Lecture Communication research: Asking questions, finding answers (4e) Chapter 17: Analyzing qualitative data. After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish between emic and etic readings of data, distinguish between the analysis and interpretation of qualitative data, write an analytical memo, search textual data for relevant codes to be analyzed,... Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.
Trang 1Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA
Chapter 17
Trang 2Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA
Analysis
Process of labeling and break down raw data
Brings order, structure, interpretation
Messy, ambiguous, time consuming
Begins after first data collection
Reflexive
Inductive
Trang 3Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
EMIC AND ETIC VIEWS OF DATA ANALYSIS
EMIC READING OF DATA ETIC READING OF DATA
Emergent
From participant’s point of
view
In context data were
collected
Insider, inductive, and
bottom-up
Emergent
From participant’s point of
view
In context data were
collected
Insider, inductive, and
bottom-up
Interpreting data as related
to theories
More conceptual
Without regard to context
Outsider, deductive,
top-down
Interpreting data as related
to theories
More conceptual
Without regard to context
Outsider, deductive,
top-down
Trang 4Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
CHOOSING AN ANALYTICAL METHOD
Sorting through a great deal of data is difficult
Requires careful choice of analytical method
Multiple plausible interpretations will be
present
The research question may have changed
Must remain true to participants’ meanings
Trang 5Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
MOVING FROM RAW DATA TO INTERPRETATION
Interpretation
Making sense of or giving meaning to those
patterns, themes, concepts, and
propositions
Analysis
Process of labeling and breaking down raw data
to find patterns, themes, concepts, and
propositions
Trang 6Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
ANALYTICAL MEMO
Captures your first impressions of and reflections on
data
Researcher writes memos to him or herself
Not part of the data
First attempt at analyzing
Suggests avenues for additional collection or analytical
schemes
Researcher’s not participants’ evaluation
Trang 7Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
DIAGRAMMING DATA
Place data into tables, diagrams, or graphs
Helps see relationships
Organize by
Case
Subject
Theme
Event
Trang 8Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
CODING AND CATEGORIZING DATA
Reduces data into manageable size
Category
Set of similar excerpts, examples, or themes
Existing or emergent
Develop tentative labels
Categories and labels will become
clearer over time
Return to research questions
Trang 9Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
GROUNDED THEORY
Develop theory by
examining relationships between data and
categories
Use constant-comparative
method to develop
categories relative to each other
Categories can change and
new categories added
Steps
• Become familiar with data by
reading and re-reading
• Code data
• Develop initial, inductive
categories
• Revise categories
• Write memos to explore ideas
• Iterative approach for coding
data
Trang 10Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
THEORETICAL SATURATION OCCURS
WHEN ALL DATA ARE CODED INTO A CATEGORY
First pass through data
Unrestricted
Open to all possibilities
Number of categories
Labels of categories
Relationship of categories
First pass through data
Unrestricted
Open to all possibilities
Number of categories
Labels of categories
Relationship of categories
Subsequent passes through
data
Linking categories in
meaningful ways
Categories are collapsed or
relabeled
Theoretically saturated when
categories are stable
Subsequent passes through
data
Linking categories in
meaningful ways
Categories are collapsed or
relabeled
Theoretically saturated when
categories are stable
Two types of coding