Sustainable rfid solutions Part 1 doc

A number of RFID applications proposed or already used in technical and scientific fields are described in this book.Sustainable Radio Frequency Identification Solutions comprises 19 cha

Sustainable Radio Frequency

Identification Solutions

Sustainable Radio Frequency

Identification Solutions

Edited by Cristina Turcu

Intech

IV

Published by Intech

Intech

Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia

Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside After this work has been published by the Intech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work

© 2010 Intech

Free online edition of this book you can find under www.sciyo.com

Additional copies can be obtained from:

publication@sciyo.com

First published February 2010

Printed in India

Technical Editor: Teodora Smiljanic

Cover designed by Dino Smrekar

Sustainable Radio Frequency Identification Solutions, Edited by Cristina Turcu

p cm

ISBN 978-953-7619-74-9

A number of RFID applications proposed or already used in technical and scientific fields are described in this book.Sustainable Radio Frequency Identification Solutions comprises

19 chapters written by RFID experts from all over the world In investigating RFID solutions experts reveal some of the real-life issues and challenges in implementing RFID

In the first chapter of this book, the authors identify and discuss major challenges of RFID infrastructure for large scale supply chains involving small and medium enterprises Their analysis is based on two national projects in Australia Then, they discuss a virtualisation model which incorporates an existing RFID framework based on the EPC Network to be applied in large-scale supply chains

Chapter 2 analyzes the CJ-Global Logistics Service business model with Blue Ocean strategy to show how a company in the Red Ocean reinforces its competitive advantage to move towards a less competitive new market space by utilizing information technologies

In chapter 3 several authors share the challenges of using RFID tags with embedded temperature sensors in cold chain logistics for perishable food and pharmaceuticals products

Chapter 4 analyzes the main issues of RFID-enabled traceability along the supply chain: existing methods, applications and future challenges Thus, the authors point out the characteristics of RFID data and the requirements for RFID enabled traceability They introduce data types, storage schemes and system frameworks proposed in the existing

VI

literatures Then, the authors discuss tracing methods based on the traceability system architecture The chapter also contains an overview of current applications in real settings of both discrete and continuous production The authors also discuss challenges that are preventing companies from adopting RFID for their traceability solutions

Chapter 5 presents a number of traceability methods that can be used to improve traceability in continuous processes with a special focus on RFID The authors exemplify how RFID may be applied and combined with other methods to improve traceability in continuous processes with two examples from continuous refinement process of iron ore and from wood refinement process Also, additional RFID applications to improve traceability in continuous processes are described Various benefits of using RFID to improve traceability in continuous processes are identified and discussed from well-described RFID applications Also, special challenges using RFID in continuous processes are identified; they are followed by the presentation of several solutions to be adopted in solving or avoiding such challenges Finally, the authors describe some ideas for future research projects and ongoing research projects

Chapter 6 presents a case study of an RFID-based system for the identification and tracking of pilgrims The author describes a developed prototype employing a passive RFID wristband tag for identification of pilgrims in holy areas during Hajj Thus, RFID technology was chosen assist the authorities in the Hajj season

Chapter 7 approaches the implementation protocol using RFID technology and biometric identifiers in the context of Irish bovine traceability The use of retinal images as a biometric, to verify identity would provide a system check that would be virtually fraud-proof Thus, the described system would be able to identify cattle whose ear tag has been tampered with, providing a mechanism for source and identity verification of Irish beef products

In chapter 8 the author identifies and analyzes several airports issues and describes ways to use RFID for improving passenger and baggage handling at airports Finally, the benefits of applying the RFID technology for several airport operations are presented Chapter 9 discusses the implementation of RFID integrated with biometric sensor to improve boarding school management of students and facilities The technologies used to develop monitoring systems and some methods to enhance the security level of the system are presented Finally, based on the application scenario described, the authors describe the developed monitoring system and discuss the flow of the overall system

In chapter 10 the authors closely examine the evolution of technology, architectures, and approaches to solution building in the RFID field They examine those components that have benefited from standards that now have become the building blocks for solutions that when combined with business processes unleash a greater business value Furthermore, the authors look at the options to templatize parts of the process to accelerate the integration and reuse of these components and to ultimately deliver a greater ROI in a shorter period of time

Chapter 11 focuses on RFID applications for sanitary environments The main characteristics of sanitary environments are described and a major focus lies on scenarios where the use of RFID technology is indispensable Then, some standard application scenarios for item tracking and for people tracking are presented Also, potential problems deriving from the introduction of radio technology into an environment with sharp safety requirements are approached; the authors discuss possible interferences with other devices and refer to several law recommendations Finally, significant potential improvements deriving from the refinement of the technology are considered and discussed

VII

The broad objective of chapter 12 is to show how RFID technology can be used to reduce medical mistakes, to improve patient safety and to enhance the quality of medical service in hospitals After a brief introduction of the eHealth domain and the survey of several healthcare issues, this chapter focuses on how RFID technology can be efficiently used in the healthcare domain; thus, some concrete hospital issues and case studies are presented An overview of a medical staff and patients tracking application architecture is given The authors show how to use this application to improve the quality of hospital services This chapter also identifies several problems in the healthcare system that must be solved prior to the introduction of the RFID technology

Chapter 13 deals with an application based on RFID technology which directs a person

to a desired destination in an unfamiliar environment Related studies on current signage solutions are described The proposed system architecture and the employed technology are presented The hardware and software aspects of the implementation of the system are described by suggesting cost-effective hardware solutions and briefing the used algorithm

A deployment scenario is also presented Finally, potential future improvements are discussed

The major aim of chapter 14 is to highlight the contributions of RFID systems modeling Conventional and emerging RFID applications in healthcare are reviewed This chapter introduces the agent based modeling technique, invoked to investigate system performance

in an application for RFID-enabled patient tracking within a hospital emergency department The agent-based model simulation results are outlined Finally, the authors discuss implementation strategies for an RFID real-time location system for patient tracking, reflecting a service oriented architecture approach

Chapter 15 focuses on the progress achieved in the development of RFID writers/readers used in the collection of damaged information, as well as in information sharing and damaged information collection systems Thus, this chapter presents an RFID writer/reader functioning as an information resource tool in rescue activities in various disaster areas; consequently, it allows rescue crews to instantaneously collect vital information in a non-contact fashion and then inform the authorities outside the afflicted areas about the conditions in the investigated regions

Chapter 16 deals with low-cost identification applications in traffic vehicular environments Firstly, a state of the art of the applications developed in a worldwide framework is outlined Secondly, a summary of the ERI standards and the architecture of the developed application for several technologies (RFID, Bluetooth and WiFi) are presented Finally, the tests performed on the developed system are explained and the results for each test are analyzed

Chapter 17 focuses on ways of integrating data across disparate sensing systems over both time and space in order to design smart environments This chapter presents several research problems and their solutions developed for building hazard aware spaces A method for deploying sensors remotely with a robot is developed Different modalities of controlling the robot (e.g voice, gestures, a mouse or a keyboard) and several aspects related to fusing multiple simultaneous commands are considered After analyzing the tradeoffs of localization approaches, the authors explore the effectiveness of passive RFID technology in localization procedures They have proposed a methodology for building a sensor model for accurate RFID-based localization in addition to the standard acoustic time-of-flight ranging and stereo vision localization methods Finally, they have concentrated on proactive approaches to camera control, spectral image analysis and human alert

The final chapter of this book goes beyond identification matters and also addresses aspects referring to the representation of real world objects and actors in radio frequency identification The chapter introduces a novel RF tag architecture called Object Tag (OTag),

to represent the real world objects and actors in RF tags Finally, possible applications are derived using the OTag architecture OTag is introduced to improve the existing intelligent transportation systems and it enables a large array of novel applications

I hope that this book will give to the readers many solutions and ideas in design and implementation of another efficient RFID architectures and applications Many thanks go to all authors who contributed to this book and shared their knowledge, and without whom this book would not have been possible Finally, my appreciation goes to Intech team that is behind the scenes, but without its hard work this book would never have appeared

Editor

Cristina TURCU

Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava

Romania

Contents

1 RFID Infrastructure for Large Scale Supply Chains Involving Small

John P.T Mo and William Lorchirachoonkul

2 A RFID Based Ubiquitous-Oriented 3rd Party Logistics System:

Changsu Kim, Kyung Hoon Yang, and Jae Kyung Kim

Luis Ruiz-Garcia and Loredana Lunadei

4 RFID-enabled Supply Chain Traceability:

Dongmyung Lee and Jinwoo Park

5 Applications of RFID to Improve Traceability in Continuous Processes 069

Björn Kvarnström and Johan Oja

6 A Case Study of an RFID-based System

Mohamed Mohandes

7 Implementation Protocol Utilising Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

and Biometric Identifiers; In the Context of Irish Bovine Traceability 105

Conor Shanahan, Gashaw Ayalew, Francis Butler,

Shane Ward and Kevin McDonnell

X

8 Improving on Passenger and Baggage Processes at Airports with RFID 121

Katalin Emese Bite

9 Fusion of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Fingerprint in

Herdawatie Abdul Kadir, Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab, Zarina Tukiran Mohd Razali Mohd Tomari and Mohd Norzali Hj Mohd

10 Accelerating Time to Value for RFID Solutions with Reusable Assets 159

Han Chen, Paul Chou, Sastry S Dury and Jim A Laredo

Giuliano Benelli, Stefano Parrino and Alessandro Pozzebon

12 RFID-based Information System for Patients

Tudor Ioan CERLINCA, Cristina TURCU, Cornel TURCU and Marius CERLINCA

13 RFID-based Direction Finding Signage System (DFSS)

Nitin Sharma and Jong-Hoon Youn

M Laskowski, B.C.P Demianyk, G Naigeboren, B.W Podaima,

M.R Friesen and R.D McLeod

Osamu Takizawa

16 Low Cost Identification Applications in Traffic Vehicular Environments 267

Jaume Segura, Juan G Jordán, Miguel A Jaen,

Francisco R Soriano and Antonio Soriano

17 Integration of Data Across Disparate Sensing Systems Over Both Time

Peter Bajcsy and Rob Kooper

Jongmyung Choi

19 Beyond Identification: Representing Real World Objects

Krishan Sabaragamu Koralalage, Noriaki Yoshiura, and Takaomi Shigehara

1 Introduction

A “manufacturing based supply chain” containing a broad spectrum of partners, including manufacturers, third party logistic providers, distributors and retailers, all of whom, have mixed modes of value adding processes (Chauhan & Proth, 2005) An important success factor for this type of supply chains is the ability for the partners to identify and track products moving through the supply chain, using the latest information technologies (IT) However, these value enhancements would vary substantially according to the nature of the partners’ business requirement As such, the flexibility of managing the IT infrastructure for supporting value adding activities is of the utmost importance

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless communication technology for precisely identifying objects It uses radio-frequency waves to identifying information between tagged objects and readers without line of sight, thus enabling automatic tracking and tracing Passive RFID can track products in supply chains from the supplier to the distribution centre, warehouse, and point of sale RFID technology is increasingly used in supply chain management (SCM) However, like most emerging technologies there are different vendors, standards, systems, applications, appliances and processes that exist today Therefore, potential increase in productivity is heavily offset by huge capital expenses on assets which may be obsolete in a few months’ time As a consequence, most small and medium enterprises (SMEs) simply wait until such time that they feel the technology is mature and stable enough to be integrated into their existing operations Traditionally, supply chain network is built on existing IT infrastructure of the companies involved in the supply chain Since major companies have IT policies that naturally channel data in a global fixed network structure, the supply chain information backbone is built based on the assumption that communication will be directed to the Internet Typical examples are the two Australian national scale projects that were supported by the Australian government to investigate the properties and limitations of electronic product code (EPC) technology for fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) supply chains (Mo et al, 2009b) In Europe, the project “Building Radio frequency IDentification solutions for the Global Environment” (BRIDGE) was supported by the European Community sixth framework programme to resolve the barriers to the implementation of the EPCglobal Network in Europe (Soppera et al, 2007) The BRIDGE project aimed to develop easy-to-use technological solutions for the European business communities, including the SMEs These