English Grammar Course - part 3 ppsx

Premodification ‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples sentence adverbial adverbial adjective noun multiple premodification E.g.: Mary's brother is very naughty... Premodification ‘s-genitive -

Homework checking

4.12 Uses of the genitive

1 The departure of the plane

2 The capture of the lion

3 The man's cake

4 The men's store

5 The city of Chicago

6 The team's coach

7 The one week's vacation

8 The hand of the clock

9 The man's dog

10 that of Jim's

11 a student of Plato's

12 The doctor's office

Homework checking

Exercise 69

30 their

E_English Grammar Course

Unit 3 NOUN PHRASE (cont.)

determiners – Postdeterminers

– Complex NP

• Modification

– Premodification – Postmodification – Multiple

modification

= typically constructed by either a noun or

a pronoun as the head & other constituents

Noun phrases

Noun phrases

Noun Phrase

Basic NP Complex NP

Basic Noun phrases

E.g.: All these 10 pupils

Basic NP

(Determiners) + Head noun

Determiners = words of close-system used before a N to

“determine” the precise meaning of the N

Pre-determiners Central determiners Post-determiners

Determiners

Pre-determiners all, both, half

multipliersfractionssuch, what

Determiners

Pre-determiners all, both, half

+ before: articles (a, an, the, zero article)

E.g.: all the time

possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.) E.g.: both his sisters

demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.) E.g.: half those days

+ not before: quantitative determiners (no, each, any, some, enough, (n)either, every)

Determiners

Pre-determiners all, both, half

+ take partitive “of-phrases” optional with nouns

E.g.: all (of) the time

E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it + “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.

Determiners

Pre-determiners multipliers

+ used to denote the quantity of the nouns

E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries

+ occur with the determiners “a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency

E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year

Once, twice, three times, double, etc

Once, twice, three times, double, etc

Determiners

Pre-determiners fraction

+ the fractions have the alternative of- construction

E.g.: He took only two-thirds (of) the books on the table.

+ the indefinite article can replace ‘one’

E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.

(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)

(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)

Determiners

Pre-determiners Such/ what

+ occur before the head noun

+ “such”: combined with “all/no, quantifiers, cardinal

numbers”

E.g.: What/ Such a surprise!

no/many/41 such incidents

6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)

(4)

this that

(5)

these those

(3)

a(n) every each Either neither

(6)

much

See more in 4.5

- What colour do you like?

- I have some friends in London

- I won’t give this pen to any student

- She has no idea at all







E.g.: - Love is not everything.

- I want some beer, please.

- Have we got any wine for tonight?

- I did not have enough time to do this.

E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple

- I want to ask each/every person individually

- You can put it on either table

- Neither party accepted such a proposal

E.g.: This chair is mine and that table is yours

I can’t stand this silence.

E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday?

- Have you seen those girls?

See more in 4.10 - 4.15

• include: one, two, three, etc.

E.g.: my three son his two books

• ordinal numerals:

first,second, third, etc

• general ordinals: next, last, past, (an)other, additional, further

E.g.: the first time another candidate

• before count Ns: many, (a) few, several

• before non-count Ns: much, (a) little

E.g.: a few words much stress

• include: a lot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc.

• verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns

(lot, deal, lots, plenty, etc.)

E.g.: Lots of food was on the table

There was a lot of food on the table

Noun phrases

Noun Phrase

Basic NP Complex NP

E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football

modification

Post-+

Complex noun phrase

• tends to come after the head

• tends to be given more prosodic emphasis

than the head

E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice

He visited his aunt who often lent him money.

• tends to come before the head

• tends to be unstressed in pre-head position E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday,

is quite readable (member of a class)

She is his poor, old mother (unique)

• Have reference to characteristic features

• Mainly the items which are placed in

modification position

E.g.: an ugly man

the easy-going lady

• Have reference only to a specific time

• Mainly those adjectives which have to be

predicate

E.g.:

A man who is timid = A timid man

A man who is afraid # An afraid man

adjectives noun

multiple premodification

See more in 13.27 - 13.41

Premodification

‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples

sentence adverbial

adverbial

adjective noun

multiple premodification

E.g.: Mary's brother is very naughty

Premodification

‘s-genitive -ing/-ed participles

sentence adverbial

adverbial

adjective noun

multiple premodification

E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage The wanted man was last seen in Paris

Note: the participles denote the permanent.

E.g She is an interesting girl vs

She interests me.

The man who is married = the married man

Premodification

‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples

sentence adverbial

adverbial

adjective noun

multiple premodification

E.g.: I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude

She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of look on her face

Premodification

‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples

sentence adverbial

adjective noun

multiple premodification

E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown

adjective noun

multiple prmodification

E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard door

Premodification

‘s-genitive -ing/-edparticiples

sentence adverbial

adjective noun

multiple premodification

E.g.: She is a lovely girl

Let's check

 Do exercise 13.11 (handout)

relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adjective multiple postmodification

See more in 13.5 - 13.24

Postmodification

relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adjective multiple postmodification

E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter

Postmodification

relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adjective multiple postmodification

E.g.: She loves the monitor in your class

Postmodification

relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adjective multiple postmodification

E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter

Postmodification

relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adjective multiple postmodification

E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him

Postmodification

relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adjective multiple postmodification

E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English

12th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born

That’s the reason why he spoke ill of me

She shows me the way how I can cook beef

Postmodification

relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adjective multiple postmodification

E.g.: The girl over there is my sister

The road back is dense with traffic

Postmodification

relative clauses prepositional phrase non-finite clause appositive clause

adverb Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adjective multiple postmodification

E.g.: Something strange happened last night

Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

Multiple postmodification

Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

Multiple postmodification

• with single head:

E.g.: his last brilliant book

• with multiple head:

E.g.: the new chair and table the new but ugly table and chair

Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

Multiple postmodification

Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

Multiple postmodification

• with single head:

E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John

• with multiple head:

E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John

Let's check

 Do exercise 13.13 (handout)

Homework