Dissertation for doctor of philosophy in agriculture study on the growth and development ability of some imported soybean varieties and cultivation techniques for prospect variety in thai nguyen

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY XUYEN THI LUU STUDY ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ABILITY OF SOME IMPORTED SOYBEAN VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES FOR

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

XUYEN THI LUU

STUDY ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ABILITY OF SOME IMPORTED SOYBEAN

VARIETIES AND CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES FOR

PROSPECT VARIETY IN THAI NGUYEN

Major: AGRONOMY Code: 62 62 01 01

DISSERTATION FOR DOCTOR OF PHYLOSOPHY

IN AGRICULTURE

THAI NGUYEN - 2011

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

1. Xuyen Thi Luu, Dep Thi Luan, Tam Minh Hoang (2008), “Effect of

planting season of soybean variety 99084 - A28 in Spring and Winter Crop

Thai Nguyen University Press , pp: 29 - 32

2 Xuyen Thi Luu, Dep Thi Luan, Tam Minh Hoang (2010), “Study on the

effect of planting densities on the growth and development of soybean

of Agriculture and rural development, October, 2010, Press of Sciences and technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi; pp: 126 - 130

INTRODUCTION

1 Background

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr) is industrial and short growing - duration crop that

is multi-purpose plant with high economic value Its products supply food for human and livestocks; they are also materials for processing industry and high valueable for exporting Besides, soybean plants are short growing-time crops that are very suitable for crop rotation, intercroping, crop overlaping with many other plants and soil improvement crop (Dan The Ngo et al., 1999) [10]

Soybean is popularly planted in all seven ecological areas over Vietnam Northern midland and mountainous region has the biggest area (69425 ha) which holds 37.01% the total area of soybean in Vietnam but the lowest yield (1.03 tons/ha) There are many reasons for low yield of soybean in this region such as unavailability

of high-yielding soybean varieties, low investment and unreasonable cultivation methods It is noted that lack of high-yielding soybean varieties and suitable cultivation techniques are the main limitation to soybean yield The result of variety investigation in 2003-2004 of Department of Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2006) [9] showed that: The Northern Midland and Mountainous Region is one of three areas planting high percentage of local varieties of soybean and low percentage of new soybean varieties (37.5 - 38.4% areas with local soybean varieties)

In recent years, Vietnam has imported many good varieties; however their adaptability to ecological region is very different For that reason we carried out the

research titled:” Study on the growth and development ability of some imported

soybean varieties and cultivation techniques for prospect variety in Thai Nguyen”

3 Scientific and reality significance

3.1 Scientific significance

The research intends to select imported soybean varieties and determining suitable techniques for selected variety in Thai Nguyen The research results laid the pavement for developing some imported soybean varieties in Thai Nguyen

The research selected prospect soybean variety from the testing imported varieties, suitable for ecological environment in Thai Nguyen and determined the technical methods suitable for selected variety in spring and winter in Thai Nguyen

- The study results from some technical methods for cultivating soybean contributed

on cultivation guideline improvement for soybean intensive farming in winter and spring in Thai Nguyen

- The using new and high yielding variety of soybean and new technical methods resulted in higher economic efficiency, raising the incomes for farmers that planting soybean and promoted the development of soybean production in Thai Nguyen

4 New findings of the thesis

- Based on investigating, analyzing and assessing some advantages and disadvantages effecting on production and results from research on selecting soybean varieties from imported varieties and on determining some technical methods, the scientific basement for developing soybean in winter and spring in Thai Nguyen was confirmed

- Determined the growth and development ability of some soybean varieties in spring and winter crop in Thai Nguyen and two high yielding varieties ĐT2000 and

99084 - A28 were selected In winter crops, the average yield were from 1.71 to 1.77 tons/ha that were higher than the control variety DT84 by 0.38 to 0.45 tons/ha In spring crops, the average yield were from 2.16 to 2.24 tons/ha that were higher than the control by 0.37 to 0.45 tons/ha

- Suggested some techniques for completing cultivation guideline for new soybean variety (99084 - A28) with optimum planting time in spring crop is from 15th, February

to 6th, March and 5th to 25th, September in winter The optimum density in spring was

35 plants/ha and 45 plants/ha in winter The most suitable fertilizer combination was 5 tons of manure + 40 kg N + 80 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O + 300 kg of lime/ha

- Trial of soybean planting in winter and spring in three places of Thai Nguyen was successfully built and implemented The trial locations are Trang Xa Commune -

Vo Nhai District, Hoa Thuong Commune - Dong Hy District and Son Cam Commune - Phu Luong District with the variety 99084 - A28 and new technical methods that got the yield from 2.54 to 2.83 tons/ha, raising by 52,8 - 53,9% compared to the control in winter; 2.32 - 2.75 tons/ha raising by 52,6 - 63,5% than the control; the interest were from 20.2 to 24.5 millions VND/ha in spring and 20.3 to 23.3 millions VND in winter

5 Thesis structure

The dissertation was fulfilled with 102 pages, 31 tables, 3 figures and 2 diagrams Beside the introduction, the dissertation was divided into 3 chapters where chapter 1: Literature review (25 pages); chapter 2: Research content and methods (13 pages); chapter 3: Results and discussion (58 pages), Conclusion and suggestion (2 pages) and 55 pages for appendices The dissertation used 115 references in Vietnamese and 58 references in English

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Soybean production status in Vietnam and in the world

1.1.1 Soybean production in the world

The data collection from Dan The Ngo et al., (1999) [10], Duc Van Hoang (1982) [23], FAO Statistic Database, 2009 [75] showed that the soybean production

of the world has increased rapidly in area - yield and output In the period of 1963 -

1964, the planting area of soybean over the world was 27.3 millions hectare and increased to 96.87 hectare in 2008 In 1960 the yield of soybean over the world was

only 1.20 tons/ha but increased to 2.384 tons/ha in 2008, by 98.87% compared to

1960 The output in 1960 was 26.00 millions ton and 230.95 millions ton in 2008, increased 8.85 times

1.1.2 Production of soybean in Vietnam

According to Dan The Ngo et al., 1999 [10], Thieu Van Pham, 2006 [44], soybean has been grown in Vietnam for a very long time but the area was only 32000

ha (1944) and yield was very low (0.41 tons/ha) In recent years, the soybean has developed rapidly in both area and yield In 1995, the soybean area of whole country was 121.1 thousands hectare; it increased gradually through the years and got 191.5 thousands hectare in 2008

In 1995, the yield of whole country was 1.03 tons/ha and continuously increased through the years and reached the highest in 2007 at 1.47 tons/ha Although there were some changes in area and yield, the output increased gradually through the years In 1995, the output of whole country was 125.5 thousands tons and reached the highest in 2005 at 292.7 thousands tons

1.2 Status of soybean research

1.2.1 Research on soybean over the world

The 1st international soybean variety evaluation experiment (ISVEX) in 1973 was conducted in ranges of 90 places in 33 countries representing for environmental zone Nowadays, the soybean research is received a great deal of attentions, especially in developed countries that are big producers of soybean.Beside the research on selecting and creating varieties, the scientist over the world still study on technical methods such as planting time, density and fertilizer for soybean production

1.2.2 Soybean research in Vietnam

In the period of 2001 - 2005, Vietnam imported 540 samples of soybean varieties from other countries that supplemented to collection of varieties and tested

9482 soybean variety samples; found out 83 samples of varieties that have precious characteristics In the period of 1985 - 2005, Vietnam created 15 samples of soybean varieties by cross-breeding that were certified as national varieties (Long Dinh Tran

and Chinh Thi Nguyen, 2005) [35] Creating and selecting by mutation treatment method resulted in 4 national varieties (Vinh Quang Mai et al., 2005)[52]

Besides, scientists also studied on technical methods such as planting time, density and fertilizer Research of some authors such as Dan Thi Nguyen (1996) [11], Thieu Van Pham, 2006 [44], Xiem Tu Nguyen and Phien Thai (1998) [56], Kha Minh Vo (1996) [29], Hinh Tan Nguyen et al, (2006) [25], Truong Thi Tran et al, 2006 [46] showed that: The actual amount of fertilizer required depended on season, soil types, the previous plants and varieties Hence, there is no fertilizer combination for all of different seasons, regions and soil types

CHAPTER 2: REASERCH CONTENTS AND METHODS

2.1 Materials

The experiment included 10 varieties of soybean: ĐT12, TQ, VX92, VX93, ĐT2000, 95389, CM60, 99084 - A18, 99084 - A28, DT84 (control) The whole experiment was applied the same fertilizer combination of Lam Thao Super phosphorus 16,50%, Urea Nitrogen 46,0%, Chloride potassium 50,0%, manure and lime

2.2 Contents

2.2.1 Survey for existing production of soybean in Thai Nguyen

2.2.2 Assessing growth and development of imported varieties of soybean in Thai Nguyen

2.2.3 Determining some main technical methods for prospect variety 99084 - A28 (timing, density and fertilization)

2.2.4 Trial for testing newly developed techniques in farmer fields

2.3 Methodology

2.3.1 Survey for existing production state of soybean in Thai Nguyen

- The data of climate and weather was collected in Hydro-meteorological station

in Thai Nguyen Province

- Determining the texture and characteristic of soil conducting experiment and trials, the soil samples was taken before carrying out the experiment (5samples/place)

- Determining the status of soybean production in Thai Nguyen by collecting secondary data and interviewing the staffs of Agricultural and rural development Department of Thai Nguyen Province

- Determining the status of soybean production in some districts, using Participatory Rural Appraisal method (PRA), interviewing farmers by questionnaire (Appendix 3)

2.3.2 Assessing growth and development of the imported soybean varieties in Thai Nguyen

2.3.2.1 Experiment 1: Study on the growth and development of some imported soybean varieties in spring and winter crops in 2004 and 2005 in Thai Nguyen

February, 2005 in spring season and on 15th, September, 2004 and 17th, September,

2005 in winter crops in Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

c/ Experimental conditions: The experiment was conducted in one rice crop

land, the soil texture is light, pHKCl = 4.85; Total Nitrogen = 0.11%; Total potassium

= 0.55%; Total phosphorus = 0.07%; Organic matter = 1.82%

d/ Experimental design: Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD with 3

replications The plot area is 1.4m x 5 m= 7m2

- Technical guideline: Based on the soybean variety testing guideline No 10TCN

339 - 2002 (MARD, 2001) [4] and No 10TCN 339 - 2006 (MARD, 2006) [38]

The planting density was 35 plants/m2, the distance between lines was 35 cm and between plants was 8.2 cm

The applied fertilizer combination was 5 tons of manure + 30 kg N + 60 kg P2O5

+ 30 kg K2O + 300 kg lime/ha

method were carried out based on the soybean variety testing guideline No 10TCN

339 - 2002 (MARD, 2001) [4 ] and No 10TCN 339 - 2006 (MARD, 2006) [38]

2.3.2.2 Experiment 2: Testing some prospect varieties of soybean in spring, 2006 in Thai Nguyen

a/ Research sites: Trang Xa Commune - Vo Nhai District, Hoa Thuong Commune - Dong

Hy District, Son Cam Commune - Phu Luong District

b/ Materials: 3 prospect varieties were selected through 4 testing seasons (VX93, 99084 - A28, ĐT2000) and DT84 (control) The testing area is 500m2 for each variety in each place

c/ Experiment conditions: The experiment was implemented on one rice-crop land with light texture of soil The chemical properties of soil in experiment places are shown below:

Table 2.2 The chemical properties of soil in experiment sites

(The soil was sampled in 2005)

The dosage of fertilizer and other experimental procedure are as the same as experiment 1

2.3.3 Studying some main technical methods for the prospect soybean variety

99084 - A28

A28 in spring and winter in Thai Nguyen

University of Agricultural and Forestry

Table 2.3: Sowing date of the treatments

b/ Experiment design: Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD with 3 replications The plot area is 2.8m x 5m = 14 m2

c/ Experiment condition, fertilizers, densities and other technical methods were similar to the experiment 1

A28 in spring and winter crops in 2007 - 2008 in Thai Nguyen

a/ Time and place: In spring and winter crops in 2007 - 2008 at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

2.3.3.3 Experiment 5: Determining the optimum N-fertilizer rate for soybean variety

99084 - A28 in spring, 2007 - 2008 in Thai Nguyen

Fertilizer base: 5 tons of manure + 60 kg P2O5 + 30 Kg K2O + 300 kg lime/ha a/ Time and Place: Spring, 2007- 2008 at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

b/ Experiment design: Randomized Complete Block Design - RCBD with 5 treatments, 3 replications The plot area is 2.8m x 5m = 14 m2

c / Experiment condition: As the same as the experiment 1

d / Indicators and monitoring method: Growth duration, plant height, the leaf area

index, pest and disease, lodging resistance ability, yield components, yield and calculation for treatment economic efficiency

2.3.3.4 Experiment 6: Determining the optimum P-fertilizer for soybean variety

99084 - A28 in spring crops in Thai Nguyen

Base Fertilizer: 5 tons of manure + 30 Kg N + 30 Kg K2O + 300 kg lime/ha a/ Time and place: Spring, 2007-2008 in TUAF

b/ Experiment design and monitoring method: As the same as experiment 5 c/ Experiment conditions: As the same as experiment 1

- A28 in spring crops in Thai Nguyen

Base fertilizer: 5 tons of manure + 30 Kg N + 60 Kg P2O5 + 300 kg lime/ha a/ Time and place: Spring crops, 2007 - 2008 in TUAF

b/ Experiment design, norms and monitoring methods: as experiment 5

c/ Experiment condition: As the same as the experiment 1

2.3.3.6 Experiment 8: Determining the optimum fertilizer combinations for soybean

Experiment included 7 treatments which are selected as the highest yield and economic efficiency in experiments 3,4,5,6,7

a/ Time and place: Spring, 2009 in TUAF

b/ Experiment design: RCBD with 7 treatments, 3 replications The plot area is 2.8m x 5m = 14,0m2

Fertilizer base was 5 tons of manure + 300 kg lime per hectare The rates of N, P2O5

and K2O (kg/ha) for each treatment are as follows:

2 3.4 Trials for testing soybean variety 99084 - A28 in spring, 2010 in Thai Nguyen

a/ Places: Trang Xa Commune - Vo Nhai District, Hoa Thuong Commune - Dong Hy District, Son Cam Commune - Phu Luong District

b/ The experiment conditions: As the same as the experiment 2

- Trial 1: New variety + New technical methods (optimum sowing date, density and fertilizer combination were determined in experiments 3, 4, 8)

- Trial 2: Old variety (DT84) + New technical methods

c/ Monitoring indicators: The farmers participated in conducting and evaluation of the trials: Yield (tons/ha), economic efficiency of the trials (expenditure - outcomes) and farmers’ acceptance to the new variety and technical methods

2.4 Data analysis

- The survey information was analyzed by the software Excel 5.0 and SAS

program

- The data from the field experiment was calculated, analyzed by the software

Excel 5.0, SAS and IRRISTAT programs

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Nature condition and status of soybean production in Thai Nguyen

3.1.1 Climate condition of Thai Nguyen Province

Based on the ecology requirements of soybean and analyzed the weather and climate in years conducting experiments it showed that: Although the climate and weather in Thai Nguyen varieties complicatedly but it was still suitable for the growth and development of soybean, in general Therefore, it needs to be based on the climate data to adjust the suitable planting season

3.1.2 The survey results of existing soybean production in Thai Nguyen

3.1.2.1 The survey results

The area of soybean in recent years has continuously reduced In 2003, the area was 3656 ha, after 5 years it reduced by 36,6% and got to 2316 ha (2007) It got the big reduce in 2008 (2000 ha) The yield of soybean in Thai Nguyen in recent years has an increasing trend from 1.131 tons/ha to 1.403 tons/ha because some farmers started to use new varieties

Soybean have been planted in all districts and city in Thai Nguyen Province but the planting area are mainly in Pho Yen, Phu Binh, Vo Nhai, Dong Hy district and Song Cong town Soybean has been planted in 2 main cropping seasons which are spring and winter 100% households interviewed planted spring soybean and 66.7 - 95.2% households planted winter soybean The number of households planted summer-autumn soybean was very low (14.6 - 26.2%)

The using of old varieties in soybean production is one of the reasons for low soybean yield At investigated places, we realized that the variety DT 84 was still popularly grown in 52.8% households Some varieties have transferred to the production recently such as AK03, DT9, DT96, ĐT80 planted by 20.8% of interviewing households The variety Cuc Luc Ngan was grown in Vo Nhai and Phu Luong District

by 29.2% and 25.7 % households, respectively

Investigating in applying the technical methods for soybean production showed that planting soybean mainly based on experiences (21.4 - 52.1%) The number of households applying the old technical methods was also fairly high (31.4 -37.5%) Almost households applied fertilizer unreasonably; the fertilizer rate for soybean was still lower than the guideline Investigating in the status of soybean pests and diseases

showed that the pests were mainly Bean pyramid (Lamprosema indicata Fabricius) and Lima bean pod-borer (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke)