THE PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY – CHARACTERISTICS, LIMITS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS Edited by Giovanna Cavazzini The Particle Image Velocimetry – Characteristics, Limits and Possible Applications Edited by Giovanna Cavazzini Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marija Radja Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published May, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com The Particle Image Velocimetry – Characteristics, Limits and Possible Applications, Edited by Giovanna Cavazzini p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0625-8 Contents Preface IX Section 1 The PIV Technique: Characteristics, Limits and Post-Processing Methods 1 Chapter 1 Stereoscopic PIV and Its Applications on Reconstruction Three-Dimensional Flow Field 3 L. Gan Chapter 2 Limits in Planar PIV Due to Individual Variations of Particle Image Intensities 29 Holger Nobach Chapter 3 PIV Measurements Applied to Hydraulic Machinery: Cavitating and Cavitation-Free Flows 51 Gabriel Dan Ciocan and Monica Sanda Iliescu Chapter 4 Post-Processing Methods of PIV Instantaneous Flow Fields for Unsteady Flows in Turbomachines 97 G. Cavazzini, A. Dazin, G. Pavesi, P. Dupont and G. Bois Section 2 PIV Applications 121 Chapter 5 PIV Measurements on Oxy-Fuel Burners 123 Boushaki Toufik and Sautet Jean-Charles Chapter 6 Characterization of the Bidirectional Vortex Using Particle Image Velocimetry 149 Brian A. Maicke and Joseph Majdalani Chapter 7 Application of the Particle Image Velocimetry to the Couette-Taylor Flow 177 Innocent Mutabazi, Nizar Abcha, Olivier Crumeyrolle and Alexander Ezersky VI Contents Chapter 8 Rheo-Particle Image Velocimetry for the Analysis of the Flow of Polymer Melts 203 José Pérez-González, Benjamín M. Marín-Santibáñez, Francisco Rodríguez- González and José G. González-Santos Chapter 9 PIV as a Complement to LDA in the Study of an Unsteady Oscillating Turbulent Flow 229 Chong Y. Wong, Graham J. Nathan, Richard M Kelso Section 3 Micro-PIV Applications 259 Chapter 10 μ-PIV for the Analysis of Flow Fields near a Propagating Air-Liquid Interface 261 Eiichiro Yamaguchi, Bradford J. Smith and Donald P. Gaver III Chapter 11 Digital Micro PIV (μPIV) and Velocity Profiles In Vitro and In Vivo 283 Aristotle G. Koutsiaris Section 4 PIV and PTV 319 Chapter 12 Measurements of Particle Velocities and Trajectories for Internal Waves Propagating in a Density-Stratified Two-Layer Fluid on a Slope 321 Motohiko Umeyama, Tetsuya Shintani, Kim-Cuong Nguyen and Shogo Matsuki Chapter 13 Applying of PIV/PTV Methods for Physical Modeling of the Turbulent Buoyant Jets in a Stratified Fluid 345 Valery Bondur, Yurii Grebenyuk, Ekaterina Ezhova, Alexander Kandaurov, Daniil Sergeev and Yuliya Troitskaya Chapter 14 Full Field Measurements in a River Mouth by Means of Particle Tracking Velocimetry 367 A. Ciarravano, E. Binotti, A. Bruschi, V. Pesarino, F. Lalli and G.P. Romano Preface The Particle Image Velocimetry is undoubtedly one of the most important technique in Fluid-dynamics since it has a spatial character that allows to obtain a direct and instantaneous visualization of the flow field in a non-intrusive way. It represents the point of arrival of an intense research on the laser techniques and its origin dates back at the beginning of 80’s when Meynart, a doctoral student of the Von Karman Institute, while explorying the Laser Speckle Velocimetry technique, guessed the importance of capturing the movements of individual particles instead of speckles. The rising PIV technique immediately captured the scientific world interest but its spread was initially limited by technical problems related to the limits of the available technologies. A first significant boost to the spreading of the PIV technique was provided by the migration from photographic to video-graphic recording. This allowed not only to increase the maximum number of PIV images that could be acquired in a single experimental test but also to improve the interrogation process. However, the applications were still limited to analyses of flow fields having two-dimensional characteristics since the technique allowed to determine only the two velocity components belonging to the laser sheet plane. In the midi-90's the introduction of the stereographic PIV gave a further great impulse to the use and popularity of the PIV technique since it enabled the possibility of determining by stereographic imaging of the particles the third velocity component, normal to the planar laser sheet. This further improvement, combined with the rising and continuous development of the available computational capacity, greatly favored the spread of the technique in a wide number of research fields, from aerodynamics to medicine, from biology to turbulence researches, from aerodynamics to combustion processes. The book is aimed at presenting the PIV technique and its wide range of possible applications so as to provide a reference for researchers who intended to exploit this innovative technique in their research fields. Several aspects and possible problems in the analysis of large- and micro-scale turbulent phenomena, two-phase flows and polymer melts, combustion processes and turbo-machinery flow fields, internal waves and river/ocean flows were considered. X Preface The book is managed as follows. The first part is focused on the characteristics, advantages and limits of the PIV technique, with reference both to 2D and 3D analyses. Moreover, the latest improvements in the post-processing analysis methods are presented with particular reference to the turbo-machinery field. The other sections present an excursus of the possible applications of the PIV technique. In particular, the second section focuses on the studies of large-scale flows considering combustion processes, fluid-dynamic phenomena and flows in polymer melts. In the third section two examples of micro-piv applications are presented, whereas in the forth section the combination of the PIV technique with the Particle Tracking Velocimetry for the definition of velocities and trajectories in internal waves, stratified ocean and river flows is considered. Eng. Cavazzini Giovanna, Ph.D. Department of Industrial Engineering University of Padova Italy . THE PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY – CHARACTERISTICS, LIMITS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS Edited by Giovanna Cavazzini The Particle Image Velocimetry – Characteristics, Limits. of the plate. In the first case, the two FOVs are not possible to be the same; while the second type of setup it is possible to make the FOV almost the same. 4 The Particle Image Velocimetry – Characteristics,. Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com The Particle Image Velocimetry – Characteristics, Limits and Possible Applications, Edited by Giovanna Cavazzini p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0625-8