Although she ran quickly to the station, she couldn’t catch the train.. → Despite running quickly to the station, she couldn’t catch the train... It was such cold weather that we couldn’
Trang 11
Unit 7:
Vocabulary:
I Reading:
1 measure /e/ (n) biện pháp
2 constantly (adv) thường xuyên
3 carry out (v) thực hiện
4 restructure (v) tái kiến thiết
5 The six National Congress: Đại hội đảng
lần 6 ['kÎNgres]
6 communist (n) người cộng sản
7 standard (n) tiêu chuẩn
8 experience (v) kinh nghiệm
9 under-developed (adj) kém phát triển
10 stagnant (adj) ['stægn±nt] trì trệ
11 dominate (v) ngự trị, thống trị
12 inflate /ei/ (v) gây lạm phát, thổi
phồng
inflation (n) sự lạm phát
13 sector (n) lãnh thổ
14 renovation /ei/(n) sự đổi mới
15 eliminate /i/ (v) loại trừ
elimination (n) sự loại trừ
16 shortage (n) sự thiếu hụt
17 subsidy ['sÝbsidi] (n) sự bao cấp
18 export ['ekspÎ:t] (n) hàng xuất khẩu
export [ik'spÎ:t] (v) xuất khẩu
19 open trade relations: mở các mối quan hệ
thương mại
20 encourage [in'kÝridZ] (v) khuyến khích
encouragement (n) sự khuến khích
21 private /ai/ (adj) tư nhân
22 investment /e/ (n) sự đầu tư
23 commitment /i/ (n) sự cam kết
24 subsequent /Ý/(adj) theo sau
25 adopt (v) thực hiện
26 dissolve (v) giải thể, giải tán
27 domestic (adj) nội địa
28 legal /i:/ (a) hợp pháp ≠ illegal
29 legal grounds (n) cơ sở pháp lý /au/
30 reform (v) cải cách
31 Land Law (n) luật đất đai
32 Enterprises Law (n) Luật doanh nghiệp
33 agriculture (n) nông nghiệp
34 agricultural (a) thuộc nông nghiệp
35 minority [mai'n{r±ti] (n) thiểu số
36 gain (v) đạt được
37 subtantial (adj) đáng kể, lớn lao
38 achievement [±'tSi:vm±nt] (n) thành tựu
39 build a better life (v) xây dựng cuộc sống
tốt hơn
40 economic (a) thuộc về kinh tế
economical (a) tiết kiệm
II Speaking:
1 achieve /i:/ (v) đạt được
2 change (v) (n) thay đổi
3 positive effect (n) ành hưởng khả quan
4 health care (n) y tế
5 suggest (v) đề nghị
6 sector (n) thành phần
7 curriculum /i/ (n) chương trình
8 method ['meH±d] (n) phương pháp
9 qualified (a) đã qua đào tạo
10 scholarship (n) học bổng
11 sensitivity (n) sự nhạy cảm
12 sensitivity of doctors and nurses: lương tâm của …
13 health insurance (n) bảo hiểm
14 medical equipment (n) thiết bị y khoa
15 facility /i/ (n) phương tiện
16 advanced (a) tiến bộ
17 technique (n) kĩ thuật
18 fertiliser [‘fÄ:t±laiz±] (n) phân bón
19 pesticide (n) thuốc trừ sâu
20 professional responsibilities (n) trách nhiệm nghề nghiệp
21 policy (n) chính sách
22 dyke /ai/ (n) rãnh hào mương
23 efficient (a) có hiệu quả
24 irrigation (n) sự tười nuớc, dẫn nước
25 drainage system (n) hệ thống cống rãnh
26 insecticide (n) thuốc trừ sâu
27 salary (n) lương
28 disadvantaged (a) bị thiệt thòi
III Listening:
1 inhabitant /æ/ (n) cư dân
2 island /ai/ (n) hò đảo
3 discover [dis'kÝv±(r)] (v) khám phá
4 powerful drug (n) thuốc mạnh
5 rationally ['ræS±nl] (a) có lý trí
6 enable [i'neibl] (v) làm cho có thể
7 unfortunately (adv) bất hạnh thay
8 have bad effects on : có ảnh hưởng xấu
9 take notice (of sth): chú ý
10 in ruins ['ru:inz] : bị huỷ hoại
11 take measures : tiến hành các biện pháp
12 force (v) bắt buộc
13 prevent … from : ngăn cản
14 situation : tình huống
15 on the contrary: trái lại
16 drug-taker (n) người uống thuốc
17 fin a solution (v) tìm giải pháp
18 prison (n) nhà tù
19 eventually (adv) cuối cùng
20 allow (v) cho phép
IV Writing:
Trang 22
1 detail ['di:teil] (n) chi tiết
2 as a result of : kết quả của
3 overall economic reform : cải cách kinh tế
hòan toàn [,ri:'fÎ:m]
4 stagnant (a) trì trệ
5 under-developed (a) kém phát triển
6 increase /i:/ (v) tăng
7 decrease /i:/ (v) giảm
8 steadily (adv) ổn định
9 by 3.5 % = by three point five percent
10 make a decision = decide : quyết định
V Language focus:
1 vacation (n) chuyến nghỉ mát
2 advise sb to do sth: khuyên
3 cigarette (n) thuốc lá
4 in time : kịp lúc
5 sleepy (a) buồn ngủ
6 recognize (v) nhận ra
7 pack (v) chất đồ (vào ba lô)
8 wear –wore –worn : mặc
9 understand- understood- understood
10 be on (v) được mở
11 coat (n) áo choàng
12 manage (v) xoay sở
SPECIFIC RULES:
Because / Although Because of / Despite
1 it rains (heavily)
it snows
the (heavy) rain the snow
3 He/ she/ they + be + adj His / her / their + N
4 The + N + be + adj
His
Her
…
The + adj + N His
Her
…
6 He / she / they + V + adv His / her / their + adj + N
7 Sth + was / were + invented
developed
liberated discovered
the invention + of + sth development
liberation discovery
9 He / she / they + can’t + V0 His / her /their inability + to V0
10
11
Exercise 1: Match the following examples with the rules above:
a She hurried because it rained
→ She hurries because of the rain
b We can see a football match at home because they invented television
→ We can see a football match at home because of the invention of television
c Because she can’t write, her brother writes for her
→ Because of her inability to write, her brother writes for her
d We couldn’t do homework because it was noisy
→ We couldn’t do homework because of the noise
e Because there was a war, they didn’t return home
→ Because of a war, they didn’t return home
f Although she ran quickly to the station, she couldn’t catch the train
→ Despite running quickly to the station, she couldn’t catch the train
Trang 3g Even though she behaved badly, her parents still supported her
→ Despite her bad behaviour, her parents still supported her
h They went ahead although the weather was bad
→ They went ahead despite the bad weather
i He stayed at home because his mother was sick
→ Because of his sick mother, he stayed at home
Notes:
1 Because = as = since : bởi vì
Because of = due to = owing to = thanks to = on account of = as a result of
2 Although = even though = though : mặc dầu
Despite = in spite of = notwithstanding
3 although = despite the fact that = in spite the fact that
Adj / Verb Noun
2 advise (v) → advice (against sth) : khuyên
8 dark (adj) → darkness /dark tối
10 dislike (v) → dislike for /of không thích
11 drop (v) → drop in hạ, giảm
15 ill (adj) → illness bệnh (cảm cúm, ….)
16 inexperienced (adj) → inexperience thiếu kinh nghiệm
18 kind-hearted (adj) → kindheartedness tốt bụng
22 negligent in sth (adj) → negligence in lơ là / ['neglidZ±ns]
24 poor (adj) → poverty / poorness nghèo khổ
32 sick (adj) → sickness bệnh (hơi mệt, buồn nôn)
37 wise (adj) [waiz] → wisdom ['wizd±m] thông thái
39 wound (v) → wound làm bị thương ( vết thương)
Trang 4More Exercises
* Rewrite the sentences below, replace because by because of and vice versa:
1 She didn't go to school yesterday because she was ill
2 We can't sleep because of the hot weather
3 She went to bed early because she felt tired
4 John succeeded easily in his exam because of working hard and methodically
5 Yesterday Alice was absent from class because she was ill
6 The students couldn't do the test because it was difficult
7 They were late for the meeting because it rained heavily
8 I couldn't drive fast because the street was crowded and narrow
9 Because of the accident ,Tom couldn’t walk any more
10 Rice plants grow well in this region because the climate is favorable
11 The plane couldn't take off because it was foggy
12 The plane's landing was delayed because of fog
13 Because of the invention of plane, we can travel around the world in a short time
14 We stopped our car because of the red traffic lights
15 I can't read the letter because of the dark
I So/ such … that: quá đến nỗi
1 Công thức:
such (a / an) + adj + N
so many
so few
(adj) + N số nhiều
S + V
so much
so little
(adj) + N số ít
that S+ V
Ex: The weather was so cold that we couldn’t go out
It was such cold weather that we couldn’t go out
There are so many people that we can’t find Tom
He ate so much meat that he got fat
There is so little water that people couldn’t leave here
II too … to : quá … nên không thể
S + V + too + adj / adv (for O) + to V 0 …
Ex: The water was too hot for us to drink
It is too late for us to do it now
III Enough : đủ để
S + V adj / adv + enough (for +O) + to V 0
S + V enough + N (for + O) + to V 0
Ex: The small boy had enough money to buy the toy car
He worked hard enough to pass the exam
Exercise 1:
1 This pen is _ for me to buy
c very expensive d enough expensive
Trang 52 We have problems that we can’t go to bed early
3 He is so clever that he can answer all my questions
a He is too clever to answer all my questions
b He is such clever boy that he can answer all my questions
c He is such a clever boy that he can answer all my questions
d He is enough clever to answer all my questions
4 There was so much noise here that _
a we can’t concentrate on studying
b to concentrate on studying
c for us to concentrate on studying
d we couldn’t concentrate on studying
5 It was _ that we decided to stay at home
a such a bad weather b so bad weather
6 they can’t work
a The weather was so cold that
b The weather is such cold that
c It is so cold that
d There is so cold weather that
7 Who has _ to lift the rock?
8 She speaks _ that I can’t understand at all
9 The play was so popular that
a many people want to see
b many people want to see it
c many people wanted to see
d many people wanted to see it
10 There are that it takes me a long time to read them all
a so much books b such much books
c so many books d such many books
11 Your dog
a is so fierce to come near it
b is too fierce for me to come near it
c is fierce enough for me to come near it
d is too fierce for me to come near
12 Bill is too foolish to understand what I say
a Bill is enough foolish to understand what I say
b Bill isn’t foolish enough to understand what I say
c Bill is so foolish that he couldn’t understand what I say
d Bill is so foolish that he can’t understand what I say
13 These shoes are too small for my feet
a These shoes are not big enough for my feet
b These shoes are not enough big for my feet
c These shoes are not very big for my feet
d These shoes are so small that for my feet
14 The weather conditions became all mountain roads were closed
a so dangerous that
b such dangerous that
c too dangerous to
d dangerous enough that
Trang 615 The film was very good We all liked it
→ It was such a _
Exercise 2:
1.The sun shone brightly that Maria had to put on her sunglasses
2 Dean was a powerful swimmer that he always won the races
3 There were _ few students registered that the class was cancelled
4 We had wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return
5 We had good a time at the party that we hated to leave
6 The benefit was great a success that the promoters decided to repeat it
7 It was a nice day that we decided to go to the beach
8 Jane looked sick that the nurse told her to go home
9 Those were difficult assignments that we spent two weeks finishing them
10 Ray called at an early hour that we weren't awake yet
Exercise 3: Combine two sentences, using "so that" or "such that":
1 The sun shone brightly Maria had to put on her sunglasses
_
2 Dean was a powerful swimmer He always won the races
_
3 There were few students registered The class was cancelled
_
4 The house was beautiful I took picture of it
_
5 This coffee is strong I can't drink it
_
6 This is a good film I want to see it again and again
_
7 There was a lot of food Everyone ate too much
_
8 There were a lot of guests There wasn't enough food
_
9 I ate a lot of sandwiches I felt uneasy
_
10 David has a lot of work to do He can't come tonight
_
11 He was very sick He was sent to the hospital
_
12 It was very dark He couldn't see anything
_
13 He has very wide knowledge We can't help admiring him
_
14 His conduct is very good All his teachers love him
_
15 Mary has a beautiful voice We all like to hear her sing
_
16 John is still very weak He can't walk without a stick
_
17 My father has a very good health He seldom takes any medicines
_
18 There is too much noise We can't learn our lessons
_
19 My friend is very strong He can lift up the table by himself
_
20 Bill is an intelligent boy He is always at the top of his class
_
Trang 7Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences:
1 This is such a heavy package that
2 It is such a warm day that
3 That was such a good movie that
4 We had such a good time that
5 This is such a difFicult lesson that
6 There is so much noise here that
7 That book is so interesting that
8 They are such high mountains that
9 She speaks with such speed that
10 She is such a busy person that
Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks with SO MUCH or SO MANY:
1 We have problems that we can't go to bed early
2 Why have you got furniture?
3 There was food that everyone ate too much
4 There were guests that there wasn't enough food
5 Why did you buy beer?
6 Doctor Simmon has patients that he's always busy
7 I ate sandwiches that I felt ill
8 My father has work to do that he can't come back home tonight
9 Why did he drink wine?
10 They drank _ wine that they couldn't walk
Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences below, using "ENOUGH" instead of "TOO":
1 He is too old to wear this coloured shirt
2 She is too weak to carry this bag
3 This pen is too expensive for me to buy
4 Bill is too foolish to understand what I say
5 This bag is too heavy for her to carry
6 The test was too difFicult for them to do
7 That sentence was too long for me to memorize
8 The land is too fertile to grow crops
9 The room is too noisy for us to study
10 This book is too dull to read
11 We were too late to get good seats
12 Jack is too lazy to make progress in his study
13 I'm too poor to help you with the money
14 These oranges are too sour for us to eat
15 The shelf is too high for the boy to reach
Trang 8
I General rule:
1 who:
We meet the man He is a professor
We meet the man who is a professor
S
2 whom:
She talked to the boy We met him in the zoo
She talked to the boy whom we met in the zoo
O
3 which
a He shouted at the dog It barked loudly
He shouted at the dog which barked loudly
S
b The dog barked loudly He called it
The dog which he called barked loudly
O
4 whose + N: thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu (his / her / their )
a The teacher was angry The students didn’t pay attention to his lesson
The teacher whose lesson the students didn’t pay attention to was angry
O
b Do you know the woman? Her son has lost
Do you know the woman whose son has lost?
S
5 That: thay thế cho: Who, whom, which… (that không thể theo sau dấu phẩy hoặc giới từ)
The girl won the championship She was really talented
The girl that (= who) was really talented won the championship
Các trường nên dùng that:
- sau so sánh nhất:
- đi sau: all, same, any, only, the first, the last
- sau các đại từ bất định: no one, someone, anyone, something, nothing, anything …
- danh từ trước là hỗn hợp giữa vật và người
6 of which:
We should throw away the table The leg of the table was broken
We should throw away the table the leg of which / of which the leg was broken
7 It’s _ that / who + clause: chính là (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh)
a) Peter must clean the window
It’s Peter who / that must clean the window
b) Your dog bit the old man
It was your dog that bit the old man (không được dùng which trong trường hợp này)
c) They were captured because he was incompetent
It was because he was incompetent that they were captured
* Khi danh từ đứng trước mệnh đề quan hệ đã rõ nghĩa( tên riêng, vật duy nhất, có tính từ sở hữu: his, my, her, có tính từ chỉ định: this , that, these, those, … ) ta dùng mệnh đề không giới hạn Lúc này phải có dấu phẩy ngăn cách mệnh đề chính với mệnh đề quan hệ
Possessive adjective
OF WHICH
THAT
Trang 9Ex: My mother, who is very beautiful, loves me very much
I General rule:
S + V + O + …
S + BE + V3 … by + O
(chia theo thì của câu chủ động)
Ex: - She usually takes my car
→ My car is usually taken by her
- He has sent his son to another school
→ His son has been sent to another school
II Active passive:
3 am/ is / are + Ving am/ is /are + being + V3
4 was / were + Ving was / were + being + V3
5 has / have + V3 has / have + been + V3
7 will / would
can / could + V0 may / might
must
will / would
can / could + be + V3
may / might (nguyên mẫu) must
8 be going to
have to + V0 used to
like continue
be going to
have to + be + V3
used to (nguyên mẫu) like
continue
9 have + sb + V0 + sth have + sth + V3 + +(by +sb)
10 get + sb + to + V0 + sth
ask tell
get + sth + V3 + + (by sb)
(chỉ được dùng ‘get’)
11 give
bring buy + sb + sth lend
show
given brought
sb + be + bought + sth lent
shown
12 give
bring buy + sth + prep + sb lend
show
given brought sth + be + bought + prep +sb lent
shown
13 see
hear + O + Ving smell
seen s+ be + heard + Ving smelt
14 see
hear + O + V0 smell
seen
s + be + heard + to + V0 smelt
15 make + O + V0 s + be + made + to + V0
* Notes: Phải bỏ : by someone// by people // by no one
Trang 10Bỏ : by them : nếu không cần thiết
I Dạng phổ biến:
1) Possible future S + V 1(s/es) S + will + V 0
Ex: If she takes a taxi, she will come on time
If I were you, I would tell her the truth
If I had a car, I would take you around the city
If she had studied hard, she would have passed the exam
II Dạng đảo ngữ:
1) Possible future Should + S + V 0 … S + will + V 0
Were + S + to V 0 …
S + would + V 0
Ex: Should she take a taxi, she will come on time
Were I you, I would tell her the truth
Were I to have a car, I would take you around the city
Had she studied hard, she would have passed the exam
III Dạng rút gọn:
Untrue past
But for + NP Without + NP S + would have + V 3
Ex: If it hadn’t been for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded
→ But for his help, we wouldn’t have succeeded (Nếu không có)
S + were + Ving
3) Untrue past
S + wish(ed)
S + had + V 3
Ex: She wishes she could visit London
I wish I were a president
They wish they hadn’t stayed up late yesterday
Exercise 1:
1 _, you will cut yourself with that knife
a If you are careful b Unless you are careful
c But for you are careful d You are careful
2 If you do not like this one, I'll bring you another
a Unless you like this one, I won’t bring you another
b Unless I won’t bring you another, you like this one
c Unless you like this one, I will bring you another