Lecture Communication research: Asking questions, finding answers (4e) Chapter 12: Quantitative analysis oof text. After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Differentiate between manifest and latent content in content analysis, explain the basic processes for conducting a content analysis, identify appropriate uses of interaction analysis, explain the basic processes for conducting a research study using interaction analysis,... Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.
Trang 1Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
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the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
INTRODUCTION TO
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Chapter 14
Trang 2Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
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the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Preserves the form and content of interaction
Contextually situated
Discourse is the data
Analyzed for its qualities – empirical, inductive, and
interpretive
Aims for subjectivity
Allows interactants’ voices to be heard
Trang 3Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
Intersubjectivity
The social accomplishment of how people
co-construct and co-experience their social life and rules for doing so
How do people understand and interpret
communication processes?
How is communication socially situated?
Trang 4Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
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the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
MUTUAL SIMULTANEOUS SHAPING
The here and now
Everything influences
everything else
Emphasis on process
and the holistic frame of interaction
Plausible explanations
built on what is observed
Trang 5Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
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the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
INDUCTIVE ANALYSIS
From the specific to the general
Explanations and theories emerge from the
data
Propositions formulated continuously
throughout the data collection and data analysis process
Trang 6Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
MODEL FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Interdependent stages
• Not linear
• Cannot be planned in
entirety
• Top circle reflects
design of the project
• Bottom reflects
activities in the field
Trang 7Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
CREDIBILITY IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Extent to which data interpretations are
true
correct
dependable
Allows for multiple interpretations by asking
“What’s plausible?”
Trang 8Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
ENHANCING CREDIBILITY
Triangulation: use of several kinds of methods or data
to enhance credibility
Data triangulation
Investigator triangulation
Interdisciplinary triangulation
Member validation
Taking research findings back to individuals who provided
data
Trang 9Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
CONCEPTUALIZING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Based on previous literature
Broadly stated
Nondirectional
Gives researcher latitude in following interesting paths
Specific to the interaction context
Trang 10Information, but by the time I had the number it was long after five and no one answered the phone ‘Will you ring again?’ ‘I’ve rung them three times.’ ‘It’s very important.’ ‘Sorry I’m afraid no one’s there.’ I went back to the drawing room and thought for an in- stant that they were chance visitors, all these official people who suddenly filled it But as they drew back the sheet and looked at Gatsby with unmoved eyes, his protest continued in my brain ‘Look here, old sport, you’ve got to get somebody for me You’ve got to try hard I can’t go through this alone.’ Some one started to ask me questions but I broke away and going upstairs looked hastily through the unlocked parts of his desk—he’d never told me definitely that his par- ents were dead But there was nothing—only the picture of Dan Cody, a token of forgotten violence staring down from the wall Next morning I sent the butler to New York with a letter to Wolfshiem which asked for information and urged him to come out on the next train That request seemed super- fluous when I wrote it I was sure he’d start when he saw the newspapers, just as I was sure there’d be a wire from Daisy before noon—but neither a wire nor Mr Wolfshiem arrived, no one arrived except more police and photographers and newspaper men When the butler brought back Wolfshiem’s answer I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful
soli-darity between Gatsby and me against them all
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
ASSESSING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Should ask how or
what?
Should reference the
research site?
Focus on a specific type of
interaction?
Discover how meaning is
developed/shared?
Reveal naturally occurring
communication not suitable for study in an experiment?
Reveal unanticipated
phenomena/influences?
Reveal process that occur over
time?
Explore the influences of the
context?
Does the research question