CHAPTER 19: OBJECT PRONOUNS DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun DIRECT OBJECT + TO/FOR + INDIRECT OBJECT Subject Verb Direct Object To / For Indirect Object INDIRE
Trang 1CHAPTER 19: OBJECT PRONOUNS DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS
Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun
DIRECT OBJECT + TO/FOR + INDIRECT OBJECT
Subject Verb Direct Object To / For Indirect Object
INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT
MEANING AND USE NOTES
DIRECT OBJECTS:
+ A direct object can be a person, place, or thing that a verb affects or changes in some way It
answers the question WHO/WHOM/WHAT?
A: Who/Whom did he see?
B: He saw his sister.
A: What is she explaining?
B: She is explaining her ideas.
Trang 2+ Some verbs always have a direct object Without an object their meaning is not complete
(bring, buy, get, have, like, make, need, say, take, turn on/off, want)
For example: I need a car (I need – incorrect)
INDIRECT OBJECTS:
+ An indirect object is a person or a group It is the person that receives the direct object It answers the questions TO WHOM? / FOR WHOM? An indirect object can be an institution such as
a library or a bank
For example:
A: To whom did he send the check? A: For whom did you buy a book?
B: Corey sent the check to the bank B: I bought a book for Marta.
+ There is no difference in meaning between direct object + to/for + indirect object and indirect
object + direct object
For example:
1 He is writing a letter to us = He is writing us a letter.
2 She bought a dress for me = She bought me a dress.
+ SAY and TELL have similar meanings, but only TELL can have an indirect oject before a
direct object
For example:
Direct Object + TO/FOR + Indirect Object Indirect Object + Direct Object
He told his name to the teacher He told the teacher his name.
He said his name to the teacher. * He said the teacher his name
(INCORRECT)
Trang 3CHAPTER 20: INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS AFTER VERBS
Hope want dislike practice
VERB + INFINITIVE / GERUND
begin prefer like start love try hate
MEANING AND USES:
Referring to Activities and States:
+ We use infinitives and gerunds to refer to activities or states
For example:
He loves to play tennis They hate to be cold.
He loves playing tennis They hate being cold.
+ After the verbs LIKE, HATE, LOVE, PREFER, BEGIN, START, we can use an infinitive or
a gerund with little or no difference in meaning
For example:
I like to travel alone = I like traveling alone.
They prefer to walk = They prefer walking.
She started to leave = She started leaving.
It began to rain = It began raining.
Expressing Likes and Dislikes:
We often use verbs with infinitives and gerunds to discuss our like or dislike of an activity or state
I enjoy cooking, but I dislike cleaning.
We love to ski.
Marta loves being healthy and hates being sick.
They hate to be late.
Trang 4CHAPTER 21 + 22: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
FORMULA:
Equal comparation:
S1 + Verb + AS + (short or long) Adj/adv + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary)
S1 + Verb + AS MANY + plural count nouns + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary)
S1 + Verb + AS MUCH + noncount nouns + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary)
Unequal comparation:
S1 + Verb + not + AS + (short or long) Adj/adv + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary)
S1 + Verb + not + AS MANY + plural count nouns + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary)
S1 + Verb + not + AS MUCH + noncount nouns + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary)
Comparatives:
Short adj/adv: S1 + V + Adj / Adv – ER + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary)
Long adj/adv: S1 + V + MORE + Adj / Adv + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary)
Use LESS / MORE / FEWER + NOUN in comparatives:
S1 + VERB + MORE + count or noncount nouns + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary) S1 + VERB + FEWER + count nouns + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary)
S1 + VERB + LESS + noncount nouns + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary)
Superlatives:
in + singular noun
Short adj/adv : S1 + V + THE + adj / adv – EST +
of + plural noun
in + singular noun
Long adj/adv : S1 + V + THE MOST + adj / adv +
of + plural noun
Use THE LEAST / MOST / FEWEST + NOUN in superlatives:
S1 + VERB + THE MOST + count or noncount noun
S1 + VERB + THE FEWEST + count noun
S1 + VERB + THE LEAST + noncount noun
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms:
Adjective / Adverb Comparative Superlative