Airplanes departing in a timely manner can some times be prevented by any one of a variety of factors, such as severe weather or a security threat.. A Airplanes departing in a timely man
Trang 19 In the passage, the author’s chief
concern is to
(A) acknowledge an error in
mainstream science
(B) explain the reason for a
modifi-cation of a system
(C) describe an anomalous
biologi-cal phenomenon
(D) trace the development of a
scientific theory
(E) outline a system of scientific
classification
10 To ensure the integrity of fossil
evidence found at climatically
unstable archeological sites, the
immediate coating of newly exposed
fossils with a specially formulated
alkaline solution is as crucial, if not
more crucial than, the prompt
removal of the fossil from the site
(A) crucial, if not more crucial
than, the
(B) crucial as, if not more crucial
than, the
(C) crucial as, if not more than the
(D) crucial, if not more crucial,
than the
(E) crucial, if not more crucial,
as the
11 While hiring decisions for most types
of jobs are based strictly on resumes
and interviews, job applicants for
computer programming jobs are at
times asked to demonstrate their
programming skills on the spot
(A) job applicants for computer
programming jobs are at times
(B) some job applicants for
com-puter programming jobs are
(C) for some computer
program-ming jobs, job applicants are
at times
(D) in some cases some applicants
for computer programming
jobs are
12 Airplanes departing in a timely
manner can some times be prevented
by any one of a variety of factors, such as severe weather or a security threat
(A) Airplanes departing in a timely manner can some times be prevented by any one of a variety of factors, such as severe weather or a security threat
(B) Any one of a variety of factors, such as severe weather or a security threat, some times can prevent airplanes from their timely departing
(C) Any one of a variety of factors, such as severe weather or a security threat, can sometimes prevent the timely departure of airplanes
(D) The severity of the weather or a
security threat, among a variety
of other factors, can some of the time prevent airplanes depart-ing on time
(E) Timely departures of airplanes are sometimes prevented as a result of severe weather, a security threat, or various other factors
Trang 213 For large pharmaceutical companies,
the profit motive has long been a deterrent to the preparation of medicines that treat illnesses afflicting primarily people who cannot easily afford to pay for medicines While diseases such as cholera and malaria claim millions of lives every year, medicines that the companies have developed and that can prevent these deaths are simply not made available for this purpose
Pharmaceutical companies have expressed essentially the same attitude toward preparing antidotes
in the event of germ warfare
The passage is structured to lead to which of the following conclusions?
(A) Large pharmaceutical compa-nies fail to appreciate the potential dangers of germ warfare
(B) The government must subsidize the preparation of germ-war antidotes in order to prevent a large-scale catastrophe
(C) Potential victims of germ warfare cannot rely on large pharmaceutical companies for antidotes that might be needed during war
(D) A victim of cholera or malaria is
more likely to die from germ warfare than a person who has not contracted either disease
(E) Large pharmaceutical compa-nies do not have sufficient resources to develop antidotes for use in the event of germ warfare
14 Bayside Aquarium plans to capture a
great white shark and to display it at the aquarium, in the hope that doing
so will help raise public awareness that this species of shark is in danger of extinction But few such sharks have ever survived in captiv-ity for more than one month In all likelihood, then, this plan would amount to a waste of the aquarium’s financial resources, which would be better directed toward other efforts
to preserve the great white shark Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?
(A) Bayside Aquarium’s shark habitat would resemble the species’ natural environment far more closely than the shark habitats provided previously at other facilities
(B) Most visitors to the aquarium are already aware that the great white shark is an endan-gered species
(C) Certain other species of sharks are at greater risk of extinction than the great white shark
(D) The expense involved in
capturing a great white shark is difficult to predict
(E) Bayside Aquarium’s popularity
is due primarily to its large variety of sea life
Trang 3QUESTIONS 15–17 ARE BASED ON THE
FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line The eighteenth-century literary work
Encyclopédie, which coincided with
nascent industrialization, distinguished
itself from its predecessors with its mix
of the theoretical with the practical
While twenty pages were devoted to
metaphysical speculation about the
human soul, nearly as many were
devoted to the machine manufacture of
stockings, a principal industrial
product of the day In fact, seventeen
volumes of text were accompanied by
eleven volumes of illustrations, at the
insistence of chief editors Denis
Diderot and Jean d’Alembert, known
as the “Encyclopedists.”
Prior to the mid-eighteenth century,
scholars had not dared to publicly
assert the intellectual freedom to
reason about the mundane tools of
daily life with the same seriousness as
the human soul Understandably, in
1759 Pope Clement XIII listed
Encyclo-pédie in the Church’s Index of
Prohib-ited Books, and the French government
refused to license its printing But due
in part to the surreptitious assistance
of an enlightened government official
and in part to greedy booksellers, the
work quickly became a best-seller
throughout Europe
15 The author mentions the machine
manufacture of stockings most likely
in order to
(A) show that for the
Encyclope-dists illustrations were just as
important as text
(B) underscore the Encyclopedists’
skepticism about prevailing
metaphysical notions
(C) demonstrate the Encyclopedists’
concern for the practical realm
of human endeavor
(D) point out the Encyclopedists’
16 In the context of the passage, which
of the following is the most reason-able explanation for the author’s characterization of government
suppression of Encyclopédie as
understandable?
(A) Pope Clement XIII had already called for the suppression of the work
(B) The same government official who aided the Encyclopedists also refused to grant a license
to print the work
(C) The work’s entry about Chris-tianity was briefer than its entry about certain other religions
(D) In challenging the general
status quo, the work might incite readers to question political authority
(E) The government had previously banned similar works
17 The author suggests that the
com-mercial success of Encyclopédie
(A) was the product of illegal printing operations
(B) brought fame to the work’s chief editors
(C) spawned more volumes than were originally planned
(D) was largely due to a publicity
campaign by one individual
(E) owed to the work’s extensive use of illustrations
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Trang 418 Human exposure to even low levels
of nuclear radiation dramatically increases the likelihood of contract-ing some form of cancer Accordcontract-ing to
a research study involving a town near a former nuclear testing site, no person who resided in the town during the testing—which occurred more than sixty years ago—and who was under the age of 10 during the testing lived beyond 50 years of age
However, some of the town’s former residents who are now over 50 years old are cancer survivors but
resided in the town during the nuclear testing
If the information provided is true, which of the following must on the basis of it also be true about the town that is the subject of the research study?
(A) Some people who resided in the town during the nuclear testing
do not remember the testing
(B) The cancers contracted by the town’s cancer survivors were not caused by exposure to nuclear radiation
(C) Some of the town’s former residents living today were over
10 years of age during the nuclear testing
(D) The nuclear testing resulted in
the emission of lower levels of radiation than initially believed
(E) Some of the town’s residents died before turning 50 years
of age due to causes other than cancer
19 Since the release of MicroTeam
Corporation’s newest version of its ActiveWeb software, more copies of this new version have been sold than any software product that competes with ActiveWeb Therefore, Mi-croTeam Corporation’s marketing campaign to promote the new version
of ActiveWeb was highly effective Which of the following, if true, provides the best indication that the conclusion in the argument above is logically well supported?
(A) The number of potential purchasers of ActiveWeb and of products that compete with it has increased since the release
of the new version of ActiveWeb
(B) The number of products compet-ing with ActiveWeb has dimin-ished since the release of the new version of ActiveWeb
(C) The new version of ActiveWeb corrected every known opera-tional problem with previous versions
(D) More copies of the new version
of ActiveWeb have been sold than of any earlier version of ActiveWeb
(E) Shortly after the release of the new version of ActiveWeb, a popular and influential maga-zine recommended a competing product over the new version of ActiveWeb
20 A pluralistic democracy, in greater
degree than any system of govern-ment, diffuses power away from
a center
(A) in greater degree than any
(B) which more than any
(C) to a greater extent than any
(D) as opposed to any other (E) more than any other
Trang 521 During her internship at the
hospi-tal, Dr Paulson observed that
through careful examination,
compe-tent diagnosing and successful
treatment, patients can grow to trust
their physicians
(A) diagnosing and successful
treatment, patients can grow to
trust their physicians
(B) diagnosis and treatment, if
successful, can lead patients to
trust their physicians
(C) and successful diagnosing and
treatment, physicians can
develop trust in their patients
(D) diagnosis and successful
treat-ment, physicians can help their
patients grow to trust them
(E) diagnosis and successful
treatment, physicians can
develop in their patients
growing trust
22 Topical application of oil from the
bark of aoli trees, which are quite rare and grow only in certain regions
of South America, has been shown to
be the only effective means of treating certain skin disorders At the current rate of harvesting bark for aoli oil, however, aoli trees will become extinct within fifty years
Clearly, measures must be taken soon to reduce the demand for aoli oil; otherwise, fifty years from now it will no longer be possible to treat these skin disorders effectively
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?
(A) One of the skin disorders for which aoli oil is an effective treatment is caused by exposure
to chemicals used in a manufac-turing process that is quickly becoming obsolete
(B) The bark of newly planted aoli trees can be harvested for oil within twenty years after the new trees are planted
(C) The cause of skin disorders treatable with aoli oil is also the cause of certain other health problems which are treated effectively by ingesting aoli oil
(D) In South America aoli tree bark
is widely used in making a variety of decorative craft items and utensils
(E) Only people who live in the regions of South America where aoli trees are found suffer from skin disorders treatable with aoli oil
Trang 623 A child’s conception of whether
certain behavior is right or wrong, referred to as “behavioral predisposi-tion,” is fully developed by the age of
10 During a person’s teenage years, other teenagers with whom the person associates regularly have a significant influence on whether the person later acts in accordance with his or her predisposition In other words, teenagers tend to mimic their peers’ behavior It is interesting to note that the vast majority of adult criminals also committed crimes as teenagers and associated primarily with other teenagers who later became adult criminals
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?
(A) A child’s conception of whether certain behavior is right or wrong can change during the child’s teenage years
(B) Until a child becomes a teen-ager it is impossible to predict whether the child will eventu-ally become an adult criminal
(C) Law-abiding adults are unlikely
to have developed a predisposi-tion for adult criminal behavior
(D) An adult criminal is likely to
have been predisposed as a child to criminal behavior
(E) Pre-teen children who are not predisposed to criminal behav-ior are unlikely to become adult criminals
24 The game of Rugby began in the
Middle Ages as a day-long free-for-all between neighboring villages,
without limit of the numbers of players on a side or of the boundaries
to the playing field
(A) without limit of the numbers of players on a side or of the boundaries
(B) with no limit on the number of players on a side and with no boundaries
(C) without limitation as to how many players on each side or as
to boundaries
(D) and it was without a limit on
the number of players on a side
or on boundaries
(E) with no limits on the numbers
of players or boundaries
25 Rather than approving the rebuilding
of oceanfront houses destroyed by the hurricane, land-use authorities are considering alternative ways to utilize the land on which the houses once sat, acknowledging that the region will always be vulnerable to nature’s fury
(A) alternative ways to utilize
(B) alternative ways of utilization of
(C) alternatives to using
(D) using alternatives as for (E) alternative utilizations for
Trang 7QUESTIONS 26–29 ARE BASED ON THE
FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line In the past century, Irish painting has
changed from a British-influenced
lyrical tradition to an art that evokes
the ruggedness and roots of an Irish
Celtic past At the turn of the
twenti-eth century, Irish painters—including
notables Walter Frederick Osborne and
Sir William Orpen—looked elsewhere
for influence Osborne’s exposure to
“plein air” painting deeply affected his
stylistic development, and Orpen allied
himself with a group of English artists,
while at the same time participating in
the French avant-garde experiment,
both as painter and teacher
However, nationalist energies were
beginning to coalesce, reviving interest
in Irish culture, including Irish visual
arts Beatrice Elvery’s Éire (1907), a
landmark achievement, merged the
devotional simplicity of
fifteenth-cen-tury Italian painting with the
iconogra-phy of Ireland’s Celtic past, linking the
history of Irish Catholicism with the
still-nascent Irish republic And,
al-though also captivated by the French
plein air school, Sir John Lavery
in-voked the mythology of his native land
for a 1928 commission to paint the
cen-tral figure for the bank note of the new
Irish Free State Lavery chose as this
figure Éire, with her arm on a Celtic
harp, the national symbol of
indepen-dent Ireland
In Irish painting from about 1910,
memories of Edwardian romanticism
coexisted with a new sense of realism,
exemplified by the paintings of Paul
Henry and Seán Keating, a student of
Orpen Realism also crept into the
work of Edwardians Lavery and Orpen,
both of whom made paintings depicting
World War I, Lavery with a distanced
Victorian nobility, Orpen closer to the
front, revealing a more sinister and
realistic vision Meanwhile,
counter-depict subjects ranging from street scenes in Dublin to boxing matches and funerals Fusing close observations
of Irish life and icons with an Irish identity in a new way, Yeats changed the face of Irish painting and became the most important Irish artist of his century
26 With respect to which of the
follow-ing painters does the passage provide LEAST support for the assertion that the painter was influenced by the contemporary art of France?
(A) Walter Frederick Osborne
(B) Sir William Orpen
(C) Beatrice Elvery
(D) Seán Keating (E) Sir John Lavery
27 Which of the following best explains
the author’s use of the word “counter-point” (lines 46–47) in referring to Yeats?
(A) Yeats’ paintings differed significantly in subject matter from those of his contemporar-ies in Ireland
(B) Yeats reacted to the realism of his contemporary artists by in-voking nineteenth-century natu-ralism in his own painting style
(C) Yeats avoided religious and mythological themes in favor of mundane portrayals of Irish life
(D) Yeats’ paintings suggested that
his political views departed radically from those of the Edwardians and the realists
(E) Yeats built upon the realism painting tradition, elevating it to unprecedented artistic heights
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Trang 828 The author points out the coexistence
of romanticism and realism (lines 36–37) most probably in order to show that
(A) Irish painters of the early twentieth century often com-bined elements of realism with those of romanticism into a single painting
(B) Irish painters of the early twentieth century tended to romanticize the harsh reality
of war
(C) for a time painters from each school influenced painters from the other school
(D) Yeats was influenced by both
the romantic and realist schools
of Irish painting
(E) the transition in Irish painting from one predominant style to the other was not an abrupt one
29 Which of the following is the most
likely title of a longer article in which the passage might have appeared?
(A) “Twentieth Century Irish Masterpieces: A Coalescence of Painting Styles”
(B) “Among Irish Painters, who Deserves Credit for the Preemi-nence of Yeats?”
(C) “Realism vs Romanticism:
Ireland’s Struggle for National Identity”
(D) “Irish Paintings: Reflections of
an Emerging Independent State”
(E) “The Role of Celtic Mythology in Irish Painting”
30 Newspaper publishers earn their
profits primarily from advertising revenue, and potential advertisers are more likely to advertise in newspapers with a wide circula-tion—a large number of subscribers and other readers—than with other newspapers However, the circulation
of the newspaper that is currently the most profitable one in this city has steadily declined during the last two years, while the circulation of one of its competitors has steadily increased
Any of the following, if true, would help explain the apparent discrep-ancy between the two statements above EXCEPT:
(A) Advertisers generally switch from the most widely circulated newspaper to another one only when the other one becomes the most widely circulated newspa-per instead
(B) The number of newspapers competing viably with the most profitable newspaper in the city has increased during the last two years
(C) The most profitable newspaper
in the city receives revenue from its subscribers as well from advertisers
(D) The circulation of the most
profitable newspaper in the city
is still greater than of any of its competitors
(E) Advertising rates charged by the most profitable newspaper
in the city are significantly higher than those charged by its competitors
Trang 931 The purpose of the proposed law
requiring a doctor’s prescription for
obtaining hypodermic needles is to
lower the incidence of drug-related
deaths, both accidental and
inten-tional, involving hypodermic needles
But even knitting needles can be
lethal if they fall into the wrong
hands; yet everyone would agree that
imposing legal restrictions on
obtaining knitting needles would be
preposterous Hence the proposed
law involving hypodermic needles
makes no sense and should not
be enacted
Which of the following, it true, would
provide most support for the
argu-ment above?
(A) Knitting needles have been
known to cause injury
and death
(B) The benefits of hypodermic
needles outweigh those of
knitting needles
(C) The proposed law would not
deter the sort of activity known
to result in drug-related deaths
(D) The proposed law could not be
effectively enforced
(E) Knitting needles are not readily
available to anybody who wants
to obtain them
32 The celestial equator divides an
imagined celestial globe into two
hemispheres just as Earth’s equator
does, and the center of Earth’s own
galaxy, the Milky Way, lies to the
south of the celestial equator
(A) the center of Earth’s own
galaxy, the Milky Way, lies
(B) the center of the Milky Way,
the galaxy where Earth is
located, lies
(C) Earth’s own galaxy, which lies
at the Milky Way’s center, lies
(D) the Milky Way’s center of
33 Neither result of the two experiments
involving Alzheimer’s patients were what the researchers have expected
(A) Neither result of the two experiments involving Alzhe-imer’s patients were what the researchers have expected
(B) Of the two experiments involv-ing Alzheimer’s patients, neither result was expected by the researchers
(C) Neither of the two experiments involving Alzheimer’s patients result in what the researchers expected
(D) Neither of the two experiments
involving Alzheimer’s patients resulted in what the research-ers had expected
(E) What the researchers have expected was the result of neither of the two experiments involving Alzheimer’s patients
34 Were empty space nothing real, then
any two atoms located in this
“nothingness” would contact each other since nothing would be between them
(A) Were empty space
(B) In the event that empty space is
(C) If empty space is
(D) That empty space were (E) If empty space was
Trang 1035 During the past year, nationwide
membership in health and fitness clubs has declined by about 7 percent Over the same time period, sales of fast-food products widely known to contribute to health problems have risen by about the same percent These statistics clearly show that consumers have become decreasingly concerned about their health and level of fitness during the past year
The argument that consumers have become decreasingly concerned about their health and fitness over the most recent one-year period depends most heavily on which of the follow-ing assumptions?
(A) Concern about health is a major reason that consumers join fitness clubs and maintain their memberships
(B) The overall level of health and fitness among consumers declined over the most recent one-year period
(C) Consumers spent less money on health- and fitness-club mem-berships than on fast food during the past year
(D) Fitness equipment designed for
home use has become increas-ingly affordable over the past year
(E) Consumers who have a low level of health and fitness tend
to spend more money than other consumers on fast food
QUESTIONS 36–38 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
Line The Andean cordillera is made up of
many interwoven mountain ranges, which include high intermontane plateaus, basins, and valleys The Northern Andes contains several broad ecosystems falling into four altitudinal belts Its northern subregion is distin-guished from the rest of the region by higher relative humidity and greater climatic symmetry between the eastern and western flanks of the range The Central Andes are characterized by a succession of agricultural zones with varied climatic conditions along the mountains’ flanks and by large, high-altitude plateaus, variously called
puna or altiplano, which are not
present in the Northern Andes The
soil fertility of the northern altiplano is
generally good The western Central Andean ranges are relatively arid with desert-like soils, whereas the eastern ranges are more humid and have more diverse soils The eastern slopes of the Central Andes in many ways are similar to the wet forests of the Northern Andes Unlike the Northern Andes, however, these slopes have a dry season
Extreme topography and climate make regional weather projections in
the Andean cordillera difficult For
example, while air temperature generally decreases with increasing altitude, variability of mountain topography can produce much lower than expected air temperatures
Vegetation can also be unpredictable, although certain general patterns are discernible At the regional or macros-cale level, vegetation patterns in the Northern and Central Andes tend to reflect climatic zones determined by latitude and altitude At the local or mesoscale level, however, this corre-spondence becomes less precise, as local variations in soil type, slope, drainage, climate, and human inter-vention come into play
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