Landscape architecture Design principles

The difference between Urban Planning UP, Urban Design UD, Landscape Architecture LA, Landscape Architecture Design LAD and Building Design BD .... Landscape Architecture 1.1 The defini

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING



Instructor: Dr Nguyen Quoc Vinh

Table of Contents

CHAP 1 Landscape Architecture 1

1.1 The definition of Landscape Architecture (LA) 1

1.2 The products of Landscape Architecture (LA) 2

1.2.1 LA’s objects 2

1.2.2 LA’s scope 5

1.3 History and evolution of Landscape Architecture 9

CHAP 2 The difference between Urban Planning (UP), Urban Design (UD), Landscape Architecture (LA), Landscape Architecture Design (LAD) and Building Design (BD) 14

2.1 The Urban Planning and the Urban Design 14

2.1.1 The definition of urban planning and urban design 14

2.1.2 The goals and objectives 15

2.1.3 Scope and Scale 15

2.1.4 Timeframe 16

2.1.5 Treatment of space 16

2.1.6 The elements 17

2.2 Landscape Architecture (LA) and Landscape Architecture Design (LAD) 18

2.2.1 Landscaping 18

2.2.2 The difference between Landscape Architecture and Landscape Architecture Design 19

2.3 Building Design (BD) 20

2.3.1 What is Building Design? 20

2.3.2 The difference between Landscape Design and Building Design 21

References 22

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CHAP 1 Landscape Architecture

1.1 The definition of Landscape Architecture (LA)

Landscape Architecture is a field that focuses on the design, planning, and management

of outdoor spaces, including parks, gardens, urban plazas, campuses, and other public and private outdoor areas

Landscape Architecture is also a profession that is unknown or misunderstood as gardening by many Its value to society is greater than many can imagine and should be celebrated by the population of every town, city, and country

Figure 1.1 Xuhui Runway Park View

Figure 1 2 Jewel at Changi Airport, Singapore

1 Hardscape: These are non-living features that provide structure and functionality

to a landscape Examples include pathways, sidewalks, plazas, patios, retaining walls, and bridges

Figure 1 3 The hardscape architecture

2 Planting Beds: Landscape architects design planting beds to accommodate various types of vegetation, such as trees, flowers, … Planting beds can be organized in different patterns and shapes to create visual interest

Figure 1 4 The flower beds

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3 Water Features: Water objects like fountains, ponds, streams, and waterfalls are often integrated into landscape designs to add beauty, sound, and a sense of tranquility to outdoor spaces

Figure 1 5 The artificial streams.

4 Outdoor Furniture: such as benches, tables, chairs, and lounges, to provide gathering areas for people using the space

Figure 1 6 The benches

5 Lighting Fixtures: Lighting is important in landscape architecture, used to enhance safety, extend the usability of outdoor spaces into the evening, and create visual accents

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Figure 1 7 The lighting design for garden

6 Sculptures and Art Installations: In some cases, landscape architects incorporate sculptures, art installations, or other artistic elements to add cultural or aesthetic value to a site

Figure 1 8 Virginia Overton’s site-specific work at Socrates Sculpture Park

7 Play Structures: In parks and recreational areas, landscape architects design play structures for children, which can include swings, slides, climbing walls, and other equipment

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Figure 1 9 The swings, slides, climbing walls

8 Outdoor Kitchen and Cooking Spaces: In residential designs, landscape architects may incorporate outdoor kitchens, fire pits, and cooking areas for entertaining and outdoor dining

Figure 1 10 The outdoor kitchen.

Each of these landscape architecture objects is carefully considered and integrated into the overall design to achieve the desired functionality, aesthetics, and purpose of the outdoor space The selection and arrangement of these objects can greatly influence the overall feel and usability of the landscape

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1 Site Planning and Design: Landscape architects design and plan outdoor spaces

to create functional, aesthetically pleasing, and sustainable environments

Figure 1 11 The 2D maps of a wide zone.

2 Urban Design and Planning: Landscape architects contribute to urban planning

by designing public spaces, streetscapes, and green infrastructure in cities and urban areas

Figure 1 12 The maps which can help architects plan for the landscape view.

3 Parks and Recreation: Landscape architects design parks, playgrounds, sports facilities, and recreational areas

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Figure 1 13 The skyscrapers in the city.

4 Residential Landscapes: Landscape architects work on residential projects, including the design of gardens, yards, and outdoor living spaces for private homeowners

Figure 1 14 The view of garden.

5 Campus and Institutional Design: Landscape architects design outdoor spaces for schools, universities, hospitals, and other institutions

Figure 1 15 The landscape of university’s campus.

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6 Commercial and Retail Spaces: Landscape architects design outdoor spaces for commercial properties, shopping centers, and hospitality venues

Figure 1 16 The landscape of shopping center.

7 Transportation and Infrastructure: They work on transportation projects, such as streetscape design, bike lanes, and pedestrian pathways, to create safer and more attractive transportation corridors

Figure 1 17 The transportation and infrastructure services.

8 Historic Preservation: Landscape architects are involved in the preservation and restoration of historically significant landscapes and gardens

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Figure 1 18 Moai Monolithic Statues on the island.

9 Research and Innovation: Landscape architects often engage in research and innovation, exploring new materials, technologies, and design approaches to improve the field's environmental and aesthetic contributions

Figure 1 19 Realtime Landscaping Architect Software

1.3 History and evolution of Landscape Architecture

The history and evolution of landscape architecture as a profession is an interesting and complex one It began in the late 18th century as a tool to shape and beautify the natural environment

• The period before 18 th century

The history of landscape architecture, formally landscape gardening, is largely that of master planning and garden design for manor houses, palaces and royal properties, religious complexes, and centers of government

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Figure 1 20 An example is the extensive work by André Le Nôtre for King Louis XIV of

France at the Palace of Versailles

• The Pioneer of Landscape Architecture:

The term landscape architecture was first used by Gilbert Laing Meason in his

book On The Landscape Architecture of the Great Painters of Italy (London, 1828)

Gilbert Laing Meason John Claudius Loudon

The term was then taken up by John Claudius Loudon and used to describe a specific type of architecture, suited to being placed in designed landscapes

Frederick Law Olmsted

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Olmsted and a man named George Oskar gave a different slant to the meaning of 'landscape architecture', using the term to describe the whole professional task of designing a composition of planting, landform, water, paving and other structures Frederick Law Olmsted is widely considered the father of landscape architecture Olmsted’s early career focused on the design of residential landscapes, parks, and city planning projects

Olmsted’s work has been credited with revolutionizing the way people think about landscape architecture He sought to create landscapes that provided both aesthetic beauty and practical utility

Olmsted’s work has helped shape the way we view and interact with the natural world, and it is an important part of our cultural heritage

Olmsted and a man named George Oskar gave a different slant to the meaning of 'landscape architecture', using the term to describe the whole professional task of designing a composition of planting, landform, water, paving and other structures Olmsted and Vaux then in 1863 adopted landscape architect as a professional title and used it to describe their work for the planning of urban park systems

Olmsted then in 1863 adopted landscape architect as a professional title and used it to describe their work for the planning of urban park systems

• The 18 th Century and 19 th Century

The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century ushered in a period of unprecedented change that dramatically impacted the fields of architecture and design

Landscape architecture, in particular, was affected by this period of innovation and progress, as many of the tools, materials, and methods used in the field today were developed during this time

The Industrial Revolution brought new technological advances that allowed for more efficient production and construction of designed landscapes

Many of the tools used by landscape architects to design and construct landscapes today were developed during this period, including the use of steel, concrete, and other synthetic materials These materials drastically changed the way that landscapes were

The Industrial Revolution was an incredibly influential period in the evolution of landscape architecture With the development of new technologies and materials, landscape architects were able to create more intricate and detailed designs than ever before, while also expanding their scope of work to public spaces This period of innovation and progress has had a lasting impact on the field of landscape architecture and its importance in improving the quality of life in our communities

Figure 1 21 Fountain and garden from the 18th century in Brandenburg, Germany

• The Impact of Modern Technology on Landscape Architecture

One of the most significant changes technology has brought to landscape architecture is the ability to generate detailed three-dimensional visuals of a project This has allowed them to make changes and adjustments to the design with ease, ensuring that the project meets their vision and specifications

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In addition to creating detailed visuals, modern technology has also made it easier for landscape architects to map out terrain For example, the use of drones has become increasingly popular in recent years, as they allow landscape architects to get a bird’s eye view of an area and quickly map out the terrain

Figure 1 22 The use of drone mapping for creating 2D and 3D maps of an area

Through the use of three-dimensional visuals, drones, and virtual reality, landscape architects now have unprecedented control and accuracy in their designs As technology continues to advance, it is likely that landscape architects will find more ways to use these tools to create even more intricate and realistic designs

• The 21 st Century

The 21st century has seen a rapid evolution in the practice of landscape architecture Now more than ever, landscape architects are being called upon to create innovative, sustainable designs that consider the environmental, social and economic needs of the communities they serve Contemporary landscape architecture is characterized by a strong emphasis on the preservation of natural resources, the use of green infrastructure, and the integration of diverse urban and natural systems

The practice of landscape architecture in the 21st century is focused on creating places that are beautiful, functional, and sustainable

In addition to considering the physical environment, landscape architects are increasingly being asked to consider the social and economic needs of the people living within their designs This means creating spaces that foster community engagement, provide access to recreational opportunities, and enhance public health and safety

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CHAP 2 The difference between Urban Planning (UP), Urban Design (UD), Landscape Architecture (LA), Landscape Architecture Design

(LAD) and Building Design (BD)

The urban design process has faced criticism for the past 50 years about its definitions, guiding concepts, procedure, and interactions with other disciplines Urban design initiatives frequently don’t turn out the way they were intended when they are implemented Similarly, the connection between urban planning and urban design is frequently misunderstood and characterized as ambiguous Although urban design was developed to close the gap between architecture and urban planning, it is possible that this gap still exists, especially on a theoretical level

2.1 The Urban Planning and the Urban Design

2.1.1 The definition of urban planning and urban design

Urban planning focuses on a broader perspective, involving the establishment of

regulations for various zones, the development of infrastructure, and efficient transportation systems

On the other hand, urban design is the creation of city features based on plans It

includes everything from public space to infrastructure, as well as transportation, landscapes, and community accommodations Urban design, by definition, is the

“design of city features.” It is focused on design and user experience and operates at the features and systems level

Figure 2 1 Urban Planning

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2.1.2 The goals and objectives

The crux of Urban Design revolves around enhancing the quality of city life for its

inhabitants, fostering a sense of community and establishing appealing public spaces

In contrast, Urban Planning takes a long-term approach, addressing issues of

sustainability, managing population growth, and ensuring judicious land utilization

Figure 2 2 The 2D map which is used for planning

2.1.3 Scope and Scale

Urban Design concentrates on the minute details, including the improvement of

neighborhoods, embellishing parks, and creating distinctive architectural landmarks

Conversely, Urban Planning extends its scope to include an entire city or region,

meticulously considering the integration of all elements

Figure 2 3 The scope of urban planning

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2.1.4 Timeframe

The element of time plays a pivotal role in differentiating these two disciplines

Urban Design projects often showcase tangible results in relatively shorter timeframes,

sometimes within a few years (> 5 years)

Conversely, Urban Planning requires patience, as its efforts involve long-term planning

and implementation, with results showing over extended periods (5-20 years)

2.1.5 Treatment of space

Urban planning is about defining rules how the city will develop in the future using 2D

maps and text regulations/rules Where it will grow, where it will densify, what are the uses, height limitations, etc It is a lot more analytical and strategic

Figure 2 4 The detailed plan for an area is shown on 2D map

Urban design is about creating an actual 3D environment - public spaces, building

volumes, streetscapes, spaces between buildings Ambient that one can experience when

in the city It is more artistic and concrete

Figure 2 5 The 3D plan for public spaces in the city