digital systems design with fpgas and cplds

Today, two main types of programmable logicICs are commonly used: the field programmable gate array FPGA and complexprogrammable logic device CPLD.. • Programmable logic field programmab

FPGAs and CPLDs

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FPGAs and CPLDs

Ian Grout

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Grout, Ian.

Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs / Ian Grout.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-8397-5 (alk paper) 1 Digital electronics 2 Digital circuits — Design

and construction 3 Field programmable gate arrays 4 Programmable logic devices I Title.

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Preface xvii

Abbreviations xxiii

Chapter 1: Introduction to Programmable Logic 1

1.1 Introduction to the Book 1

1.2 Electronic Circuits: Analogue and Digital 10

1.2.1 Introduction 10

1.2.2 Continuous Time versus Discrete Time 10

1.2.3 Analogue versus Digital 12

1.3 History of Digital Logic 14

1.4 Programmable Logic versus Discrete Logic 17

1.5 Programmable Logic versus Processors 21

1.6 Types of Programmable Logic 24

1.6.1 Simple Programmable Logic Device (SPLD) 24

1.6.2 Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) 27

1.6.3 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) 28

1.7 PLD Configuration Technologies 29

1.8 Programmable Logic Vendors 32

1.9 Programmable Logic Design Methods and Tools 33

1.9.1 Introduction 33

1.9.2 Typical PLD Design Flow 35

1.10 Technology Trends 36

References 38

Student Exercises 40

Chapter 2: Electronic Systems Design 43

2.1 Introduction 43

2.2 Sequential Product Development Process versus Concurrent Engineering Process 52

2.2.1 Introduction 52

2.2.2 Sequential Product Development Process 53

2.2.3 Concurrent Engineering Process 54

2.3 Flowcharts 56

2.4 Block Diagrams 58

2.5 Gajski-Kuhn Chart 61

2.6 Hardware-Software Co-Design 62

2.7 Formal Verification 65

2.8 Embedded Systems and Real-Time Operating Systems 66

2.9 Electronic System-Level Design 67

2.10 Creating a Design Specification 68

2.11 Unified Modeling Language 70

2.12 Reading a Component Data Sheet 72

2.13 Digital Input/Output 75

2.13.1 Introduction 75

2.13.2 Logic-Level Definitions 79

2.13.3 Noise Margin 81

2.13.4 Interfacing Logic Families 83

2.14 Parallel and Serial Interfacing 89

2.14.1 Introduction 89

2.14.2 Parallel I/O 95

2.14.3 Serial I/O 97

2.15 System Reset 102

2.16 System Clock 105

2.17 Power Supplies 107

2.18 Power Management 109

2.19 Printed Circuit Boards and Multichip Modules 110

2.20 System on a Chip and System in a Package 112

2.21 Mechatronic Systems 113

2.22 Intellectual Property 115

2.23 CE and FCC Markings 116

References 118

Student Exercises 121

Chapter 3: PCB Design 123

3.1 Introduction 123

3.2 What Is a PCB? 125

3.2.1 Definition 125

3.2.2 Structure of the PCB 127

3.2.3 Typical Components 139

3.3 Design, Manufacture, and Testing 144

3.3.1 PCB Design 144 viii Table of Contents

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3.3.2 PCB Manufacture 150

3.3.3 PCB Testing 151

3.4 Environmental Issues 152

3.4.1 Introduction 152

3.4.2 WEEE Directive 153

3.4.3 RoHS Directive 153

3.4.4 Lead-Free Solder 154

3.4.5 Electromagnetic Compatibility 154

3.5 Case Study PCB Designs 155

3.5.1 Introduction 155

3.5.2 System Overview 157

3.5.3 CPLD Development Board 158

3.5.4 LCD and Hex Keypad Board 160

3.5.5 PC Interface Board 163

3.5.6 Digital I/O Board 166

3.5.7 Analogue I/O Board 168

3.6 Technology Trends 171

References 173

Student Exercises 175

Chapter 4: Design Languages 177

4.1 Introduction 177

4.2 Software Programming Languages 177

4.2.1 Introduction 177

4.2.2 C 179

4.2.3 Cþþ 181

4.2.4 JAVATM 183

4.2.5 Visual BasicTM 186

4.2.6 Scripting Languages 189

4.2.7 PHP 191

4.3 Hardware Description Languages 193

4.3.1 Introduction 193

4.3.2 VHDL 194

4.3.3 Verilog-HDL 196

4.3.4 Verilog-A 199

4.3.5 VHDL-AMS 202

4.3.6 Verilog-AMS 205

4.4 SPICE 205

4.5 SystemC 208

4.6 SystemVerilog 209

4.7 Mathematical Modeling Tools 210

References 214

Student Exercises 216

Chapter 5: Introduction to Digital Logic Design 217

5.1 Introduction 217

5.2 Number Systems 222

5.2.1 Introduction 222

5.2.2 Decimal–Unsigned Binary Conversion 224

5.2.3 Signed Binary Numbers 226

5.2.4 Gray Code 231

5.2.5 Binary Coded Decimal 232

5.2.6 Octal-Binary Conversion 233

5.2.7 Hexadecimal-Binary Conversion 235

5.3 Binary Data Manipulation 240

5.3.1 Introduction 240

5.3.2 Logical Operations 241

5.3.3 Boolean Algebra 242

5.3.4 Combinational Logic Gates 246

5.3.5 Truth Tables 248

5.4 Combinational Logic Design 256

5.4.1 Introduction 256

5.4.2 NAND and NOR logic 269

5.4.3 Karnaugh Maps 271

5.4.4 Don’t Care Conditions 277

5.5 Sequential Logic Design 277

5.5.1 Introduction 277

5.5.2 Level Sensitive Latches and Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 282

5.5.3 The D Latch and D-Type Flip-Flop 283

5.5.4 Counter Design 288

5.5.5 State Machine Design 305

5.5.6 Moore versus Mealy State Machines 316

5.5.7 Shift Registers 317

5.5.8 Digital Scan Path 319

5.6 Memory 322

5.6.1 Introduction 322

5.6.2 Random Access Memory 324

5.6.3 Read-Only Memory 325

References 327

Student Exercises 328

Chapter 6: Introduction to Digital Logic Design with VHDL 333

6.1 Introduction 333

6.2 Designing with HDLs 334

x Table of Contents

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6.3 Design Entry Methods 338

6.3.1 Introduction 338

6.3.2 Schematic Capture 338

6.3.3 HDL Design Entry 339

6.4 Logic Synthesis 341

6.5 Entities, Architectures, Packages, and Configurations 344

6.5.1 Introduction 344

6.5.2 AND Gate Example 346

6.5.3 Commenting the Code 353

6.6 A First Design 355

6.6.1 Introduction 355

6.6.2 Dataflow Description Example 356

6.6.3 Behavioral Description Example 357

6.6.4 Structural Description Example 359

6.7 Signals versus Variables 366

6.7.1 Introduction 366

6.7.2 Example: Architecture with Internal Signals 368

6.7.3 Example: Architecture with Internal Variables 372

6.8 Generics 374

6.9 Reserved Words 380

6.10 Data Types 380

6.11 Concurrent versus Sequential Statements 383

6.12 Loops and Program Control 383

6.13 Coding Styles for VHDL 385

6.14 Combinational Logic Design 387

6.14.1 Introduction 387

6.14.2 Complex Logic Gates 388

6.14.3 One-Bit Half-Adder 388

6.14.4 Four-to-One Multiplexer 389

6.14.5 Thermometer-to-Binary Encoder 397

6.14.6 Seven-Segment Display Driver 398

6.14.7 Tristate Buffer 409

6.15 Sequential Logic Design 414

6.15.1 Introduction 414

6.15.2 Latches and Flip-Flops 416

6.15.3 Counter Design 422

6.15.4 State Machine Design 426

6.16 Memories 440

6.16.1 Introduction 440

6.16.2 Random Access Memory 441

6.16.3 Read-Only Memory 444

6.17 Unsigned versus Signed Arithmetic 447

6.17.1 Introduction 447

6.17.2 Adder Example 448

6.17.3 Multiplier Example 449

6.18 Testing the Design: The VHDL Test Bench 453

6.19 File I/O for Test Bench Development 459

References 471

Student Exercises 472

Chapter 7: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing 475

7.1 Introduction 475

7.2 Z-Transform 496

7.3 Digital Control 509

7.4 Digital Filtering 524

7.4.1 Introduction 524

7.4.2 Infinite Impulse Response Filters 532

7.4.3 Finite Impulse Response Filters 534

References 535

Student Exercises 536

Chapter 8: Interfacing Digital Logic to the Real World: A/D Conversion, D/A Conversion, and Power Electronics 537

8.1 Introduction 537

8.2 Digital-to-Analogue Conversion 543

8.2.1 Introduction 543

8.2.2 DAC Characteristics 548

8.2.3 Types of DAC 555

8.2.4 DAC Control Example 559

8.3 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion 565

8.3.1 Introduction 565

8.3.2 ADC Characteristics 568

8.3.3 Types of ADC 572

8.3.4 Aliasing 577

8.4 Power Electronics 580

8.4.1 Introduction 580

8.4.2 Diodes 581

8.4.3 Power Transistors 585

8.4.4 Thyristors 593

8.4.5 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors 603

8.4.6 Asymmetric Thyristors 604

8.4.7 Triacs 604

8.5 Heat Dissipation and Heatsinks 606

8.6 Operational Amplifier Circuits 610 xii Table of Contents

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References 612

Student Exercises 613

Chapter 9: Testing the Electronic System 615

9.1 Introduction 615

9.2 Integrated Circuit Testing 621

9.2.1 Introduction 621

9.2.2 Digital IC Testing 624

9.2.3 Analogue IC Testing 629

9.2.4 Mixed-Signal IC Testing 633

9.3 Printed Circuit Board Testing 633

9.4 Boundary Scan Testing 636

9.5 Software Testing 642

References 645

Student Exercises 646

Chapter 10: System-Level Design 647

10.1 Introduction 647

10.2 Electronic System-Level Design 654

10.3 Case Study 1: DC Motor Control 661

10.3.1 Introduction 661

10.3.2 Motor Control System Overview 662

10.3.3 MATLAB/SimulinkModel Creation and Simulation 665

10.3.4 Translating the Design to VHDL 666

10.3.5 Concluding Remarks 674

10.4 Case Study 2: Digital Filter Design 686

10.4.1 Introduction 686

10.4.2 Filter Overview 688

10.4.3 MATLAB/SimulinkModel Creation and Simulation 690

10.4.4 Translating the Design to VHDL 692

10.4.5 Concluding Remarks 698

10.5 Automating the Translation 702

10.6 Future Directions 703

References 704

Student Exercises 705

Additional References 707

Index 717

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• noun 1 A set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an

interconnecting network

Oxford Dictionary of English

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In days gone by, life for the electronic circuit designer seems to have been easier.Designs were smaller, ran at a slower speed, and could easily fit onto a single smallprinted circuit board An individual designer could work on a problem and designscould be specified and developed using paper and pen only The circuit schematicdiagrams that were required could be rapidly drawn on the back of an envelope.

Struck by the success of the early circuit designs, customers started to ask for smaller,faster, and more complex circuits—and at a lower cost The designers started to work

on solving such problems, which has led to the rapidly expanding electronics industrythat we have today Driven by the demand from the customer, new materials andfabrication processes have been developed, new circuit design methodologies anddesign architectures have taken over many of the early traditional design approaches,and new markets for the circuits have evolved

So how is the design problem tackled today? This is not an easy question to answer, andthere is more than one way to develop an electronic circuit solution to any givenproblem However, the design process is no longer the activity of a single individual.Rather, a team of engineers is involved in the key engineering activities of design,fabrication (manufacture), and test All activities now involve the extensive use ofcomputing resources, requiring the efficient use of software tools to aid design

(electronic design automation, EDA and computer aided design, CAD), fabrication(Computer Aided Manufacture, CAM), and test (Computer Aided Test, CAT) Thecircuit is no longer a unique and isolated entity Rather, it is part of a larger system.Increasingly, much of the design work is undertaken at the system level at a suitablyhigh level of design abstraction required to reduce design time and increase the designerefficiency However, when it comes to the design detail, the correctly specified systemmust also work at the basic electric voltage and current level How to go from an

effective system-level specification to an efficient and working circuit implementationrequires the skills of good designers who are aided by good design tools.

For the electronic circuit designer at an early stage in the design process, whether toimplement the required circuit functionality using analogue circuit techniques or digitalcircuit techniques must be decided However, sometimes the choice will have already beenmade, and increasingly a digital solution is the preferred choice The wide use of digitalsignal processing (DSP) techniques facilitates complex operations that can provide superiorperformance to an analogue circuit equivalent; indeed some cannot be performed inanalogue Traditionally, DSP functions have been implemented using software programswritten to operate on a target processor The microprocessor (mP), microcontroller (mC),and digital signal processor provide the necessary digital circuits, in integrated circuit (IC)form, to implement the required functions In fact, these processors are to be found in manyeveryday embedded electronics that we take for granted This book could not have beenwritten without the aid of an electronic system incorporating a microprocessor running asoftware operating system that in turn runs the word processor software

Increasingly, the functions that have been traditionally implemented in softwarerunning on a processor-based digital system in the DSP world and many controlapplications are being evaluated in terms of performance that can be achieved insoftware In many cases, the software solution will be slower than is desired, and thebasic nature of the software programmed system means that this speed limitationcannot be overcome The way to overcome the speed limitation is to perform therequired operations in hardware designed for a particular application However,custom hardware solutions will be expensive to acquire

If there were a way to obtain the power of programmability with the power ofhardware speed, then this would be provide a significant way forward

Fortunately, programmable logic provides the power of programmability with thepower of hardware speed by providing an IC with built-in digital electronic circuitrythat is configured by the user for a particular application Many devices can bereconfigured for different applications Today, two main types of programmable logicICs are commonly used: the field programmable gate array (FPGA) and complexprogrammable logic device (CPLD)

Therefore, it is possible to implement a complex digital system that can be developedand the functionality changed or enhanced using either a processor running asoftware program or programmable logic with a specific hardware configuration.xviii Preface

w w w n e w n e s p r e s s c o m

For an end-user, the functionality of both types of system will be the same—thedesign details are irrelevant to the end-user as long as the functionality of the unit

is correct In this book, to provide consistency and to differentiate between theprocessor and programmable logic, the following terminology will be used:

• A processor (microprocessor, mP; microcontroller, mC; or digital signalprocessor, DSP) will be programmed for a particular application using asoftware programming language(SPL)

• Programmable logic (field programmable gate array, FPGA; simple

programmable logic device, SPLD; or complex programmable logic device,CPLD) will be configured using a hardware description language (HDL).The aim of this book is to provide a reference source with worked examples inthe area of electronic circuit design using programmable logic In particular, fieldprogrammable gate arrays and complex programmable logic devices will be presentedand examples of such devices provided

The choice whether to use a software-programmed processor or hardware-configuredprogrammable logic device is not a simple one, and many decisions figure into evaluatingthe pros and cons of a particular implementation prior to making a final decision Thisbook will provide an insight into the design capabilities and aspects relating to the designdecisions for programmable logic so that an informed decision can be made

The book is structured as follows:

Chapter 1 will introduce the types of programmable logic device that are availabletoday, their differing architectures, and their use within electronic system design.Additionally, the terminology used in this area will be presented with the aim ofdemystifying the jargon that has evolved

Chapter 2 will provide a background into the area of electronic systems design, thetypes of solutions that may be developed, and the decisions that will need to bemade in order to identify the right technology choice for the design implementation.Typical design flows will be introduced and discussed for the different technologies.Chapter 3 will introduce the design of printed circuit boards (PCBs) These provide themechanical and electrical base onto which the electronic components will be mounted Thecorrect design of the PCB is essential to ensure that the electronic circuit can be realized(implemented) to operate to the correct specification (power supply voltage, thermal [heat]dissipation, digital clock frequency, analogue and digital circuit elements, etc.) and to

ensure that the different electronic circuit components interact with each other correctlyand do not provide unwanted effects A correctly designed PCB will allow the circuit toperform as intended A badly designed PCB will prevent the circuit from working

altogether

Chapter 4will discuss the different programming languages that are used to developdigital designs for implementation in either a processor (software-programmedmicroprocessor, microcontroller, or digital signal processor) or in programmablelogic (hardware-configured FPGA or CPLD) The main languages used will beintroduced and examples provided For programmable logic, the main hardwaredescription languages used are Verilog-HDL and VHDL (VHSIC HardwareDescription Language) These are IEEE (Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers) standards, universally used in both education and industry

Chapter 5will introduce digital logic design principles A basic understanding of theprinciples of digital circuit design, such as Boolean Logic, Karnaugh maps, andcounter/state machine design will be expected However, a review of these principleswill be provided for designs in schematic diagram form and presented such that thedesign functionality may be mapped over a VHDL description in Chapter 6

Chapter 6 will introduce VHDL as one of the IEEE standard hardware descriptionlanguages available to describe digital circuit and system designs in an ASCIItext-based format This description can be simulated and synthesized (Simulationwill validate the design operation, and synthesis will translate the text-based

description into a circuit design in terms of logic gates and the interconnectionsbetween the basic logic gates The gates and gate connections are commonly referred to

as the netlist.) The design examples provided in schematic diagram form in Chapter 5will be revisited and modeled in VHDL

Chapter 7 will introduce the development of digital signal processing algorithms inVHDL and the synthesis of the VHDL descriptions to target programmable logic(both FPGA and CPLD) Such algorithms include digital filters (low-pass, high-pass,and band-pass), digital PID (proportional plus integral plus derivative) controlalgorithms, and the FFT (fast Fourier transform, an efficient implementation of thediscrete Fourier transform, DFT)

Chapter 8 will discuss the interfacing of programmable logic to what is commonlyreferred to as the real world This is the analogue world that we live in, and suchinterfacing requires both the acquisition (capture) and the generation of analogue

xx Preface

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signals To enable this, the digital programmable logic device will require an interface tothe analogue world For analogue signals to be captured and analyzed in digital, ananalogue-to-digital converter (ADC) will be required For analogue signals to begenerated from the digital, a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) will be required.

In this book, the convention used for the word analogue will use the -ue at the end ofthe word, unless a particular name already in use is referred to spelled as analog.Chapter 9will introduce the testing of the electronic system In this, failure mechanisms

in hardware and software will be introduced, and the need for efficient and

cost-effective test programs from the prototyping phase of the design through

high-volume manufacture and in-system testing

Chapter 10 will introduce the increasing need to develop programmable logic–baseddesigns at a high level of abstraction using behavioral descriptions of the systemfunctionality, and the increasing requirements to enable the synthesis of thesehigh-level designs into logic With reference to a design flow taking a digital designdeveloped in MATLABor Simulinkthrough a VHDL code equivalent forimplementation in FPGA or CPLD technology, the synthesis of digital control systemalgorithms modeled and simulated in Simulinkwill be translated into VHDL forimplementation in programmable logic

Throughout the book, the HDL examples provided and evaluated can be implementedwithin programmable logic–based circuits that may be designed by the user in addition

to the PCB design examples that are provided These examples have been developed toform the basis of laboratory experiments that can be used to accompany the text.With the broad range of subject material and examples, a feature of the book is itspotential for use in a range of learning and teaching scenarios For example:

1 As an introduction to design of electronic circuits and systems using

programmable logic This would allow for the design approaches,

programmable logic architectures, simulation, synthesis, and the finalconfiguration of an FPGA or CPLD to be undertaken It would also allowfor investigation into the most appropriate HDL coding styles and deviceimplementation constraints to be undertaken

2 As an introduction to hardware description languages, in particular VHDL,allowing for case study designs to be developed and implemented withinprogrammable logic This would allow for VHDL code developers to see the

code working on real devices and to enable additional testing of the electroniccircuit with such equipment as oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers.

3 As an introduction to the design of printed circuit boards, in particularmixed-signal designs (mixed analogue and digital) This would allow issuesrelating to the design of the printed circuit board to be investigated anddesigns developed, fabricated, and tested

4 As an introduction to digital signal processing algorithm development Thiswould allow the basics of DSP algorithms and their implementation inhardware on FPGAs and CPLDs to be investigated through the medium ofVHDL code development, simulation, and synthesis

The VHDL examples can be downloaded and run on the hardware prototypingarrangement that can be built by the reader using the designs provided in the book.This hardware arrangement is centered on a XilinxCoolrunnerTM-II CPLD onwhich to prototype the digital logic ideas, along with a set of input/output (I/O)boards The full set of boards is shown in the figure below

This arrangement consists of five main system boards and an optional

seven-segment display board The appendices and design schematics are available at theauthor’s Web site for this book (refer to http://books.elsevier.com/companions/

9780750683975 and follow the hyperlink to the author’s site)

w w w n e w n e s p r e s s c o m

xxii Preface

ADC analogue-to-digital converter

ALU arithmetic and logic unit

AND logical AND operation on two or more digital signals

ANSI American National Standards Institute

AOI automatic optical inspection

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASIC application-specific integrated circuit

ASP analogue signal processor

ASSP application-specific standard product

AWG arbitrary waveform generator

American wire gaugeAXI automatic X-ray inspection

B

BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

BIST built-in self-test

bit binary digit

BJT bipolar junction transistor

BNC bayonet Neill-Concelman connector

CERQUAD ceramic quadruple side

CISC complex instruction set computer

CLB configurable logic block

CLCC ceramic leadless chip carrier

ceramic leaded chip carrierCMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductorCOTS commercial off-the-shelf

CPU central processing unit

CSSP customer specific standard product

CTFT continuous-time Fourier transform

xxiv Abbreviations

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DAC digital-to-analogue converter

DAE differential and algebraic equation

DCI digitally controlled impedance

DCPSS DC power supply sensitivity

DDC direct digital control

DDS direct digital synthesis

DfM design for manufacturability

DfR design for reliability

DfT design for testability

DFT discrete Fourier transform

DIMM dual in-line memory module

DRDRAM direct Rambus DRAM

DSP digital signal processing

digital signal processor

DTFT discrete-time Fourier transform

DVD digital versatile disk

E

ECU electronic control unit

EDA electronic design automation

EDIF electronic design interchange format

EIAJ Electronic Industries Association of Japan

EMC electromagnetic compatibility

EMI electromagnetic interference

ENB effective number of bits

EOS electrical overstress

EEPROM electrically erasable PROM

E2EPROM electrically erasable PROM

ERC electrical rules checking

ESD electrostatic discharge

ESIA European Semiconductor Industry Association

ESL electronic system level

ESS environmental stress screening

EX-OR logical EXCLUSIVE-OR operation on two or more digital

signalsxxvi Abbreviations

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FBGA (FPBGA) fine pitch ball grid array

FCC Federal Communications Commission (USA)

FET field effect transistor

FIFO first-in, first-out

FPAA field programmable analogue array

FPGA field programmable gate array

FR-4 flame retardant with approximate dielectric constant of 4

G

GAL generic array of logic

GDSII Graphic Data System II stream file format

GPIB general purpose interface bus

GTO gate turn-off thyristor

GUI graphical user interface

H

HBT heterojunction bipolar transistor

HDL hardware description language

HSTL high-speed transceiver logic

HTML hyphertext markup language

HVI human visual inspection

ICC power supply current (into VCCpin for bipolar circuits)

ICM collector peak current

IDD power supply current (into VDDpin for CMOS circuits)

IDDQ quiescent power supply current (IDD)

IEE power supply current (out of VEEpin for bipolar circuits)

IGND ground current per supply pin

IIH high-level input current

IIL low-level input current

ILSB minimum output current change

IOH high-level output current (logic 1 output)

IOL low-level output current (logic 0 output)

ISS power supply current (out of VSSpin for CMOS circuits)

ISSQ quiescent power supply current (ISS)

I2C (IIC) inter-integrated circuit (inter-IC) bus

in-circuit testerIDC insulation displacement connector

IDE integrated design environment

integrated drive electronicsIEC International Electrotechnical Commission

IEE Institution of Electrical Engineers

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

xxviii Abbreviations

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IET Institution of Engineering and Technology

IIR infinite impulse response

IMAPS International Microelectronics and Packaging Society

infraredISO International Organization for Standardization

ITRS International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

J

JEDEC Joint Electron Device Engineering Council

JEITA Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries

AssociationJETAG Joint European Test Action Group

JETTA Journal of Electronic Testing, Theory, and Applications

JLCC J-leaded chip carrier

K

KSIA Korean Semiconductor Industry Association

L

LC2MOS linear compatible CMOS

leadless chip carrierLCCMOS leadless chip carrier metal oxide semiconductor (also LC2MOS)LCD liquid crystal display

LF low frequency

LFSR linear feedback shift register

LIFO last-in, first-out

Linux Linux is not Unix

LSB least significant bit

LSI large-scale integration

LVDS low-voltage differential signaling

MEMs micro electro-mechanical systems

MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistorMPGA mask programmable gate array

MSAF multiple stuck-at-fault

MSOP mini-small outline package

MVI manual visual inspection (i.e., HVI)

xxx Abbreviations

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NMH noise margin for high levels

NML noise margin for low levels

NOT logical NOT operation on a single digital signal

op-amp operational amplifier

OR logical OR operation on two or more digital signals

OVI Open Verilog International

P

Ptot total dissipation

PAL programmable array of logic

program counter

PCBA printed circuit board assembly

PDA personal digital assistant

PDF portable document format

PERL practical extraction and report language

proportional plus integralPID proportional plus integral plus derivativePIPO parallel in, parallel out

PLCC plastic leadless chip carrier

plastic leaded chip carrier

PMU precision measurement unit

PRPG pseudorandom pattern generator

pulse width modulatedPXI PC extensions for instrument bus

Q

QTAG Quality Test Action Group

xxxii Abbreviations

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 trademark (registered;TM for unregistered)

RISC reduced instruction set computer

RoHS return of hazardous substances

RTL register transfer level

RTOS real-time operating system

SCSI small computer system interface

SiGe silicon germanium

SIM subscriber identity module

SINAD signal to noise plus distortion (SNRþ THD)

SIP single in-line package

SIPO serial in, parallel out

SISO Serial in, serial out

Single input, single outputSISR serial input signature register

S/(Nþ THD) signal to noise plus total harmonic distortion

SOAR safe operating region

SOJ small outline J-lead package

SPI serial peripheral interface

SPICE simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis

SQFP shrink quad flat pack

SRBP synthetic resin-bonded paper

SSAF single stuck-at-fault

SSI small-scale integration

SSOP small shrink outline package

SSTL stub series terminated logic

TCE thermal coefficient of expansion

THD total harmonic distortion

TM trademark (unregistered, for registered)

TO transistor outline package (single transistor)

TSIA Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Association

TSMC Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company

UART universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter

UJT unijunction transistor

ULSI ultra large-scale integration

UNIXTM Uniplexed Information and Computing System (originally

Unics, later renamed Unix)

UTP unit test period

V

VCB collector-base voltage

VCC power supply voltage (positive, for bipolar circuits)

VCE0 collector-emitter voltage (IE = 0)

VCEV collector-emitter voltage (VBE= 1.5)

VDD power supply voltage (positive, for CMOS circuits)

VIH minimum input voltage that can be interpreted as a logic 1

VIL maximum input voltage that can be interpreted as a logic 0VLSB minimum output voltage change

VOH minimum output voltage when the output is a logic 1VOL maximum output voltage when the output is a logic 0

VSS power supply voltage (negative, for CMOS circuits)

VASG VHDL Analysis and Standardization Group

VBA Visual BasicTMfor Applications

VCO voltage-controlled oscillator

VHDL VHSIC hardware description language

VHSIC very high-speed integrated circuit

xxxvi Abbreviations

w w w n e w n e s p r e s s c o m

VLSI very large-scale integration

VQFP very thin quad flat pack

ZIF zero insertion force socket

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Introduction to Programmable Logic

1.1 Introduction to the Book

Increasingly, electronic circuits and systems are being designed using technologiesthat offer rapid prototyping, programmability, and re-use (reprogrammability andcomponent recycling) capabilities to allow a system product to be developed in aminimal time, to allow in-service reconfiguration (for normal product upgrading toimprove performance, to provide design debugging capabilities, and for the inevitablerequirement for design bug removal), or even to recycle the electronic components foranother application These aspects are required by the reduced time-to-market andincreased complexities for applications—from mobile phones through computer andcontrol, instrumentation, and test applications So, how can this be achieved using therange of electronic circuit technologies available today? Several avenues are open.The main focus of developing electronics with the above capabilities has been in thedigital domain because the design techniques and nature of the digital signals are wellsuited to reconfiguration

In the digital domain, the choice of implementation technology is essentially whether touse dedicated (and fixed) functionality digital logic, to use a software-programmed,processor-based system (designed based on a microprocessor,mP; microcontroller, mC; ordigital signal processor, DSP), or to use a hardware-configured programmable logicdevice (PLD), whether simple (SPLD), complex (CPLD), or the field programmable gatearray (FPGA) Memory used for the storage of data and program code is integral tomany digital circuits and systems The choices are shown in Figure 1.1

In Figure 1.1, the electronic components used are integrated circuits (ICs) These areelectronic circuits packaged within a suitable housing that contain complete circuitsranging from a few dozen transistors to hundreds of millions of transistors, the