 2030oils for metal cutting 1146pitch 2030

spur gear, diameter 2035tooth thickness 2030

Basic

dimensions 636

of shaft or hole 645endurance limit 2077gear dimensions 2041rack profiles 2180space width 2157

Baumé’s hydrometer 408

conversion 407

Beams 260–276, 2508–2514

channel 2514, 2518combined stresses in 215–218curved 279

deflections 260–271, 277–281designing for 277–281fixed at one end 272–276I-beams 2508–2513, 2518rectangular solid 272–276stresses in 213, 260–271stresses produced by shocks 283supported at both ends 260–276

Bearings 2218–2323

ball bearing 2269–2288, 2294

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition