ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS

Tải xuống tệp đính kèm gốc Unit 2: ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS Contents Translation - Loans International words History of the English language Changes borrowed words go through Et

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Unit 2:

ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS

Contents

Translation - Loans

International words

History of the English language

Changes borrowed words go through

Etymological doublets

Relationship between etymological

and stylistic characteristics

of words

1

History of the Englis

h language

Are all English words really

English?

1

History of the Englis

h language

o English belongs to the

Indo-European family of languages

o E.g.:

o English

vocabulary contains an immense

number of words of foreign origin

bhrãter mãter

Indo-European

Frater mater

Latin

Bruder mutteR

German

Brother mother

English

1

History of the Englis

h language

• Different

epochs of the development

of English language,

• 1062

1

Histo2y of the Englis

h language

• The

Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary.

• Celtic (5 th – 6 th century A.D)

• Latin

• 1 st group: 1 st c B.C

• 2 nd group: 7 th c A.D

• 3 rd group: the Renaissance period

• Scandinavian (8 th -11 th c A.D)

• French

• Norman borrowings: 11 th – 13 th c A.D)

• Parisian borrowings (Renaissance)

• Greek (Renaissance)

• Italian (Renaissance and later)

• Spanish (Renaissance and later)

• German

• Indian

• Russian

And some other groups

• Indo-European element

• Germanic element

• English Proper element (not earlier than 5 th century A.D)

The borrowed element

The native element

The native element

• The

native element in English compri ses a large number of

high-frequency words like

the articles, prepositions, prono uns, conjunctions,

auxiliaries, and, also, words de moting everyday

objects and ideas

• The grammatical structure is

essentially Germanic having

remained unaffected by foreign influence

2 Changes borrowed words go through

Do borrowed words change

or do they remain the same?

2 Changes borrowed words

go through

• Borrowed

words adjust themselves to thei

r new environment

and get adapted to the norms of the recipient language

• They are adjusted in the 3 main areas of the new language

system

• The phonetic

• The grammatical (consists in a complete change of the former paradigm of the borrowed

word)

• The semantic (means

adjustment to the system of

meaning of the vocabulary)

3 International

words

• A word

is borrowed by several language

s, and

not just by one Such words usu ally

convey notions which are signifi cant in

the field of communication

• E.g.:

• Names of sciences: philosophy,

mathematics, physics,

lexicology, etc.

• Terms of arts: music, theater,

drama, artist, etc.

• Political terms: antibiotic, radio,

sputnik, etc.

• Sport terms: football, volleyball,

hockey, golf, etc.

• Fruits and foodstuffs: coffee,

chocolate, etc.

4

Etymological doublet s

originating from the same

etymological source, but

differing, to some extent, in

phonemic shape and in

meaning

• Some of these pairs consist of a native word and a borrowed

word

• E.g.: shirt (E) – skirt (Sc),

shrew (E) – screw (Sc)

• Others are represented by two borrowings from the same

language twice, but in different period

• E.g.: travel (Norm Fr) – travail

(Par Fr)

• A doublet may also consist of a shortened word and the one

form which it was derived

• E.g.: history – story

fantasy – fancy - fan

4

Etymological doublet s

• Etymological triplets (i.e

groups of words of common

root) occur rarer

• E.g.:

hotel (Par.)

• to capture (Lat)- to catch (Nor Fr)- to chase (Par Fr)

5

Translation - Loans

borrowings taken into the

vocabulary of another language under the process of translation

• Only compound words (i.e

words of two or more stems)

can be subjected to such an

operation, each stem being

translated separately

• E.g.:

Meisterstuck)

Wunderkind)

6 Relationship between

etymological and stylistic

characteristics of words

• The

center of gravity of borrowed wo rds in

the stylistic classification is repr esented

by two groups: learned words a

nd terminology

• The whole opposition of “formal versus informal” is based on the deeper underlying opposition of

“borrowed versus native”, as the informal strata, especially slang and dialect, abound in native

words

• Comparing the expressive and stylistic value of the French and the English words in such

synonymic pairs, the French

words are more formal, more

refined, and has less strong hold

on the emotional side of life

• E.g.:

6 Relationship between

etymological and stylistic

characteristics of words

• Compare

some pairs which consist of a na tive wnrd and a Latin synonym

e.g infaNtale disease

Childish

(wonder and

vivid poetry of the %arliest human age)

e.g.: childish charm

Maternal feelings

(sounds dutiful but cold)

Motherly love

(snunds warmer)

Exercise 1: Supply the

adjectives of Latin origin correspon ding to the following nouns

Nose

Hand

Sea

Egg

Tooth

Life

Sun

Town

Youth

Dog

Cow

Bird

Home

Water

Mouth

Body

Countryside Ear

Year

Star

Earth

Sight

Side

Exercise 1: Supply the

adjectives of Latin origin correspon ding to the following nouns

Nose - nasal

Hand - manual

Sea - marine

Egg -oval

Tooth - dental

Child - infantile

Life - vital

Sun - solar

Town - urban

Youth - juvenile

Dog - canine

Cow - bovine

Bird -

Home - domestic Water - aquatic

Mouth - oral

Body - corporal

Countryside - rural Ear - aural

Year - annual

Eye - optical

Star - astral

Earth - terrestrial Sight – visual

Side - lateral

Thank You !