english for aviation in the algerian

Appendix ‘A’: Procedures to Gain Access to the Airport Appendix ‘B’ Interviews Appendix ‘C’: Air Traffic Controllers ‘Questionnaire Appendix ‘D’: Test Components Appendix ‘E’: Copy of

UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN FACULTY OF LETTERS AND LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

SECTION OF ENGLISH

Thesis Submitted to the Department of Foreing Languages as a

partial fulfillment of the Magister” Degree in E S P

Presented by:

Ms GHANIA MEKKAOUI

Supervised by: Dr HAFIDA HAMZAOUI English for Aviation in the Algerian context: The case of Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers in Zenata-Messalli El Hadj Airport Jury Members: Dr BENMOUSSAT Smail

Dr.HAMZAOUI Hafida

Dr BENYELLES Radia

Dr MARBOUH Zouaoui

Dr BAICHE Ali

Professor President University of Tlemcen M.C Supervisor

Internal Examiner

External Examiner Universityof Sidi Bel Abbe Internal Examiner University of Tlemcen University of Tlemcen University of Tlemcen M.C

M.C

M.C

A A A A

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This study is a contribution to the field of ESP in aviation industry in an Algerian context The current research was conducted in Zenta - Messali el Hadj Airport It was

a case study research that intended to explore the English language problems, Algerian pilots and air traffic controllers might face in their job As well as identifying their needs, lacks, and wants To suggest sollutions to overcome their difficulties, a needs identification and analysis was conducted, thanks to various instruments: interviews, a questionnaire, classroom observation, and a proficiency test

The results indicated that all informants involved in the current research were aware of the importance of English in aviation, as low profeciency in this language might lead

to misunderstanding, and dangerous situations Both pilots and air traffic controllers revealed their need to develop their English language profeciency namely in speaking and listenining skills with special focus on vocabulary and grammar

To conclude, the English language is important in aviation industry A good mastery

of this language helps avoid misunderstanding and keep aviation safety Thus, Algerian pilots and air traffic controllers need to enhance their English language ability thanks to appropriate English courses and well trained ESP teachers

Acknowledgements

CHAPTERONE: ENGLISHINAVIATIONINDUSTRY 

1.1 Introduction……… ……….… 7

1.2 Definition of English for Specific Purposes (ESP)……… … ….7

1.3 English for Aviation as a Sub Division of ESP……… … …… 10

1.4 Phraseology and Plain English as Subset of English for Aviation… …… 10

1.5 The Need of English in Aviation Industry……….… 13

1.6 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) ………15

1.7 English for Aviation in Algeria……….……….17

1.8 Air Traffic Communication……….……….… 18

1.9 Air Traffic Comunication Involving English……… …….….20

1.9.2 Code Switching and L1 Interference……….……… ….25

1.9.3 Lexical Ambiguity……….……….… …….26

1.9.4 Paralinguistic Factors……….……….… 26

1 1 0 C o n c l u s i o n … … … … … … 2 7 CHAPTERTWO: SITUATIONANALYSIS&RESEARCHDESIGN  2.1 Introduction……… ….30

2.2 Zenata Airport -Messali Al Hadj……… …30

2.3 Navigation Companies in Zenata Airport……….…….…31

2.4 Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers’ Responsibilities……….…… 32

2.5 Gaining Permission to Access the Airport……….…… ….34

2.6 Research Design and Methodology……….… 37

2.7 Data Collection Instruments……….……….39

2.7.1 Interviews……… ……… 40

2.7.1.1 Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers’ Interviews……….……….… 41

2.7.1.2 The General Director and the Station Managers’ Interview…….….….44

2.7.1.3 The Teachers’ Interview……… …… ……….45

2.7.2 Air Traffic Controllers’ Questionnaire……….….47

2.7.3 Classroom Observation……… 48

2.7.4 Test……….49

2.7.4.1 Types of Test……… …….49

2.8 Conclusion……… ….54

CHAPTERTHREE: RESEARCHRESULTSANALYSIS& INTERPRETATION  1.3 Introduction……… …….….57

3.2 Pilots’ Interview……… … 57

3.3 Controllers’ Interview……… ….64

3.4 Interview of the General Director of the National Air Navigation Company and the Station Manager of the airport……….69

3.5 Controllers’ Questionnaire ……… ……71

3.6 Classroom Observation Analysis……… …74

3.7 Teachers’ Interview……… ….80

3.7.Test analysis……… ….…82

3.7.1 Qualitative Analysis of the Test……….…83

3.7.2 Quantitative Analysis of the Test……… ….…85

3.8 Summary and Discussion of the Main Findings……… ….88

3.9 Conclusion……….90

4.1 Introduction………93

4.2 Pre-Course Considerations……….… ……… … 94

4.2 1 Needs Analysis……….… 94

4.2.2 Teacher Training……… ……….….95

4.2.3 Using Texts and Well Designed Materials……….………… 96

4.3.2 Course Content and Teaching Techniques……….……….97

4.3.3 Teaching Aids……….……… ……100

4.3.4 Collaboration between ESP Teachers and Subject Specialists…… …101

4.4 Suggested Syllabus for Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers……… ……102

4.4.1 Objectives of the Syllabus……… ………103

4.4.2 Sample Unit 2……… ….105

4.4.3 Unit objectives ……… ……… 105

4.5 Conclusion……… … ……111

GENERAL CONCLUSION……….112

BIBLIOGRAPHY……….………118

Appendix ‘A’: Procedures to Gain Access to the Airport

Appendix ‘B’ Interviews

Appendix ‘C’: Air Traffic Controllers ‘Questionnaire

Appendix ‘D’: Test Components

Appendix ‘E’: Copy of Achievement Test for Air Traffic Controllers in the English

Training Program

Appendix ‘F’: Examples of Course Activities in the English Training Program

Appendix’G’ Calculating the Scores

Appendix ‘H’: ICAO English Language Proficiency Requirements



ESP : English for Specific Purposes

EAP : English for Academic Purposes

EOP : English for Occupational Purposes

ELT : English Language Teaching

ESS : English for Social Sciences

EST : English for Science and Technology

LSP : Language for Specific Purposes

ATC : Air Traffic Control

ICAO : International Communication Aviation Organization

NANC : National Air Navigation Company

ELPR : English Language Proficiency Requirements

Table 2.1 Information on the Working Airlines Companies in Zenata Airport Table 2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Structured and Unstructured

Observation

Table 2.3 Test Format and Content

Table 3.1 Participants’ Educational Background

Table 3.2 Language Background.

Table 3.3 Country of Initial Training for Pilots

Table 3.4 Pilots’ Difficulties

Table 3.5 Importance of English Language

Table 3.6 ESP Training Program

Table 3.7. Self-Evaluation of Some Skills Mastery

Table 3.8. Instances of use of English

Table 3.9. Testing

Table 3.10. Misunderstanding

Table 3.11 Country of Initial Training for Controllers

Table 3.12. Language Difficulties Encounterd by Controllers

Table 3.13 Self-Evaluation of Skills Mastery

Table 3.14 Tests

Table3.15. Causes of Misunderstanding

Table 3.16 Degree of Importance Given To Language Skills in the Three-

Preceeding Levels

Table 3.17 Evaluation of Teaching Materials

Table 3.18. Controllers’ Self -Evaluation after the English Training Program

Table 3.19 The Mandated Book Titles

Table 3.20. Textbooks Used In the Four Levels

Table 3.21. Book Division

Table 3.22. The Distribution of Hours in the Four Levels of Instruction

Table 3.24. Instances of French Interference

Figure1.1 Simplified Tree of ELT

Figure1.2 English for Aviation

Figure1.3 The Pilot-Controller Communication Loop

Figure 1.4 Instance of Expectations: Shifting a Clearance or Instruction from One

Diagram1.1 (Dudley-Evans and Maggie’s Sub Divisions of English for Occupational

Purposes 2002)

Diagram1.2 Complex Relationship with Phraseology and Natural Language

(Stephanie 2011)

Diagram 2.2 Data Collection Procedures

Diagram 2.1: The Different Steps Taken to Gain Access to the Airport



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