the creation of a single European currency creativity noun / kriːeɪ 'tɪvəti / [uncountable] the ability to use your imagination to produce newideas, make things etc Her experience m
Trang 1Practice Test 1
creation noun / kri 'eɪʆən / [uncountable] the act of creating something
The plan should result in the creation of 2000 new jobs
the creation of a single European currency
creativity noun / kriːeɪ 'tɪvəti / [uncountable] the ability to use your imagination to produce newideas, make things etc
Her experience meant that she had a big advantage over her opponent.
His height gives him an advantage over the other players.
Western countries enjoyed considerable advantages in terms of technology.
Younger workers tend to be at an advantage when applying for jobs.
2 take advantage of somebody to treat someone unfairly in order to get what you want,
especially someone who is generous or easily persuaded
Don't lend them the car - they're taking advantage of you!
3 take advantage of something (to do something) to use a particular situation to do or
get what you want
I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed
You'll want to take full advantage of the beachfront clubs.
at the top (of) something
He was standing at the top of the stairs.
Write your name at the top of the page.
on top of something on the highest surface of something
There should be an envelope on top of the fridge.
Trang 2external adjective / ɪk 'stɜːnl / relating to the outside of something or of a person's body
ￚ opposite internal
the external appearance of the building
For external use only (=written on medicines which must be put on your skin and not
swallowed)
exterior noun / ɪk 'stɪəriə / [countable] the outside of something, especially a building
ￚopposite interior
• exterior of
the exterior of the factory
The dome is tiled on the exterior.
renew verb / rɪ'njuː/ [transitive] to arrange for an agreement or official document to continue for afurther period of time
• renew somebody's contract/licence/membership etc
I need to renew my passport this year.
reform verb / rɪ'fɔːm / [transitive] to improve a system, law, organization etc by making a lot ofchanges to it, so that it operates in a fairer or more effective way
plans to radically reform the tax system
level noun / 'levəl / [countable] the amount or degree of something, compared to another amount
• level of
• high/low level
• price/income/salary etc levels
Increased supplies are needed to meet the level of demand.
Dolphins show a high level of intelligence.
Inflation dropped to its lowest level in 30 years
At the moment, public interest is at a high level
the high salary levels of top executives
Trang 3basis noun / 'beɪsɪs / [countable] the facts, ideas, or things from which something can bedeveloped
• basis of something
• basis for something
Bread forms the basis of their daily diet.
The video will provide a basis for class discussion.
• on the basis of something : because of a particular fact or situation
discrimination on the basis of sex
• on a regular/daily/weekly etc basis every day, week etc
I'm saving money on a regular basis.
• on a voluntary/part-time/temporary etc basis a system or agreement by which someone
or something is voluntary etc
Nurses are employed on a full-time basis.
make out phrasal verb
1 make something ↔ out to understand something, especially the reason why something hashappened
• make out what/how/why etc
I couldn't make out what I had done to annoy her.
2 make somebody ↔ out to understand someone's character and the way they behave
Stuart's a strange guy - I can't make him out at all.
make up phrasal verb
1. to combine together to form something ￚsynonym constitute
• make up something
• be made up of something
Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population.
The committee is made up of representatives from every state.
2. to produce a new story, song, game etc by thinking
Nick made up a song about them
When you're the boss you can make up your own rules
3. to put make-up (=special coloured substances) on someone's face in order to make them lookbetter or different
Trang 4 They made him up as an old man for the last act of the play
after [preposition/adverb/conjunction] after something happens or after someone does something
We went for a walk after lunch.
Gingrich won election to the House in 1978, after Flynt retired.
What did you do after leaving school?
• an hour/two days/a year etc after
My father died two days after I was born.
• just after/ right after /soon after/not long after
My sister and her husband moved west just after their wedding.
Paul rushed home right after school.
afterwards [adverb] after an event or a time that you have just mentioned
• two years/three months etc afterwards
• soon/shortly afterwards
The operation was rather painful, but I felt a lot better afterwards.
A couple of years afterwards I bumped into her in a supermarket.
His wife fell ill in June and died soon afterwards.
next /nekst/ [adverb] after something happens or after someone does something use this whenyou are describing a series of events in the order they happened
Can you remember what happened next?
later [adverb] some time after now or after the time you are talking about
• three months/two years/ten days etc later
• later on
• much later (=a long time later)
• later that day/month/year etc
A couple of days later I saw her in a downtown bar.
The first part of the film is really boring but it gets better later on.
I found out much later that some of the children I taught had become teachers themselves.
Later that month we got another letter from them asking for more money.
then [adverb] after you have done something use this when you are describing a series ofthings you did, or when you are giving instructions
First we played tennis, and then we went swimming.
subsequently [adverb] formal after an event was finished in the past
The book was published in 1954 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages.
Trang 5 The six men were subsequently acquitted of all charges, but only after they had served 17
years in prison
confidential adjective / kɒnfɪ╹denʆl/ spoken or written in secret and intended to be kept secret
a confidential government report
Doctors are required to keep patients' records completely confidential
The information will be regarded as strictly confidential (=completely confidential).
implement verb / 'ɪmplɪment / [transitive] to take action or make changes that you haveofficially decided should happen
• implement a policy/plan/decision etc
We have decided to implement the committee's recommendations in full.
sighting noun /'saɪtɪŋ / [countable] an occasion on which something is seen, especiallysomething rare or something that people are hoping to see
• sighting of
There were two unconfirmed sightings of UFOs in the area.
expel verb / ɪk'spel /
1 to officially force someone to leave a school or organization
• expel somebody from something
• expel somebody for doing something
Two girls were expelled from school for taking drugs
The main opposition leader was expelled from her party.
He was expelled for making racist remarks.
2 to force a foreigner to leave a country, especially because they have broken the law or forpolitical reasons
• expel somebody from something
• expel somebody for something
Foreign priests were expelled from the country.
Three diplomats were expelled for spying.
repel verb / rɪ'pel / [transitive] to keep something or someone away from you
a lotion that repels mosquitoes
impel verb / ɪm'pel / if something impels you to do something, it makes you feel very strongly thatyou must do it
• impel somebody to do something
The lack of democracy and equality impelled the oppressed to fight for independence.
Trang 6compel verb / kəm'pel / to force someone to do something
• compel somebody to do something
The law will compel employers to provide health insurance.
She felt compelled to resign because of the scandal.
compelling adjective / kəm'pelɪŋ /
1. compelling reason/argument/case etc an argument etc that makes you feel certain thatsomething is true or that you must do something about it
The court was presented with compelling evidence that she'd murdered her husband.
2. very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention
His life makes a compelling story.
caution verb to warn someone that something might be dangerous, difficult etc
• caution (somebody) against something
• caution (somebody) that
• caution somebody to do something
Business leaders are cautioning against hasty action that would hamper flexibility.
Officials were quick to caution that these remarks did not mean an end to the peace
process
He cautioned them to avoid the forest at night.
oversee verb /əʊvə╹siː/ = supervise
A team leader was appointed to oversee the project.
overwhelm verb / əʊvə'welm / [transitive usually passive]
1 if someone is overwhelmed by an emotion, they feel it so strongly that they cannot think clearly
• be overwhelmed by/with something
Harriet was overwhelmed by a feeling of homesickness.
The children were overwhelmed with excitement.
2 if work or a problem overwhelms someone, it is too much or too difficult to deal with
• be overwhelmed by something
• overwhelm somebody with something
We were overwhelmed by the number of applications.
They would be overwhelmed with paperwork.
overrule verb / əʊvə'ruːl / [transitive] to change an order or decision that you think is wrong,using your official power
The House of Lords overruled the decision of the Court of Appeal
They have the power to overrule the local council.
Trang 7overlook verb to forgive someone's mistake, bad behaviour etc and take no action
She found him entertaining enough to overlook his faults.
inadmissible adjective / ɪnəd 'mɪsəbəl/ law inadmissible information is not allowed to be used
in a court of law
The evidence issued on 12 February was ruled inadmissible
procedure noun / prə'siːdʒə $ -ər / [uncountable and countable] a way of doing something
• procedure for
• correct/proper/normal etc procedure
• legal/court/parliamentary etc procedures
What is the procedure for applying for a visa?
This is standard procedure for getting rid of toxic waste.)
proceeds noun / 'prəʊsiːdz / [plural] formal the money that is obtained from doing something orselling something
• proceeds of/from something
The proceeds of the concert will go to charity.
proceeding noun / prə 'siːdɪŋ / [countable usually plural] when someone uses a court of law todeal with a legal case
• begin/open/take proceedings (against somebody)
She has begun divorce proceedings.
John is taking legal proceedings against his ex-partner.
attain verb / ə 'teɪn / [transitive] formal to succeed in achieving something after trying for a longtime
More women are attaining positions of power in public life.
Here is your opportunity to attain a goal.
attired adjective / ə 'taɪrəd / [not before noun] formal dressed in a particular way
He arrived suitably attired in a dark dinner suit.
attuned adjective / ə 'tjuːnd / to be or become familiar with the way someone thinks or behaves
so that you can react to them in a suitable way
• be/become attuned to something
Kathy became attuned to a curious new odor in the air.
Trang 8priceless adjective / 'praɪsləs / extremely valuable
priceless antiques
The ability to motivate people is a priceless asset.
worthless adjective / 'wɜːθləs/ something that is worthless has no value, importance, or use
The house was full of worthless junk.
The information was worthless to me.
outdated adjective / aʊt 'deɪtɪd/ if something is outdated, it is no longer considered useful oreffective, because something more modern exists
a factory with outdated equipment
His writing style is now boring and outdated.
undated adjective / ʌn 'deɪtɪd / a letter, article, painting etc that is undated does not have a datewritten on it
subscription noun / səb 'skrɪpʆən / [uncountable and countable] an amount of money you pay,usually once a year, to receive copies of a newspaper or magazine, or receive a service, or the act
of paying money for this
• subscription to
Are you interested in taking out a subscription to Newsweek?
You may cancel your subscription at any time
I've decided not to renew my subscription.
prescription noun / prɪ 'skrɪpʆən / [countable] a piece of paper on which a doctor writes whatmedicine a sick person should have, so that they can get it from a pharmacist
• prescription for
a prescription for sleeping pills
I got the prescription filled on the way home.
inscription noun / ɪn 'skrɪpʆən / [countable] a piece of writing inscribed on a stone, in the front
of a book etc
a Latin inscription on the memorial stone
conscription noun / kən 'skrɪpʆən / [uncountable] when people are made to join the army,navy etc
When was conscription introduced in Britain?
Trang 9stagflation noun / stæg 'fleɪʆən / [uncountable] an economic situation in which there is inflation(=a continuing rise in prices) but many people do not have jobs and businesses are not doing well
reinstate verb / riːɪn 'steɪt / [transitive] if someone is reinstated, they are officially given backtheir job after it was taken away
Hannigan was reinstated after students protested his dismissal.
overstate verb / əʊvə 'steɪt/ [transitive] = exaggerate ￚ opposite understate
Politicians typically overstate their case in order to get their point across.
The company says that the dangers of driving while using cell phones have been overstated.
countermand verb /kaʊntə'mɑːnd / [transitive] to officially tell people to ignore an order,especially by giving them a different one
Terrorists tried to force him to countermand the order to attack
reprimand verb / 'reprɪmɑːnd / [transitive] to tell someone officially that something they havedone is very wrong
• reprimand somebody for (doing) something
The military court reprimanded him for failing to do his duty.
Trang 10Reading Comprehension
refund noun /╹riːfʌnd / [countable] an amount of money that is given back to you if you are notsatisfied with the goods or services that you have paid for
They refused to give me a refund
Return your purchase within 14 days for a full refund
You should go down there and demand a refund.
attire noun / ə╹taɪə / [uncountable] clothes
the criteria for measuring how good schools are
Academic ability is not the sole criterion for admission to the college
To qualify for a grant, students must satisfy certain criteria.
suite noun / swiːt / [countable] a set of rooms, especially expensive ones in a hotel
a honeymoon suite
a suite of rooms for palace guests
in advance (of something) before something happens or is expected to happen
• six months/a year etc in advance
I should warn you in advance that I'm not a very good dancer.
The airline suggests booking tickets 21 days in advance.
complimentary adjective / kɒmplɪ╹mentəri/ given free to people
There was a complimentary bottle of champagne in the hotel room
I've got some complimentary tickets for the theatre tonight.
continental breakfast noun [countable] a breakfast consisting of coffee and bread withbutter and jam
aquatic adjective / ə ╹kwætɪk/ living or growing in water
an aquatic plant
Trang 11initiate verb / ɪ╹nɪʆieɪt / [transitive] to arrange for something important to start, such as anofficial process or a new plan
They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper
Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
eligible adjective /╹elɪdʒəbəl / someone who is eligible for something is able or allowed to do it,for example because they are the right age
• be eligible for something
• be eligible to do something
Students on a part-time course are not eligible for a loan.
Over 500,000 18-year-olds will become eligible to vote this year.
mandatory adjective / ╹mændətɔːri / if something is mandatory, the law says it must be done
ￚ synonym compulsory, obligatory
• mandatory for
Crash helmets are mandatory for motorcyclists.
The Council has made it mandatory for all nurses to attend a refresher course every
three years
permanent adjective /╹pɜːmənənt / continuing to exist for a long time or for all the time in thefuture ￚ opposite temporary
He gave up a permanent job in order to freelance.
be subject to a rule/law/penalty/tax etc if you are subject to a rule, law, penalty etc,you must obey the rule or pay an amount of money
Violators are subject to a $100 fine.
tax relief noun [uncountable] when you do not have to pay tax on part of what you earn,especially because you use the money for a particular purpose
• tax relief on something
You can get tax relief on private health insurance premiums.
incentive noun / ɪn╹sentɪv / [uncountable and countable] something that encourages you towork harder, start a new activity etc
• create/provide/give somebody an incentive
• economic/financial/tax etc incentives
Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.
Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.
The recycling drive was backed with financial incentives.
Trang 12exceed verb / ɪk ╹siːd / [transitive] surpass, go beyond
Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week
His performance exceeded our expectations.
He was fined for exceeding the speed limit
badge noun / bædʒ / [countable] a small piece of metal or plastic that you carry to show peoplethat you work for a particular organization, for example that you are a police officer
plenary adjective / ╹pliːnəri / [only before noun] formal involving all the members of acommittee, organization etc
The conference ended with a plenary debate.
reimburse verb / riːɪm╹bɜːs / [transitive] to pay money back to someone when their money hasbeen spent or lost
• reimburse somebody for something
The company will reimburse you for travel expenses.
expire verb / ɪk ╹spaɪə / [intransitive] if an official document expires, it can no longer be legallyused
• expire in/on/at
My passport expires next week.
My driving licence expires in March.
The lease on the flat expired on June 14th.
renew verb / rɪ╹njuː/ [transitive] to arrange for an agreement or official document to continue for
a further period of time
• renew somebody's contract/licence/membership etc
I need to renew my passport this year.
subscribe / səb╹skraɪb / [intransitive] to pay money, usually once a year, to have copies of anewspaper or magazine sent to you, or to have some other service
• subscribe to
You can subscribe to the magazine for as little as $32 a year.
bi- prefix / baɪ / two, twice, or double
bilingual (=speaking two languages)