Thuốc ngủ và thuốc an thần pps

the suprachiasmatic nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN, which in mammals is the primary “biological clock.” The name “suprachiasmatic” derives from the location of the nucleus just abo

The period of twenty-four hours formed by the regular revolution of our Earth is apparent in all diseases It

is, as it were, the unit of

our natural chronology

— Christopher William

Hufeland, 1796

SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS

BMAL1:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like CLOCK: Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput

Bmal (brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator

(ARNT)-like)

CK1ε : casein kinase 1ε

Rhythm of waking (blue lines) and sleeping (red lines) of a volunteer

in an isolation chamber with and without cues about the day-night cycle Numbers represent the mean ± standard deviation of a complete waking/sleeping cycle during each period (blue triangles represent times when the rectal temperature was maximum) (After

times when the rectal temperature was maximum) (After Aschoff, 1965 Aschoff, 1965 ,

as reproduced in Schmidt et al., 1983.)

CRY (cryptochrome), CLOCK (C) (Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput), BMAL1 (B) (brain and muscle, ARNT-like), PER1 (Period1), PER2 (Period2), PER3 (Period3), and vasopressin prepropressophysin (VP) (clock controlled genes; ccg)

the suprachiasmatic nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which in

mammals is the primary “biological clock.” The name “suprachiasmatic” derives from the

location of the nucleus just above the

optic chiasm

(B)Diagram of the pathway from the

suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland to the pineal gland

Activation of specific neural circuits triggers sleep and wakefulness (A)Electrical stimulation of the Electrical stimulation of the cholinergic cholinergic neurons neurons near the junction of pons and midbrain (the and midbrain (the reticular activating system reticular activating system ) causes a sleeping cat

to awaken

(B)Electrical stimulation of the Electrical stimulation of the thalamus thalamus causes an awake cat to fall asleep Graphs show EEG recordings before and during stimulation.

Summary of subcortical/cortical interactions that generate wakefulness and sleep A variety of

wakefulness and sleep A variety of brainstem brainstem nuclei using several different

several different neurotransmitters neurotransmitters determine mental status on

a continuum that ranges from deep sleep to a high level of alertness These nuclei, which include the

alertness These nuclei, which include the cholinergic cholinergic nuclei

of the

of the pons pons -midbrain junction, the locus coeruleus, and the raphe nuclei, all have widespread ascending and descending connections (arrows) to other regions, which explain their numerous effects Curved arrows along the perimeter of the cortex indicate the indicate the innervation innervation of lateral cortical regions not shown in this plane of section.

CHU KỲ GiẤC NGỦ

CHU KỲ GiẤC NGỦ

RAPID EYES MOVEMENT SLEEP

RAPID EYES MOVEMENT SLEEP

Physiological changes in a male volunteer during the various sleep states in a typical 8-hour period of sleep (A) The duration

of REM sleep increases from 10 minutes

in the first cycle to up to 50 minutes in the final cycle; note that slow-wave (stage IV) sleep is attained only in the first two cycles (B) The upper panels show the electro-oculogram (EOG) and the lower panels show changes in various muscular and autonomic functions Movement of neck muscles was measured using an electromyogram (EMG) Other than the few slow eye movements approaching stage I sleep, all other eye movements evident in the EOG occur in REM sleep The greatest EMG activity occurs during the onset of sleep and just prior to

awakening The heart rate (beats per minute) and respiration (breaths per minute) slow in non-REM sleep, but increase almost to the waking levels in REM sleep Finally, penile erection occurs only during REM sleep (After Schmidt et al., 1983.)

CÁC NHÓM THUỐC NGỦ AN THẦN HiỆN HÀNH

CÁC NHÓM THUỐC NGỦ AN THẦN HiỆN HÀNH

sinh học, điều chỉnh hành vi ẩm thực & hành vi tính dục

sinh học, điều chỉnh hành vi ẩm thực & hành vi tính dục

CHUYỂN HÓA HỖ TƯƠNG GiỮA GLUTAMATE & GABA

CRF1-R: corticoreleasing hormone receptor 1

MELATONIN

YẾU TỐ NGOẠI CẢNH & BỆNH LÝ THAY ĐỔI CẤU TRÚC TÁC ĐỘNG TRÊN ĐỒNG HỒ SINH HỌC.

YẾU TỐ NGOẠI CẢNH & BỆNH LÝ THAY ĐỔI CẤU TRÚC TÁC ĐỘNG TRÊN ĐỒNG HỒ SINH HỌC.

Melatonin trong tương quan với các hormone khác Melatonin trong tương quan với các hormone khác