English Language Tests-Intermediate level''''s archive doc

English Language Tests-Intermediate level's archive A very brief history of management theories 1.. Carter McNamara explains that views on management have changed .... of the century, t

English Language Tests-Intermediate level's archive

A very brief history of management theories

1 Carter McNamara explains that views on management

have changed over the past century — particularly

in the past few decades

abundantly

bountifully

objectively

substantially

2 The Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940): At the

of the century, the most notable organizations were

large and industrialized, and often they included ongoing,

routine tasks that manufactured a variety of products

term

tip

top

turn

3 The United States highly scientific and technical

matters, including careful measurement and specification

of activities and results, so management tended to be the

same

achieved

awarded

prized

won

4 Frederick Taylor developed the 'scientific management

theory', which this careful specification and

measurement of all organizational tasks

engendered

engineered

espoused

exposed

5 Tasks were standardized as much as possible, and

workers were rewarded and punished; this approach

appeared to work well for organizations with lines

and other mechanistic, routinized activities

assembly

command

control

picket

6 The Bureaucratic Management Theory (1930-1950):

Max Weber the scientific management theory,

focussing on dividing organizations into hierarchies to

establish strong lines of authority and control; he

suggested organizations develop comprehensive and

detailed standard operating procedures for all routinized

tasks

embattled

embellished

emblazoned

embodied

7 The Human Relations Movement (1930-today):

Eventually, unions and government regulations reacted to

the rather effects of these theories, and more

attention was given to individuals and their unique

capabilities in the organization

degenerating

degrading

dehumanizing

denigrating

8 A major belief included that the organization would

prosper if its workers prospered as , and Human

Resource departments were added to organizations well

much before possible

before

much

possible

well

9 The behavioral sciences played a strong role in helping

to understand the needs of workers and how the needs of

the organization and its workers could be better

aligned

alleviated

assigned

assuaged

10 Various new theories were , many based on the

behavioral sciences (some had names like theory 'X', 'Y'

and 'Z')

bred

hatched

laid

spawned