các thì trong Tiếng Anh

Về kiến thức ngôn ngữ: − Động từ Verbs: Yêu cầu nắm được dạng và cách dùng của các thời: Simple present, Present continuous, Present perfect Simple past, Past continuous Simple future Dạ

Môn tiếng Anh

I- kiến thức cơ bản lớp 12

1 Hệ học bắt đầu

Chương trình dành cho những học sinh học tiếng Anh bắt đầu từ lớp 10, 11, và 12 theo bộ sách giáo khoa "Tiếng Anh 10, 11, 12", của Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục

Về chủ điểm:

− Bản thân

− Sở thích cá nhân

− Đất nước, con người nước Anh

− Việc học tiếng Anh

− Tiểu sử một số danh nhân

− Sức khoẻ

− Môi trường

Về đọc hiểu:

Đọc hiểu nội dung chính các đoạn văn (khoảng 100 – 150 từ) về các chủ điểm đã học

Về kiến thức ngôn ngữ:

− Động từ (Verbs):

Yêu cầu nắm được dạng và cách dùng của các thời:

Simple present, Present continuous, Present perfect

Simple past, Past continuous

Simple future

Dạng bị động (Passive Voice) của động từ với các thời nêu trên

Dùng dạng V-ing của động từ khi đi sau một số động từ như: hate, like, enjoy, start, begin, stop, Do you mind ?, I don't mind , be fed up with, be afraid of, be interested in, be bored with, be fond of,

− Modal verbs: nắm được dạng và cách dùng của các Modal verbs: can, may, must, should,

− Danh từ (Nouns)

Danh từ số ít, số nhiều,

Danh từ đếm được và không đếm được,

Nhận biết được một số cách hình thành danh từ bằng cách thêm các hậu tố: -tion, -ment, -er,

− Tính từ (Adjectives)

Nhận biết được tính từ, vị trí của tính từ trong câu

So sánh tính từ

− Trạng từ (Adverbs)

Nhận biết được trạng từ, vị trí của trạng từ trong câu

So sánh trạng từ

− Đại từ (Pronouns)

Nắm được dạng và cách dùng của các đại từ

Cách dùng của các đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns): which, who, that,

− Quán từ (Articles)

Nhận biết được dạng các quán từ : a, an, the

− Giới từ (Prepositions):

Nhận biết được một số giới từ: giới từ chỉ thời gian, chỉ vị trí, phương hướng, mục đích, Nắm vững các loại câu đơn cơ bản với các dạng tường thuật, phủ định và nghi vấn, đặc biệt là trật tự từ trong các loại câu

Nắm vững cách sử dụng các câu phức với các liên từ, đại từ quan hệ (xác định) đã học Nắm vững cách sử dụng các câu điều kiện loại I và II

2 Hệ học nối tiếp

Chương trình dành cho những học sinh đã học tiếng Anh từ lớp 6 đến lớp 12 theo bộ sách giáo khoa "English 10, 11, 12", của Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục

Về chủ điểm:

− Con người và đất nước Anh, các nước nói tiếng Anh,

− Tiếng Anh và việc học tiếng Anh,

− Cuộc sống của thanh niên nói chung,

− Nghề nghiệp,

− Môi trường sống và việc bảo vệ môi trường,

− Phong tục tập quán,

− Giao thông,

− Y tế và sức khoẻ,

− Một số ngành khoa học

Về đọc hiểu:

Đọc hiểu nội dung các đoạn văn (khoảng 150 – 200 từ) thuộc các chủ điểm đã học

Về kiến thức ngôn ngữ:

Nắm được một số kiến thức ngôn ngữ cơ bản như yêu cầu trong chương trình dành cho hệ học 3 năm nhưng yêu cầu nắm vững và vận dụng cao hơn Ngoài ra cần chú trọng một số kiến thức sau:

− Nắm được dạng và cách sử dụng các thời Past perfect, Present perfect continuous,

− Hiểu và sử dụng được dạng V-ing của động từ,

− Động từ nguyên thể có và không có "to",

− Cấu tạo từ: sử dụng được một số thành tố phụ (tiền tố, hậu tố) đã học để tạo từ,

− Nắm vững cách sử dụng các loại câu điều kiện (loại I, II và III)

− Sử dụng được cách nói gián tiếp (Reported speech) trong các loại câu cơ bản

II- Ôn tập kiến thức ngôn ngữ

1 Tenses

− Present and Past Simple Some common rules

Present Simple Present Progressive Present Perfect Past Simple Form of verb Base form

I usually take the bus

He never eats snails

be + ing form I'm watching TV

have / has + past participle

I've finished with the computer now

regular: walked irregular: left

He left yesterday Spelling rules We normally add -s

after a verb

We add -es after a sibiliant sound, e.g

push → pushes

y changes to ies, e.g hurry → hurries

We normally leave out e before –ing, e.g lose→

losing

We double some consonants, e.g

stop → stopping

We just add d after e, e.g close

→ closed

We double consonants, e.g stop

→ stopped

y changes to ie, e.g hurry → hurried

Pronunciation

rules

The -es and -ies

pronounced / z / The -s ending is pronounced / s / after a voiceless

The -ed / -d ending is pronounced /

t / after a voiceless sound, / d / after a voiced sound, and / id / after / t / or / d /

Present Simple Present Progressive Present Perfect Past Simple sound and / z / after

a voiced sound

− Present simple vs Present progressive

− things that are always true

− things that happen all the time, repeatedly,

often, sometimes, nerver, etc

− things that are happening now

− things that are happening around now

Example:

The sun rises in the east

She often wears red

I play tennis

Example:

The sun is not shining today

She is wearing a blue dress

I'm playing a lot of tennis these days

Will or Be going to

We use will to talk generally about future

beliefs, opinions, hopes and predictions

There is usually time expression We can

add perhaps, probably, or definitely to show

how certain or uncertain we are about our

predictions

Example:

Perhaps it will rain tomorrow

We use Be going to to talk about plans and intentions The plan can be in the near future, or more distant

Example:

I am going to do a lot of work this evening

I am going to travel abroad next month

Will also describes spontaneous decisions

that come into the speaker's head at the

moment of speaking or a promise

Example:

Is that the phone ringing? I'll answer it

I will do my best to help you

We also use Be going to for predictions, especially when there is some evidence in the present situation

Example:

Look out! Those books are going to fall!

Will Be going to

− Will vs Be going to

Will and Be going to are both used for predictions

Example:

I think it is going to rain / will probably rain tomorrow

However, if there is a strong evidence in the present situation, then be going to is usually used

Example:

I think it is going to rain this afternoon

(looking up at black clouds in the sky)

The present Progressive vs Be going to

The present progressive and be going to are both used for plans and arrangements

Example:

I am going to have / am having a party on Friday

However, be going to can suggest that the details are not yet finalized – it is just a plan Whereas the present continuous can suggest that the arrangement is more certain, with a time and a place

Examples:

Linh is going to have her driving lesson soon (no specific time)

Linh is having her driving lesson this afternoon (fixed time)

− Past simple or Present perfect

− completed in the past:

The new bridge opened last week

− linked to the present:

The new bridge has just opened

− Present perfect or Present perfect progressive

Present perfect Present perfect progressive

− finished actions:

She has learnt how to cook spaghetti

I've written to Mike so he knows everything

− unfinished actions – present:

They have been learning Russian since October

The children have been writing letters all day

− The past perfect

− An action happened before another past action:

Examples:

James apologized for the trouble he had caused

I didn't travel to the match because I hadn't bought a ticket

− To say that someone finished one action and then did something else, we use when had done or after did / had done

Examples:

When Linda had typed the message, she mailed it to Max

After Linda typed / had typed the message, she mailed it to Max

− Sometimes the choice of past simple or past perfect makes a difference to the meaning

Examples:

When the boss arrived, the meeting began.(= The boss arrived and then the meeting began.)

When the boss arrived, the meeting had begun (= The meeting began before the boss arrived.)

− We can use the past perfect after before or until

Example:

The printer went wrong before it printed / it had printed a single sheet

2 Comparison

− Comparative

Example:

Mary: How shall we travel? By car or by train?

Neil: Let's go by car It's cheaper (Don't go by train It's more expensive)

Cheaper and more expensive are comparative forms

After comparatives you can use than

Examples:

It's cheaper to go by car than by train

Going by train is more expensive than going by car

− Superlative

Examples:

What is the longest river in the world?

What was the most enjoyable holiday you've ever had?

Remember

short words (one syllable) Cheaper / faster (the)cheapest / fastest

longer words (two

syllables or more)

more expensive (the) most expensive

Notes:

− We also use ~er(est) for two-syllable words that end in -y (-y → -ier-est): lucky → luckier (luckest), early → earlier (earliest), easy → easier (easiest), pretty → prettier (prettiest)

Eg: You're luckier than me

You are the luckiest man, you can love the most pretty girl in our class

− We use more, the most for adverbs that end in -1y: more slowly (the most slowly), more seriously (the most, more quietly (the most quietly)),

Example:

Can you walk a bit more slowly?

− We can use ~er or more with some two-syllable adjectives, especially: quiet, clever, narrow, shallow, simple

Example:

It's too noisy here Can we go some where quieter / more quiet?

Irregular comparative forms:

farthest)

− Oldest and eldest

The superlative of old is oldest:

Example:

That church is the oldest building in the town (not 'the eldest')

* We use eldest (or oldest) when we are talking about people in a family:

Examples:

My eldest son is 10 years old (or My oldest son.)

Are you the eldest in your family? (or the oldest.)

3 Gerund: Verb + ing

A gerund is a verb that functions as a noun It can be the subject of a sentence

Examples:

Smoking is unhealthy

Eating fast food makes me sick

− A gerund can also be the object of certain verbs

Example:

He loves eating

− These verbs that can be followed by a gerund:

There are many common expressions with go + gerund These expressions usually desribe activities, such as:

go swimming

go fishing

go camping

go shopping

− As a gerund acts as a noun, it can follow a preposition: be afraid of, be interested in, be fond of,

Example:

He is bored with working in a store

4 Infinitives: to + verb

− Some verbs are followed directly by an infinitive

Example:

He decided to get married

− Some verbs need an object (noun or pronoun) before the infinitive

Example:

I invited Mary to celebrate with us

− Some verbs can be followed by either: an infinitive or an object + infinitive

Example:

I went there to buy some food

− Following is a short list of verbs that can be followed by an infinitive

− Form a negative infinitive by placing not before the infinitive

Example:

She told me not to go to class

− Certain nouns and adjectives can be followed by an infinitive

Examples:

I have the right to eat anything I like

It's a high price to pay

It's great to see you

I was wrong to leave

− We often use the following structure to make general observations:

Examples:

It's convenient to eat fast food

It's difficult to live in a big city

− Use the following structures to give a reason:

Example:

I am too young to drive

It's + adjective + infinitive

too + adjective / adverb + infinitive

adjective / adverb + enough + infinitive

He isn't old enough to join the army

Used to + infinitive

Forms

Usage

− To describe a habitual action in the past which is no longer true

Examples:

I used to collect stamps

She used to wake up very late in the mornings

− To describe a situation happening and finishing in the past

Examples:

I used to be a teacher but now I'm a social worker

Linh used to have a beard but he has shaved it off

* Note: used to vs be used to:

− Be used to is used when you have done something so many times that it no longer seems surprising or difficult

Example:

I am not used to getting up early

− To in used to is part of the infinitive, whereas, to in be used to is a preposition and is followed by a gerund (V-ing)

5 Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences - Type I

If + present tense (simple

or continuous)

− Future tense − Real situations in the present

or future

Examples:

If the bus doesn't come soon, I'll be late for school

If he gets the job, he will move to a big city

If + present perfect

simple (if the action has

− can / may / might / must /

− Real or probable situations

in the present or future

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Passive

They used to

write letters by

hand

They did not use to write letters by hand

Did they use to write letters by hand?

Letters used to be written by hand

already finished) should + infinitive

Example:

If you have finished your homework, you may go out with your friends

If + Present simple − Present simple − General truths (if = when,

whenever) Example:

If you mix blue and yellow, you get green

If + Present simple − Imperative − Instruction or commands

Example:

If you miss the train, take the bus

Note:

− If-clauses either precede or follow the main clauses If they precede the main clauses,

we separate them with a comma

Examples:

If you eat a lot of sweets, you'll gain weight

You'll gain weight if you eat a lot of sweets

− If there is only a slight possibility of something happening, we can use should

Example:

If you should ever go to Colombia, visit the Museum of Gold in Botoga

In this case If can be omitted; should comes before the subject (inversion)

Example:

Should you ever go to Colombia, visit the Museum of Gold in Botoga

Conditional sentences – Type II

If + past tense would

could + present infinitive might

Unreal situations in the present or future

Example:

If I won a lot of money, I would spend most of it traveling round the world

Example:

If he were still living with his parents, he would be able to

save more money

- Unreal or imaginary situations in the present

Example:

If I won a lot of money, I would spend most of it traveling round

the world

- Events that are unlikely to happen in the future

If I were you, I wouldn't argue with my employer

- To give an advice

Note:

− We use were instead of was in type 2 conditional sentences in formal English

Example:

If he were not so lazy, he would be more successful

− If can be omitted when it is followed by were; was comes before the subject (inversion)

Example:

Were she taller, she could become a model

Conditional sentences – Type III

If + past perfect would

could + perfect infinitive might

Unreal situations in the past

Example:

If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you

Example:

If he had known your phone address, he would have

sent you a postcard

For actions that did not happened

Example:

If he had been more careful, he would have passed the

exam

To express criticism or regret

Note:

if can sometimes be omitted; had come before the subject (inversion)

Example:

Had you arrived earlier, you wouldn't have missed the train

6 Relative clauses

Example:

The man who lives in Warsaw, Poland is my elder brother

The man who lives in Warsaw, Poland ('who lives in Warsaw, Poland' tells us which man)

Uses

1 We use who (or that) in a − The man who (that) lives in Warsaw, Poland is my elder