Lecture Communication research: Asking questions, finding answers (4e) Chapter 4: Introduction to quantitative research

Lecture Communication research: Asking questions, finding answers (4e) Chapter 4: Introduction to quantitative research. After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Describe quantitative research and its assumptions, identify examples of quantitative research, explain analytic deduction, explain the fivecomponent model for quantitative research, explain the role of hypotheses in quantitative research,... Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without

the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH

Chapter 4

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 Quantity is the unit of analysis

 Amounts

 Frequencies

 Degrees

 Values

 Intensity

 Uses statistics for greater precision and objectivity

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without

the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

CONCEPTUALIZING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 Overall purpose or objective

 Research literature

 Research questions and

hypotheses

 Selecting appropriate

methods

 Validity and reliability of the

data

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

FOUNDATION FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 Concept

 Abstract thinking to distinguish it from other elements

 Construct

 Theoretical definition of a concept; must be observable or measurable;

linked to other concepts

 Variable

 Presented in research questions and hypotheses

 Operationalization

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without

the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

HYPOTHESES FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 Educated guess or presumption based on literature

 States the nature of the relationship between two or

more variables

 Predicts the research outcome

 Research study designed to test the relationship

described in the hypothesis

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

TYPES OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

 Directional hypothesis

 Precise statement indicating the nature and

direction of the relationship/difference between variables

 Nondirectional hypothesis

 States only that relationship/difference will occur

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without

the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

ASSESSING HYPOTHESES

 Simply stated?

 Single sentence?

 At least two variables?

 Variables clearly stated?

 Is the relationship/difference precisely stated?

 Testable?

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

NULL HYPOTHESES

 Implicit complementary statement to the research

hypothesis

 States no relationship/difference exists between

variables

 Statistical test performed on the null

 Assumed to be true until support for the research

hypothesis is demonstrated

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without

the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

REMEMBER THAT

 Hypotheses are always tentative

 Research hypothesis, not the null hypothesis, is

the focus of the research and presented in the

research report

than she could endure So Wilson was reduced to a man ‘deranged by grief’ in order that the case might remain in its simplest form And it rested there But all this part of it seemed remote and unessential I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone From the moment I telephoned news of the catastrophe to West Egg village, every surmise about him, and every practical question, was referred to me At first I was surprised and confused; then, as he lay in his house and didn’t move or breathe or speak hour upon hour it grew upon me that I was responsible, be- cause no one else was interested—interested, I mean, with that intense personal interest to which every one has some vague right at the end I called up Daisy half an hour after we found him, called her instinctively and without hesitation But she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon, and taken baggage with them ‘Left no address?’ ‘No.’ ‘Say when they’d be back?’ ‘No.’ ‘Any idea where they are? How I could reach them?’ ‘I don’t know Can’t say.’ I wanted to get somebody for him I wanted to go into the room where he lay and reassure him: ‘I’ll get somebody for you, Gatsby Don’t worry Just trust me and I’ll get some- body for you——‘ Meyer Wolfshiem’s name wasn’t in the phone book The butler gave me his office address on Broadway and I called

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

 Preferred when little is known about a

communication phenomenon

 Used when previous studies report conflicting

results

 Used to describe communication phenomena