Waste Water Treatment and Reutilization 2011 Part 3 ppt

3 Evaluation of Anaerobic Treatability of Between Cotton and Polyester Textile Industry Wastewater 1Yildiz Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering 2Norwegian Uni

Removal of Endocrine Disruptors in Waste Waters by Means of Bioreactors 43

From the industrial point of view, the results discussed above indicate a substantial

reduction in the processing times to bioremediate water polluted by DMP and thus a

reduction in the process’s costs In fact, it is possible to correlate the parameters α or P.A.I.,

( )% iso - non iso x 100

biodegradation under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions, respectively To correlate

amount of DMP removal under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions This calculation

can be done graphically or analytically

Fig 10 DMP in function of reaction time z: ∆T=0°C; Δ: ∆T=10°C; {: ∆T=20°C; †: ∆T=30°C

As one example of the graphical calculation let us see Figure 10, where we has been

reported as a function of the time of enzyme treatment, the DMP decrease in the case of

Taverage =25°C, with ΔT=0 or 10 or 20 or 30°C The initial DMP concentration was 5 mM To

obtain the same biodegradation of DMP, for example a 50% reduction, 161 minutes are

needed for the isothermal condition, while 145 or 134 or 125 minutes are required for

increase with an increase in the applied ΔT and therefore with the P.A.I

The analytical approach is based on the consideration that the same DMP degradation is

In Figure 11a, the τr values obtained at different DMP concentrations with ΔT=30°C have been reported as a function of the P.A.I calculated for each DMP concentration As expected, the reduction in bioremediation time is an increasing function of the percentage increase in the enzyme activity (P.A.I.) and, consequently, in the temperature difference applied across the membrane Highlighted in black is the case for a DMP concentration

b)

[DMP ] (mM ) 0

20 40 60 80 100

Because the P.A.I is related to the substrate concentration, we have reported the reduction

in biodegradation time as a function of the DMP concentration in Figure 11b Again, highlighted in black is the result relative to the DMP concentration of 5 mM As is evident from Figure 11b, the reduction in the biodegradation time decreases with the increase in the DMP concentration Also, this result is interesting for practical applications, because the concentrations used by us are higher than those actually found in polluted water, owing to DMP’s small solubility in water

From the above results, it follows that the decrease in DMP concentration is a linear function

of the applied temperature difference and is inversely proportional to the initial DMP concentration To quantify this observation, in Table 4 we have reported the percentage decreases of DMP concentration after 180 minutes of enzyme treatment

The obtained results have shown that the laccase from Trametes versicolor and the tyrosinase

from mushrooms immobilized on PAN beads filling a fluidized bed bioreactor are able to

Removal of Endocrine Disruptors in Waste Waters by Means of Bioreactors 45 oxidize different bisphenols In particular, the BPF is the substrate towards which the immobilized enzymes have the highest bioremediation power Moreover the higher removal efficiencies (≈100%) for all bisphenols were obtained with immobilized laccase The immobilized tyrosinase, under the same experimental conditions, showed smaller removal efficiency (~90%), notwithstanding the specific activity of this enzyme results to be 1500U/mg, about 75 time that of laccase

Coming to the experiments carried out in planar membrane bioreactors working under isothermal conditions, the results have shown the possibility of using the enzyme lipase

non-from Candida rugosa in the pathway for the biodegradation of phthalates to bioremediate

water polluted by these compounds The use of non-isothermal bioreactors proved the utility of this technology in solving some of the pollution problems affecting human life and wildlife Moreover, our studies may increase the limited knowledge regarding the direct exploitation of purified enzymes in the hydrolysis of phthalates, since the literature exhibits very few papers in this field

8 Perspectives

Our results encourage new studies in order to bioremediate waters polluted by EDCs By considering that in real samples EDCs are present in mixture, it will be interesting for the future to coimmobilize different enzymes able to hydrolyze different pollutants But a more intriguing observation can be advanced by considering the meaning of the word “cleaning up” From the analytic point of view “cleaning up” means to “reduce or eliminate” the pollutant concentration From the biological point of view, indeed, and particularly in the case of EDCs, besides “the reduction or elimination” of the pollutant concentration,

“cleaning up” means the removal of the endocrine effects observed before the enzyme treatment So, tests on cell line and on living organisms are request to assess the toxicity or the endocrine power of the reaction products If these tests will result negative, only in this case we can speak of occurred “cleaning up”

9 References

Attanasio, A.; Diano, N.; Grano, V.; Sicuranza, S.; Rossi, S.; Bencivenga, U.; Fraconte, L.; Di

Martino, S.; Canciglia, P & Mita, D.G (2005) Non-isothermal bioreactors in the treatment of vegetation waters from olive oil: laccase versus syringic acid as

bioremediation model Biotechnology Progress, 21, 806-815

Campbell, C.G.; Borglin, S.E.; Green, F.B.; Grayson, A.; Wozei, E & Stringfellow, W.T

(2006) Biologically directed environmental monitoring, fate, and transport of

estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds in water: a review Chemosphere, 65,

1265–1280

Castle, I.; Mercer, A.J.; Startin, J.R & Gilbert, J (1988) Migration from plasticised films into

foods Migration of phthalate, sebacate, citrate and phosphate esters from film used

for retail food packaging Food Additives and Contaminants, 5, 9-20

Daston, G.P.; Gooch, J.W.; Breslin, W.J.; Shuey, D.L.; Nikiforov, A.I.; Fico, T.A & Gorsuch,

J.W (1997) Environmental estrogens and reproductive health: a discussion of the

human and environmental data Reproductive Toxicology, 11, 465–481

Desbrow, C.; Routledge, E.J.; Brighty, G.C.; Sumpter, J.P & Waldock, M (1998)

Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent 1.Chemical fractionation and

in vitro biological screening Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 1549–1558

Diano, N.; El-Masry, M.M.; Portaccio, M.; Santucci, M.; De Maio, A.; Grano, V.; Castagnolo,

U.; Bencivenga, U.; Gaeta, F.S & Mita, D.G (2000) The process of thermodialysis and the efficiency increase of bioreactors operating under non-isothermal

conditions Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 11, 97-112

Diano, N.; Grano, V.; Fraconte, L.; Caputo, P.; Ricupito, A.; Attanasio, A.; Bianco, M.;

Bencivenga, U.; Rossi, S.; Manco, I.; Mita, L.; Del Pozzo, G & Mita, D.G (2007) Non-isothermal bioreactors in enzymatic remediation of waters polluted by

endocrine disruptors: the BPA as model of pollutant Applied Catalalysis B:

Environmental, 69, 252-261

Dua, M.; Singh, A.; Sethunathan, N & Johri, A.K (2002).Biotechnology and bioremediation:

successes and limitations Applied Microbiology Biotechnology, 59, 143–152

Durante, D.; Casadio, R.; Martelli, L.; Tasco, G.; Portaccio, M.; De Luca, P.; Bencivenga, U.;

Rossi, S.; Di Martino, S.; Grano, V.; Diano, N & Mita, D.G (2004) Isothermal and non-isothermal bioreactors in the detoxification of waste waters polluted by

aromatic compounds by means of immobilized laccase from Rhus veinicifera Jounal

Molecular Catalalysis B: Enzymatic, 27, 191-206

European Commission European workshop on the impact of endocrine disrupters on

human health and wildlife Report of the Proceedings pp 125, Weybridge, UK, 2–4

December 1996, vol 17549 Report EUR

Furukawa, K (2003) ‘Super bugs’ for bioremediation Trends Biotechnology, 21, 187–190

Gaeta, F.S.; Ascolese, E.; Bencivenga, U.; Ortiz de Zarate, J.M.; Pagliuca, N.; Perna, G.; Rossi,

S & Mita, D.G (1992) Theories and experiments on non-isothermal matter

transport in porous membranes Journal of Physical Chemistry, 96, 6342-6359

Gaido, K.W.; Leonard, L.S.; Lovell, S.; Gould, J.C.; Babai, D.; Portier, C.J & McDonnell, D.P

(1997) Evaluation of chemicals with endocrine modulating activity in a yeast-based

steroid hormone receptor gene transcription assay Toxicology and Applied

Pharmacology, 143, 205-212

Georgieva, S.; Godjevargova, T.; Portaccio, M.; Lepore, M & Mita, D.G (2008) Advantages

in using non-isotermal bioreactors in bioremediation of water polluted by phenol

by means of immobilized laccase from Rhus vernicifera Journal of Molecular Catalysis

B: Enzymatic, 55 177-184

Georgieva, S.; Godjevargova, T.; Mita, D.G.; Diano, N.; Menale, C.; Nicolucci, C.; Romano

Carratelli, C.; Mita, L & Golovinsky, E (2010) Non-isothermal bioremediation of waters polluted by phenol and some of its derivatives by laccase covalently

immobilized on polypropylene membranes Journal of Molecular Catalysis B:

Enzymatic, 66, 210-218

Gutendorf, B & Westendorf, J (2001) Comparison of an array of in vitro assays for the

assessment of the estrogenic potential of natural and synthetic estrogens,

fytoestrogens and xenoestrogens Toxicology, 166, 79–89

Ignatova, M.; Stoilova, O.; Manolova, N., Mita, D.G., Diano, N.; Nicolucci, C & Rashkov, I

(2009) Electrospun microfibrous poly(styrene-alt-maleic co-maleic anhydride) mats tailored for enzymatic remediation of waters polluted

anhydride)/poly(styrene-by endocrine disruptors European Polymer Journal, 45, 2494-2504

Removal of Endocrine Disruptors in Waste Waters by Means of Bioreactors 47 Jobling, S.; Reynolds, T.; White, R.; Parker, M.G & Sumpter, J.P (1995) A variety of

environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are

weakly estrogenic Environmental Health Perspective, 103, 582–587

Jobling, S.; Nolan, M.; Tyler, C.R.; Brighty, G & Sumpter, J.P (1998) Widespread sexual

disruption in wild fish Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 2498–2506

Kim, H.S.; Han, S.Y.; Yoo, S.D.; Lee, B.M & Park, K.L (2001) Potential estrogenic effects of

bisphenol-A estimated by in vitro and in vivo combination assays Journal of

Toxicology Science, 26, 111-118

Kirkpatrick, D.C.; Ripley, R.A & Pelletier, M.A (1989) Food packaging materials: health

implications Nutritional Toxicology, 3, 1-20

Kitamura, S.; Suzuki, T.; Sanoh, S.; Kohta, R., Jinno, N.; Sugihara, K.; Yoshihara, S.; Fujimoto,

N.; Watanabe, H & Ohta, S (2005) Comparative study of the endocrine-disrupting

activity of bisphenol A and 19 related compounds Toxicology Science , 84, 249-259

Körner, W.; Bolz, U.; Sussmuth, W.; Hiller, G.; Schuller, W.; Hanf, V & Hagenmaier, H

(2000) Input/output balance of estrogenic active compounds in a major municipal

sewage plant in Germany Chemosphere 40, 1131–1142

Krishnan, A.V.; Stathis, P.; Permuth, S.F.; Tokes, L & Feldman, D (1993) Bisphenol-A: an

estrogenic substance is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving

Endocrinology, 132, 2279-2286

Lide, D.R (1990) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Press C Editor, Boka Raton

Lowry, O.H.; Rosebrough, N.J.; Farr, A.L & Randall, R.J (1951) Protein measurement with

the Folin phenol reagent Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-275

Lye, C.M.; Frid, C.L.J.; Gill, M.E.; Cooper, D.W & Jones, D.M (1999) Estrogenic

alkylphenols in fish tissues, sediments, and waters from the U.K Tyne and Tees

estuaries Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 1009–1014

Matthews, J.B.; Twomey, K.; Zacharewski, T.R (2001) In vitro and in vivo interactions of

bisphenol A and its metabolite, bisphenol A glucuronide, with estrogen receptors

alpha and beta Chemical Research in Toxicology, 14, 149-157

Mita, D.G.; Bellucci, F.; Cutuli, M.G & Gaeta F.S (1982) Non-isothermal matter transport in

sodium chloride and potassium chloride aqueous solutions 2 Heterogeneous

membrane system (thermodialysis) Journal of Physical Chemistry, 86, 2975-2982

Mita, L.; Sica, V.; Guida, M.; Nicolucci, C.; Grimaldi, T.; Caputo, L.; Bianco, M.; Rossi, S.;

Bencivenga, U.; Mohy Eldin, M.S.; Tufano, M.A.; Mita, D.G & Diano, N (2010)

Employment of immobilized lipase from Candida rugosa for the bioremediation of waters polluted by dimethylphthalate, as a model of endocrine disruptors Journal

Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 62, 133-141

Nerin, C.; Cacho, J & Gancedo, P (1993) Plasticisers from printing inks in a selection of

food packagings and their migration to food Food Additives and Contaminants, 10,

453-460

Page, B.D & Lacroix, G.M (1992) Studies into transfer and migration of phthalate esters

from aluminium foil-paper laminates to butter and margarine Food Additives and

Contaminants, 9, 197-212

Petersen, J.H (1991) Survey of di-ethyl hexyl phthalate plasticiser contamination of Danish

milks Food Additives and Contaminants, 8, 701-706

Pieper, D.H & Reineke, W (2000) Engineering bacteria for bioremediation Current Opinion

in Biotechnology, 11, 262–270

Routledge, E.J.; Sheahan, D.; Desbrow, C.; Brighty, G.C.; Waldock, M & Sumpter, J.P (1998)

Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STW effluent 2 In vivo responses in trout

and roach Environmental Science Technology, 32, 1559–1565

Routledge, E.J & Sumpter, J.P (1997) Structural features of alkylphenolic chemicals

associated with estrogenic activity Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 3280–3288

Snyder, R.W.; Maness, S.C.; Gaido, K.W.; Welsch, F.; Sumner, S.C & Fennell, T.R (2000)

Metabolism and disposition of bisphenol A in female rats Toxicology and Applied

Pharmacology, 168, 225-234

Soto, A.M.; Sonnenschein, C.; Chung, K.L.; Fernandez, M.F.; Olea, N & Serrano, F.O (1995)

The E SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic

environmental pollutants Environental Health Perspective, 103, 113–122

Spain, J.C.; Hughes, E.J & Knackmuss, H-J (2000) Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds,

Lewis Publishers, Washington DC

Spengler, P.; Körner, W & Metzger, J.W (2001) Substances with estrogenic activity in

effluents of sewage treatment plants in southwestern Germany 1 Chemical

analysis Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20, 2133–2141

Tilton, F.; Benson, W.H & Schlenk, D (2002) Evaluation of estrogenic activity from a

municipal wastewater treatment plant with predominantly domestic input Aquatic

Toxicology, 61, 211–224

Tinwell, H.; Joiner, R.; Pate, I.; Soames, A.; Foster, J & Ashby, J (2000) Uterotrophic activity

of bisphenol A in the immature mouse Regulatory and Toxicology Pharmacology, 32,

118-126

Touloukian, Y.S.; Liley, P.E & Saxena, S.C (1970) In: Thermophysical Properties of Matter,

Touloukian, Y.S (Ed.), IFI, Plenum, New York

3

Evaluation of Anaerobic Treatability of Between Cotton and Polyester Textile

Industry Wastewater

1Yildiz Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering

2Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical

Sciences and Technology

bacteria, have been widely used in treatment of municipal wastewaters and varying types of industrial wastewaters for removal of organic material in the wastewaters and also produce biogas as energy from the wastewaters Treatment capacity of an anaerobic digestion system

is primarily determined by the amount of active microorganism population retained within the system dependent on wastewater composition, system configuration and operation of anaerobic reactor (Zainol et al., 2009)

2 Important

Textiles and apparel sector, one of the important industries in the world, is a vital contributor to Turkey's economy, accounting for approximately 10 percent of the country's gross domestic product It is the largest industry in the country, constituting approximately

15 percent of manufacturing and about one-third of manufactured exports Nowadays, the country produces the eighth-largest volume of man-made fibers in the world, at 1.2 million tons per year (Pelot, n.d.) Therefore, textile industries are vitally distributed in the country The variety of raw materials, chemicals, processes and also technological variations applied

to the processes cause complex and dynamic structure of environmental impact from the textile industry (Sapci & Ustun, 2003) The textile industries as pretreatment (desizing - scouring - bleaching) and dyeing processes generate large quantity of wastewater containing unreacted dyes, suspended solids, dissolved solids, and biodegradable and non-biodegradable other auxiliary chemicals (Raju et al., 2008, Somasiri et al., 2008, Georgiou et al., 2005, Isik & Sponza 2004) For example, polyester is a material produced on a large scale

as a component of textile fiber, which results in a great deal of discharge wastewater with various additives and detergents, including wetting agents, softening agents, antioxidant, surfactant, detergent, antiseptic and dyes (Yang, 2009) Cliona et al (1999) reported that the dyes can be classified on their chemical structure (azo, anthraquinone, azine, xanthene, nitro, phthalocyanine, etc.) or application methods used in the dyeing process (acid, basic, direct, reactive, etc) (Somasiri et al., 2008) Therefore, these industries have also shown a significant increase in the use of synthetic complex organic dyes as coloring material The discharge of these textiles is viewed to have negative effect on the environment in this area, also damaging the quality of water sources and may be toxic to treatment processes, to food chain organisms and to aquatic life (Talarposhti et al., 2001) Therefore, it is of paramount importance to know its exact nature, in order to implement an appropriate treatment process (Marmagne & Coste, 1999) For the foregoing reasons, textile industries wastewater was selected for the research

On the other hand, the country has around 1.9 million employees in the textile and apparel sector (Pelot, n.d.) Therefore, wastewater of these industries has generally been a combination of textile and municipal wastewater If the municipal wastewater mixes with the other kind of wastewater, it has lost its domestic property, and is considered to be process wastewater Biological treatment may be a good alternative as the operational costs are relatively low when compared to most of the physical/chemical technologies Although recent studies of anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater using several high-rate up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors were conducted, however studies about anaerobic treatment of mixture wastewater (both textile and municipal wastewater) are deficient For the foregoing reasons, between textile industries wastewater and municipal wastewater were applied for the research

The aim of this work was to study the treatment of textile wastewater using an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) Textile wastewater was selected for the research due to its total volume (53.5% of all types of industry in Turkey) In this study, firstly, treatability of textile polyester wastewater diluted with a municipal one is examined in an UASB system according to organic loading rate (OLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT), as well as important anaerobic operating parameters Three reactors were operated at mesophilic conditions (37±0.5 °C) in a temperature-controlled water-bath with hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 5 days, and with organic loading rates (OLR) between 0.314(±0.03) – 0.567(±0.05)

polyester textile wastewater are employed Secondly, the effects of glucose and lactose selected as a co-substrate, with constant HRT values of 5 days, on the systems with same dilution ratios for each reactor (30%) were examined All these results evaluated in the manuscript Thirdly, to show a difference of anaerobic treatability between polyester wastewater diluted with municipal wastewater and cotton textile wastewater diluted with municipal wastewater, all these results compared with previous study (Zengin & Aydinol, 2007) The previous study about real cotton textile wastewater treatment were run two hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 4.5 and 9.0 days, and with organic loading rates (OLR)

30% and 40%) of municipal with textile wastewater were employed at same mesophilic conditions Fourthly, regarding mixed wastewater, co-substrate effect on anaerobic treatment evaluated according to COD removal efficiency For this reason, assessment of anaerobic treatment results from previous experiments which were used glucose (as co-substrate) with varied dilution ratios (60%, 40%, 45%, 30%, and 15%) of municipal with

Evaluation of Anaerobic Treatability of

Between Cotton and Polyester Textile Industry Wastewater 51 cotton textile wastewater experiments and these trials which were used same co-substrate with different dilution ratios (45%, 30% and 15%) of municipal with real polyester textile wastewater were examined

The results showed that the municipal wastewater rate in both the polyester wastewater and the cotton wastewater did not have a substantial change in COD removal efficiency Textile polyester wastewater diluted with different ratio of municipal one was not treated in UASB

as a satisfied for COD removal efficiency even though values of alkalinity, SS and pH are founded optimum range for successful operation of the digester In addition, even if when either glucose or lactose as a co-substrate was added mixed wastewater; it was not seen positive effect for anaerobic treatment of polyester wastewater However, addition of co-substrate (glucose) in cotton wastewaters had a positive effect on the COD removal efficiency Therefore, COD removal efficiency of textile wastewater on anaerobic digestion change especially depends on textile wastewater types Before the anaerobic treatment of polyester wastewater, it should be treated via advance technology

3 Information

3.1 Sampling

In this study, original wastewater samples were obtained from the knit fabric wastewater and polyester process wastewater of two different industries located in Istanbul, Turkey First industry, knit fabric industry, dyed of fiber, wool yarn and fabric (before knit process)

or texture (after the unit) This industry wastewater was used during the start-up period of anaerobic treatment in the study Second industry uses only polyester fabrics which are dyed using dispersive dyes Used cotton textile wastewater for comparing of anaerobic treatment results in the study was taken from another industry in Istanbul, which detail information was given previous study (Zengin & Aydinol, 2007) In addition, municipal wastewater used for dilution was supplied from a municipal wastewater plant in Istanbul

study

3.2 Experimental set-up

Three reactors, made of serum bottles similar to studies cited in literature (Tang et al., 1999, Sacks & Buckley, 1999, Cordina et al., 1998, Fang & Chan, 1997, Madsen & Rasmussen 1996, Soto et al., 1993, Guiot et al, 1986) were used, each having a volume of 1.2 L and operated for

80 days at mesophilic conditions (37±0.5 °C) in a temperature-controlled water- bath Marie device) with two hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 4.5 and 9.0 days (Fig 1) The upper side of the reactors (14% of reactor volume) had a slope similar to a gas collection funnel The biogas collected here was measured by the method of volume displacement Prior to experiments, 3 UASB reactors were inoculated with granular biomass (25% of the

through them The reactors then were filled to their respective volumes with textile wastewater (61% of the total volume) After the start-up period, the real textile wastewater obtained from effluent of textile houses in Istanbul, Turkey fed to the reactors with domestic wastewater The treatment process was monitored and components of wastewater samples were analyzed in the Environmental Engineering Laboratory at Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Istanbul, Turkey A detailed schematic diagram of the experimental set-up is shown in Fig 1

R1 R2 R3

12

3

4 9

5 6

7 8

(6) Influent pipe (7) Effluent pipe (8) Gas collecting pipe (9) Gas bag (10) Gas sampling valve (11) Gas collecting tube (12) Measuring tube (13) Power cord (R1) Reactor-1 (R2) Reactor-2 (R3) Reactor-3

Fig 1 Detailed schematic of the experimental set-up

3.3 Analytical methods

The temperature, pH, biogas volume (ml) and COD removal efficiency (%) were measured

Fatty Acids) were measured three times a week according to Standard Methods of

APHA-AWWA (1995) (Table 1) During the study, the operational temperatures of the reactors were monitored with a digital thermometer, and pH was measured by a Jenway 3040 Ion Analyzer The other parameters were determined by the procedures described in Method Numbers 5220-B (Open Reflux Method for COD), 2320-B (Titration Method for Alkalinity), 2540-D (Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103-105 °C) and 5560-C (Distillation Method for VFA) respectively Concentration of heavy metals (Table 1) were analyzed by the procedure described in Method Number 3111-B (Direct Air Acetylene Flame Method) with an ATI Unicam 929AA-Spectrometer

Hydraulic retention time (HRT) is a measure of the amount of time the digester liquid remains in the digester Organic loading rate (OLR) is a measure of the biological conversion

reactors being output parameter was considered as a measure of treatment performance

Six anaerobic reactors having a total volume of 200 ml were also operated to determine COD fractions of wastewater samples These reactors were conducted for about 1800 hours at mesophilic conditions (37±0.5 °C), maintained by an adjustable aquarium heater with thermostat (Otto Aquarium Company, Taiwan) Each of them was seeded with 30 mg/L as Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS) of acclimated granular sludge and homogenized with 100 ml of textile and municipal wastewater Filtrates of samples obtained from vacuum filtration by means of glass microfibre filters having a pore size of 0.45 µm (Whatman glass microfibre filter) were defined as "soluble fractions" Filter wastewaters and raw wastewaters were fed in the different COD fraction reactors

Evaluation of Anaerobic Treatability of

Between Cotton and Polyester Textile Industry Wastewater 53

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Start-up period

The system was fed by the knit fabric textile wastewater for the adaptation of bacteria In this study, the start- up period was conducted by the original wastewater (Table 1) which did not have much pollution Knit fabric is used in textile industry work for all kinds of printing

Characterization

of parameters

Knit fabric wastewater

Polyester process wastewater

Cotton process wastewater (Zengin & Aydinol, 2007, Sapci, 2002)

In the start-up period, three reactors were fed the same characterized wastewater for HRT

without co-substrate In the next step, glucose used as co-substrate was increased up to

observed in the start-up period are given in Fig 2 (HRT=9 days) During the start-up period, COD efficiency increased step by step, and also the value of pH was determined to be stable (Fig.2) Operating temperature in the systems was carefully maintained between 38±2 °C During this period, some fluctuations were recorded for the values of biogas (between 25

fluctuations of them showed a similar behavior

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4.2 Treatment of polyester textile wastewater with municipal wastewater (HRT 5 days)

Before, three UASB reactors are fed with diluted polyester textile industry wastewater with municipal wastewater and glucose for helping acclimatization period of bacteria After the acclimatization period, the process are fed the different ratios mixed wastewaters (without co-substrate), operated for 504 hours, and fed under batch mode for period 24 hours During the first 145 hours period, COD removal efficiency is drastically decreased from 30 to 5 % for each reactor Values of alkalinity, SS and pH are founded optimum range of literature required for successful operation of the digester (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003, Kalogo et al., 2001) After the 145 hours, COD removal efficiencies are investigated in the effluent waters of all reactors No differences have been observed Hence, graphs of operational parameters changes of a representative anaerobic digestion are not given in the manuscript Yang (2009) reported that antioxidants used in textile industry to inhibit the oxidation of the fiber could resist the oxidation of contaminations in wastewater treatment and antiseptic take negative effect on growth of bacteria Therefore, these pollutants discharged from various stages of

Evaluation of Anaerobic Treatability of

Between Cotton and Polyester Textile Industry Wastewater 55 the polyester manufacturing process are characterized by hard oxidation, toxicity and poor biodegradation Additionally, the wastewater resources are dying units of polyester products Some of dyes are toxic and carcinogenic and require separation and advanced treatment of textile effluents before discharge into treatment plant (Georgiou et al., 2005) Hsieh et al (2007) emphasized that traditional treatment methods were often ineffective in reducing COD of dyes which were highly complex and varied chemical structures

4.3 Treatment of polyester textile wastewater with municipal wastewater and glucose

The effects of glucoses as co-substrate are researched in the reactors Mixed wastewater charges including 45, 30 and 15% of municipal wastewater with real polyester textile wastewater are studied for the treatability in UASB systems

Before the trial, the reactors fed with knit wastewater with co-substrate due to adaptation of bacteria When finding approx 80% COD removal efficiency, the three reactors are fed the mixed wastewater with an OLR of 0.166(±0.03), 0.178(±0.02), 0.227(±0.04) kg COD/m3/day for HRT of 5 days, respectively Fig 3 denotes that COD removal efficiency, pH an alkalinity

of all effluent water give parallel behaviour, even though different mixtures used It indicates that COD removal efficiency of three reactors sluggishly decreased approx from

monosaccharides, such as glucose At the same time, the VFA values from the beginning to the end value of the effluents increase These differences from beginning to end of the trial are calculated almost 125 mg/L This sluggish reduction in COD removal efficiency and increasing VFA value result in toxic conditions for methane production bacteria On the other hand, even though VFA values of effluent in all reactors enhance during the digestion period, the pH values are slowly increased approx from 7 to 7.5 Similarly, the alkalinity also increased approx from 1000 mg/L to 1750 mg/L, expressed as CaCO3 Kalogo et al (2001) reported that VFA values must be below 100-1500 mg/L, and alkalinity between 1000-4000 mg/L Therefore, during this period, buffer material is not used because there is neither decrease in alkalinity nor passes limit value of VFA In the study, this change in the parameters may be caused by instability, even though the values were under the limits for anaerobic systems Biogas production has some fluctuations, although it is observed that values of pH, alkalinity and VFA, and COD removal efficiency in the effluents are almost parallel for the whole study period Kalogo et al (2001) found that COD removal was not in agreement with biogas production In the study, biogas fluctuations are caused by gas bubbles which could not overcome partial pressure Bubbles occur due to result of internal biological activities in anaerobic reactors The bubble formation process and gas production rate in the bioreactors are greatly influenced hydrodynamic conditions existing in the reactor (Pauss et al., 1990) In the past decade, it has become apparent that many potential applications of dynamic anaerobic models can be cited for gas production under dynamic condition A description of

the liquid into the gas phase under dynamic substrate loading conditions showed that gas

flux equation (Merkel & Krauth, 1999) The 3 reactors containing polyester wastewater with

45, 30, and 15% of municipal wastewater and glucose showed similar downward COD removal efficiencies (Fig 3) Therefore, it can be concluded that municipal mixture ratio and added glucose as a co-substrate in the polyester wastewater does not have a substantial change in COD removal efficiency