Ultra Wideband Boris LembrikovSCIYO Part 2 pot

Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell range as a function of the separation between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile PUWB = -60 dBm/MHz.. Effect of the UWB interfer

Fig 3 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the separation between

the UMTS mobile and the UWB transmitter It can be noticed that the microcell capacity

reduction is high when the separation is lower than 0.5 m For larger separation, the capacity

reduction is lower and, at a distance higher than 3 m, the capacity reduction is negligible

Next we study the case of a data service (Gp = 14.25 dB, Eb/No = 4.25 dB) assuming an UWB

power density of -60 dBm/MHz and an UMTS total interference of -92 dBm (10 dB noise rise) In

this case, the downlink microcell range is calculated to be 1.98 km Fig 4 shows the downlink

microcell range as a function of the separation between the UMTS mobile and the UWB

transmitter It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects as a

microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 1 m For larger separations, the

interference is lower At a distance higher than 6 m, the effect of the interference is negligible

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Seperation between the UMTS mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 4 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell range as a function of the

separation between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile (PUWB = -60 dBm/MHz)

Fig 5 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the separation

between the UMTS mobile and the UWB transmitter It can be noticed that the microcell

capacity reduction is high when the separation is less than 2 m For larger separation, the

reduction is lower and for a distance higher than 9 m, the capacity reduction is very small

Let us now study the data service case assuming a PUWB of -80 dBm/MHz Fig 6 shows the

downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the UMTS mobile and the

UWB transmitter It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which

reflects a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.1 m For larger

separation, the interference is reduced and for distances higher than 0.45 m, the effect of the

interference is quasi null

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Seperation between the UMTS mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 5 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell capacity as a function of the separation between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile (PUWB = -60 dBm/MHz)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Seperation between the UMTS mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 6 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell range as a function of the separation between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile (PUWB = -80 dBm/MHz)

Fig 3 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the separation between

the UMTS mobile and the UWB transmitter It can be noticed that the microcell capacity

reduction is high when the separation is lower than 0.5 m For larger separation, the capacity

reduction is lower and, at a distance higher than 3 m, the capacity reduction is negligible

Next we study the case of a data service (Gp = 14.25 dB, Eb/No = 4.25 dB) assuming an UWB

power density of -60 dBm/MHz and an UMTS total interference of -92 dBm (10 dB noise rise) In

this case, the downlink microcell range is calculated to be 1.98 km Fig 4 shows the downlink

microcell range as a function of the separation between the UMTS mobile and the UWB

transmitter It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects as a

microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 1 m For larger separations, the

interference is lower At a distance higher than 6 m, the effect of the interference is negligible

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Seperation between the UMTS mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 4 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell range as a function of the

separation between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile (PUWB = -60 dBm/MHz)

Fig 5 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the separation

between the UMTS mobile and the UWB transmitter It can be noticed that the microcell

capacity reduction is high when the separation is less than 2 m For larger separation, the

reduction is lower and for a distance higher than 9 m, the capacity reduction is very small

Let us now study the data service case assuming a PUWB of -80 dBm/MHz Fig 6 shows the

downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the UMTS mobile and the

UWB transmitter It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which

reflects a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.1 m For larger

separation, the interference is reduced and for distances higher than 0.45 m, the effect of the

interference is quasi null

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Seperation between the UMTS mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 5 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell capacity as a function of the separation between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile (PUWB = -60 dBm/MHz)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Seperation between the UMTS mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 6 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell range as a function of the separation between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile (PUWB = -80 dBm/MHz)

Fig 7 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the separation

between the UMTS mobile and the UWB transmitter It can be observed that the microcell

capacity reduction is high when the separation is less than 0.2 m For larger separation, the

reduction is lower At a distance higher than 0.9 m, the capacity reduction is negligible

Fig 7 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell capacity as a function of the

separation between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile (PUWB = -60 dBm/MHz)

Table 3 shows the distance dC at which the microcell capacity is 95% of its value without the

UWB interference It also shows the distance dR at which the microcell range is 95% of its

value without the UWB interference

Table 4 shows the distance dC, between the UMTS mobile and the UWB transmitter, at

which the microcell capacity is 99% of its value without the UWB interference It also shows

the distance dR at which the microcell range is 99% of its value without the UWB

interference Form Table 4, it can be noticed that the UMTS system can easily tolerate a -80

dBm/MHz UWB interference with quasi null effect (less than 1% reduction in range or

capacity) when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS receiver is higher

UWB Power density (dBm/MHz)

Now we study the case when NUWB transmitters are distributed uniformly within a circle around the UMTS mobile receiver (Multi transmitter case) assuming PUWB of-55 dBm/MHz and six UWB transmitters Fig 8 shows the downlink microcell range as a function of the circle radius It can be seen that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects a microcell range reduction) when the circle radius is less than 5 m At a radius of 20 m, the effect of the UWB transmitters is very small

Fig 7 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the separation

between the UMTS mobile and the UWB transmitter It can be observed that the microcell

capacity reduction is high when the separation is less than 0.2 m For larger separation, the

reduction is lower At a distance higher than 0.9 m, the capacity reduction is negligible

Fig 7 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell capacity as a function of the

separation between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS mobile (PUWB = -60 dBm/MHz)

Table 3 shows the distance dC at which the microcell capacity is 95% of its value without the

UWB interference It also shows the distance dR at which the microcell range is 95% of its

value without the UWB interference

Table 4 shows the distance dC, between the UMTS mobile and the UWB transmitter, at

which the microcell capacity is 99% of its value without the UWB interference It also shows

the distance dR at which the microcell range is 99% of its value without the UWB

interference Form Table 4, it can be noticed that the UMTS system can easily tolerate a -80

dBm/MHz UWB interference with quasi null effect (less than 1% reduction in range or

capacity) when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the UMTS receiver is higher

UWB Power density (dBm/MHz)

Now we study the case when NUWB transmitters are distributed uniformly within a circle around the UMTS mobile receiver (Multi transmitter case) assuming PUWB of-55 dBm/MHz and six UWB transmitters Fig 8 shows the downlink microcell range as a function of the circle radius It can be seen that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects a microcell range reduction) when the circle radius is less than 5 m At a radius of 20 m, the effect of the UWB transmitters is very small

Fig 9 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the circle radius It

can be noticed a high microcell capacity reduction when the circle radius is lower than 10 m

At a radius of 30 m, the capacity reduction is negligible

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Fig 9 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell capacity as a function of the

circle radius (N = 6, PUWB = -55 dBm/MHz)

Now we study the case of UWB multi transmitters when the UWB power density is -87 dBm/MHz and N = 6 Fig 10 shows the downlink microcell range as a function of the circle radius It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a very low interference (which reflects

in a microcell range reduction of less than 1%) when the circle radius is 0.5 m or more

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

0.5 1 1.5 2

Fig 11 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the circle radius

It can be noticed that the microcell capacity reduction is low (1%) when the circle radius is 1

m

Table 5 shows the distance dC at which the microcell capacity is 99% of its original value and the distance dR at which the microcell range is 99% of its original value for the case of multi UWB transmitters (N = 6)

Next we study the case of the GSM1800 system Fig 12 shows the GSM1800 downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the GSM1800 mobile and the UWB transmitter when the UWB power density is – 80 dBm/MHz It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.2 m For larger separation, the interference is lower At a distance higher than 1 m, the effect of the interference is quasi null (less than 1% range reduction) The GSM1800 microcell downlink original range is 3.43 km

Fig 9 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the circle radius It

can be noticed a high microcell capacity reduction when the circle radius is lower than 10 m

At a radius of 30 m, the capacity reduction is negligible

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Fig 9 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell capacity as a function of the

circle radius (N = 6, PUWB = -55 dBm/MHz)

Now we study the case of UWB multi transmitters when the UWB power density is -87 dBm/MHz and N = 6 Fig 10 shows the downlink microcell range as a function of the circle radius It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a very low interference (which reflects

in a microcell range reduction of less than 1%) when the circle radius is 0.5 m or more

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

0.5 1 1.5 2

Fig 11 shows the downlink microcell normalized capacity as a function of the circle radius

It can be noticed that the microcell capacity reduction is low (1%) when the circle radius is 1

m

Table 5 shows the distance dC at which the microcell capacity is 99% of its original value and the distance dR at which the microcell range is 99% of its original value for the case of multi UWB transmitters (N = 6)

Next we study the case of the GSM1800 system Fig 12 shows the GSM1800 downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the GSM1800 mobile and the UWB transmitter when the UWB power density is – 80 dBm/MHz It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.2 m For larger separation, the interference is lower At a distance higher than 1 m, the effect of the interference is quasi null (less than 1% range reduction) The GSM1800 microcell downlink original range is 3.43 km

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

20 40 60 80 100 120

Fig 11 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell capacity as a function of the

circle radius (N = 6, PUWB = -87 dBm/MHz)

UWB Power density (dBm/MHz) dR 99% (m) dc 99% (m)

Table 5 Distance dC at which the microcell capacity is 99% of its value without the UWB

interference and the distance dR at which the microcell range is 99% of its value without the

UWB interference for the UWB multi transmitter case

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Seperation between the GSM mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 12 Effect of the UWB interference on the GSM1800 microcell range as a function of the separation between the UWB transmitter and the GSM1800 mobile (PUWB = -80 dBm/MHz) Fig 13 shows the GSM1800 downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the GSM1800 mobile and the UWB transmitter when the UWB power density is –

86 dBm/MHz It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.1 m For larger separation, the interference is lower At a distance equal to or higher than 0.5 m, the effect of the interference is quasi null (less than 1% range reduction)

Finally we study the case of the GSM900 system Fig 14 shows the GSM900 downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the GSM900 mobile and the UWB transmitter when the UWB power density is – 87 dBm/MHz It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.2 m For larger separation, the interference is lower At a distance equal to or higher than 1 m, the effect of the interference is quasi null (less than 1% range reduction) The GSM900 microcell downlink original range is 6.696 km

Fig 15 shows the GSM900 downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the GSM900 mobile and the UWB transmitter when the UWB power density is –93 dBm/MHz It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects

a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.1 m For larger separation, the interference is lower At a distance equal to or higher than 0.5 m, the effect of the interference is quasi null (less than 1% range reduction)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

20 40 60 80 100 120

Fig 11 Effect of the UWB interference on the UMTS microcell capacity as a function of the

circle radius (N = 6, PUWB = -87 dBm/MHz)

UWB Power density (dBm/MHz) dR 99% (m) dc 99% (m)

Table 5 Distance dC at which the microcell capacity is 99% of its value without the UWB

interference and the distance dR at which the microcell range is 99% of its value without the

UWB interference for the UWB multi transmitter case

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Seperation between the GSM mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 12 Effect of the UWB interference on the GSM1800 microcell range as a function of the separation between the UWB transmitter and the GSM1800 mobile (PUWB = -80 dBm/MHz) Fig 13 shows the GSM1800 downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the GSM1800 mobile and the UWB transmitter when the UWB power density is –

86 dBm/MHz It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.1 m For larger separation, the interference is lower At a distance equal to or higher than 0.5 m, the effect of the interference is quasi null (less than 1% range reduction)

Finally we study the case of the GSM900 system Fig 14 shows the GSM900 downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the GSM900 mobile and the UWB transmitter when the UWB power density is – 87 dBm/MHz It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.2 m For larger separation, the interference is lower At a distance equal to or higher than 1 m, the effect of the interference is quasi null (less than 1% range reduction) The GSM900 microcell downlink original range is 6.696 km

Fig 15 shows the GSM900 downlink microcell range as a function of the separation between the GSM900 mobile and the UWB transmitter when the UWB power density is –93 dBm/MHz It can be noticed that the UWB signal creates a high interference (which reflects

a microcell range reduction) when the separation is less than 0.1 m For larger separation, the interference is lower At a distance equal to or higher than 0.5 m, the effect of the interference is quasi null (less than 1% range reduction)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Seperation between the GSM mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 13 Effect of the UWB interference on the GSM1800 microcell range as a function of the

separation between the UWB transmitter and the GSM1800 mobile (PUWB = -86 dBm/MHz)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Seperation between the GSM900 mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 14 Effect of the UWB interference on the GSM900 microcell range as a function of the

separation between the UWB transmitter and the GSM900 mobile (PUWB = -87 dBm/MHz)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Seperation between the GSM900 mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 15 Effect of the UWB interference on the GSM900 microcell range as a function of the separation between the UWB transmitter and the GSM900 mobile (PUWB = -93 dBm/MHz)

For the case of single UWB transmitters, the effect of the UWB signals is quasi null when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the GSM1800 receiver is 1 m or more and the UWB power density is -80 dBm/MHz or less For the case of multi UWB transmitters , the effect of the UWB signals is quasi null when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the GSM1800 receiver is 1 m or more and the UWB power density is -86 dBm/MHz or less For the case of single UWB transmitters, the effect of the UWB signals is quasi null when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the GSM900 receiver is 1 m or more and the UWB power density is -87 dBm/MHz or less For the case of multi UWB transmitters, the effect of the UWB signals is quasi null when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the GSM900 receiver is 1 m or more and the UWB power density is -93 dBm/MHz or less

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Seperation between the GSM mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 13 Effect of the UWB interference on the GSM1800 microcell range as a function of the

separation between the UWB transmitter and the GSM1800 mobile (PUWB = -86 dBm/MHz)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Seperation between the GSM900 mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 14 Effect of the UWB interference on the GSM900 microcell range as a function of the

separation between the UWB transmitter and the GSM900 mobile (PUWB = -87 dBm/MHz)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Seperation between the GSM900 mobile and the UWB source (m)

Fig 15 Effect of the UWB interference on the GSM900 microcell range as a function of the separation between the UWB transmitter and the GSM900 mobile (PUWB = -93 dBm/MHz)

For the case of single UWB transmitters, the effect of the UWB signals is quasi null when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the GSM1800 receiver is 1 m or more and the UWB power density is -80 dBm/MHz or less For the case of multi UWB transmitters , the effect of the UWB signals is quasi null when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the GSM1800 receiver is 1 m or more and the UWB power density is -86 dBm/MHz or less For the case of single UWB transmitters, the effect of the UWB signals is quasi null when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the GSM900 receiver is 1 m or more and the UWB power density is -87 dBm/MHz or less For the case of multi UWB transmitters, the effect of the UWB signals is quasi null when the distance between the UWB transmitter and the GSM900 receiver is 1 m or more and the UWB power density is -93 dBm/MHz or less

6 References

Ahmed, B T., Calvo Ramón, M., Haro Ariet, L H (2007), On the Impact of Ultra Wide Band

(UWB) on Macrocell Downlink of CDMA-PCS System, Wireless Personal

Communications Journal, Vol 43, No 2, pp.355-367

Ahmed, B T, Calvo Ramón, M (2008), On the Impact of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) on

Macrocell Downlink of UMTS and CDMA-450 Systems, IEEE Electromagnetic

Compatibility , Vol 5, No 2, pp 406-412

Giuliano, R., Mazzenga, F., Vatalaro, F (2003), On the interference between UMTS and UWB

system, , IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, 2003 pp:339 –

343

Hamalainen, M , Hovinrn, V., Tesi, R., J Iinatti, and M Latava-aho (2002), “ On the UWB

System Coexistence with GSM900, UMTS/WCDMA, and GPS”, IEEE Journal on

Selected Areas in Communications, Vol 20, No 9, pp 1712-1721

Hamalinen, M., R Tesi., J Iinatti (2004), UWB co-existence with IEEE802.11a and UMTS in

modified saleh-valenzuela channe, Ultra Wideband Systems, 2004, p.p:45 – 49 Holma, H., Toskala, A (2002), WCDMA for UMTS, John Wiley & Sons

Tsai, Y R., Chang, J F (1996), Feasibility of Adding a Personal Communications Network to

an Existing Fixed-service Microwave System , IEEE Transactions on Communications,

Vol 44, Nº 1, pp 76-83

Parallel channels using frequency multiplexing techniques

Magnus Karlsson, Allan Huynh and Shaofang Gong

The principle of frequency (de-) multiplexing provides the opportunity to either split a wide

frequency-band into several parallel sub-bands or to combine parallel sub-bands into one

wide frequency band A typical de-multiplexing operation is that a wideband signal from a

single broadband antenna is divided into sub-bands for parallel data processing Similarly,

several services from a single antenna can be separated utilizing a de-multiplexing

technique during reception, and combined with multiplexing during transmission

Moreover, the relation can be the opposite, i.e., a system containing several narrowband

antenna can be connected to a single transceiver using the (de-) multiplexing technique This

chapter presents stand-alone components as well as UWB radio front-end configurations,

utilizing multiplexing techniques Implementations are demonstrated both with

conventional multi-layer and flex-rigid printed circuit board technologies Fig 1 shows the

principle of (de-) multiplexing, where FMN is the abbreviation of frequency multiplexing

Fig 1 The principle of frequency (de-) multiplexing

In multi-band systems, frequency multiplexers are used to replace switches, and for channel

parallelism The concept of multiple frequency channels has been around for roughly half a

century For instance, (Coale, 1958) suggested to use directional filters as basic building

blocks for frequency multiplexing, and a waveguide solution for operation in the X-band is

a multiplexing b de-multiplexing

3

shown as a demonstrator A few years later (Rhodes & Levy, 1979) presents a generalized

manifold theory In brief terms the manifold (Bandler et al., 1987) presents an optimization

algorithm for waveguide multiplexers The algorithm is demonstrated with a 12-channel

narrow-band waveguide multiplexer around 12 GHz Three sub-bands multiplexed to one

common frequency-band is also known as a triplexer, e.g., (Mansour, 1994) demonstrates a

triplexer using dual-mode high-temperature superconductor thin-film filters and cryogenic

circulators In general manifolds suffer from the drawback of a large number of network

variables that must be solved simultaneously Various optimization techniques and

algorithms to ease design and implementation have been proposed Utilizing prototype

circuits based on infinite-array logarithmic-periodic principles (Rauscher, 1994) showed two

multiplexer solutions using transmission lines, resonators and coupling capacitors

(Kirilenko et al., 1994) demonstrates procedures for minimizing the need of experimental

correction when using computer-aided design Waveguide technology is quite common in

manifold multiplexers since sharp sub-band filter cut-offs increases neighbouring sub-band

to sub-band isolation, i.e., matching the circuitry is easier A waveguide duplexer and a

four-channel multiplexer are designed using electromagnetic simulation (Matthaei et al.,

1996) presents a lumped element and manifold microwave multiplexer using the

high-temperature superconductor technology Classically frequency-multiplexed selection relies

on band-pass filtering Reversing the principle by blocking out of sub-band frequencies

using band-stop filters has also been shown (Bariant et al., 2002) presents a microstrip

duplexer using band-stop filters The band-stop filtering is achieved using open circuit

stubs (Ohno et al., 2005) presents both a duplexer and a triplexer for printed circuit board

integration However, the design still involves some lumped components and the sub-bands

are fairly small, having large guard-bands In reference (Chen et al., 2006) a duplexer using

microstrips is presented, but requires structural redesign to extend the number of ports

Paper (Lai & Jeng, 2005) proposes a stepped-impedance multiplexer for UWB and WLAN

coexistence In reference (Mallegol et al., 2007) a narrow-band four-channel multiplexer

using open loop resonators for multi-band on-off keying UWB is demonstrated Papers

(Stadius et al., 2007; Tarng et al., 2007) show two channel-select multiplexers intended for

UWB local oscillator signal selection, i.e., only one sub-band is active at the time

2 Printed Circuit Board Build-up

Multi-layer printed circuit boards are commonly used to build space efficient electronics

Standard printed circuit board processes can today provide many choices when it comes to

material selection and stack build-up techniques Fig 2 shows two different alternatives Fig

2(a) and (b) show a regular four metal-layer and flex-rigid (four metal-layer in the rigid part,

and two metal-layers in the flexible part) printed circuit boards, respectively In detail Fig

2(a) is built-up as follows: Two dual-layer Rogers 4350B (RO4350B) boards processed

together with a Rogers 4450B (RO4450B) prepreg RO4450B prepreg is a sheet material (e.g.,

glass fabric) impregnated with a resin cured to an intermediate stage, ready for one stage

printed circuit board bonding The flex-rigid printed circuit board in Fig 2(b) is built-up

similarly but the choices of material must be such that the rigid contour can be cut out with

depth controlled laser milling Using LF8520, LF0100, LF0110 and AP8525 from DuPont™

Pyralux® laminate series AP series is polyimide only materials, used for the flexible

substrate layer LF8520 is a combination of polyimide and fully cured adhesives, more

physically stiff than an AP series material LF0100 is an adhesive used for printed circuit board bonding, while the LF0110 is commonly used as protective coating on flexible substrate layers The rigid and the flexible substrates are processed together in a printed circuit board bonding process, i.e., the adhesive layers are used to bond the polyimide layers The flex-rigid technology provides additional possibilities compared to regular boards when it comes to printed circuit board component integration For instance, the antenna is placed in the flexible part for best connectivity, while the rest of the transceiver is space efficiently built in the rigid part Moreover, distributed components like a balun or a triplexer can be integrated in the printed circuit board as if the rigid part was a regular four metal-layer printed circuit board

Rogers RO4350BRO4450BRO4350B

Metal 1, triplexer Metal 2, triplexer Metal 3, ground Metal 4

a conventional printed circuit board

Metal 2: antenna

Metal 3: ground

Rigid substrateFlexibleRigid

Rigidpart Flexiblepart

Metal 1

Metal 4

b flex-rigid printed circuit board Fig 2 Printed circuit board structures

3 Circular Dipole Antenna

Fig 3 shows circular dipole antenna for UWB realized using the flex-rigid substrate The antenna is positioned in the x-y plane, and =0 (Horizontal plane) is along the x-axis It is seen that the radiating antenna element is placed entirely on the flexible part of the substrate Furthermore, the balun is integrated in the rigid part of the substrate (Karlsson & Gong, 2008) A balun is needed to convert the differential port of the dipole antenna to a single-ended port, i.e., to connect to a single-ended front-end The backside of the rigid part (Metal 4) is completely covered with metal to make through-board ground vias possible, and to provide additional solderable ground-junctions for the SMA connector (Karlsson & Gong, 2009) Drilled vias with a diameter of 0.3 mm are used for grounding For a detailed study of the performance of the Mode 1 antenna, see (Karlsson & Gong, Oct 2009) Antenna solutions for both the Mode 1 and the 6-9 GHz frequency bands was originally presented in (Karlsson et al., Sept 2009)

shown as a demonstrator A few years later (Rhodes & Levy, 1979) presents a generalized

manifold theory In brief terms the manifold (Bandler et al., 1987) presents an optimization

algorithm for waveguide multiplexers The algorithm is demonstrated with a 12-channel

narrow-band waveguide multiplexer around 12 GHz Three sub-bands multiplexed to one

common frequency-band is also known as a triplexer, e.g., (Mansour, 1994) demonstrates a

triplexer using dual-mode high-temperature superconductor thin-film filters and cryogenic

circulators In general manifolds suffer from the drawback of a large number of network

variables that must be solved simultaneously Various optimization techniques and

algorithms to ease design and implementation have been proposed Utilizing prototype

circuits based on infinite-array logarithmic-periodic principles (Rauscher, 1994) showed two

multiplexer solutions using transmission lines, resonators and coupling capacitors

(Kirilenko et al., 1994) demonstrates procedures for minimizing the need of experimental

correction when using computer-aided design Waveguide technology is quite common in

manifold multiplexers since sharp sub-band filter cut-offs increases neighbouring sub-band

to sub-band isolation, i.e., matching the circuitry is easier A waveguide duplexer and a

four-channel multiplexer are designed using electromagnetic simulation (Matthaei et al.,

1996) presents a lumped element and manifold microwave multiplexer using the

high-temperature superconductor technology Classically frequency-multiplexed selection relies

on band-pass filtering Reversing the principle by blocking out of sub-band frequencies

using band-stop filters has also been shown (Bariant et al., 2002) presents a microstrip

duplexer using band-stop filters The band-stop filtering is achieved using open circuit

stubs (Ohno et al., 2005) presents both a duplexer and a triplexer for printed circuit board

integration However, the design still involves some lumped components and the sub-bands

are fairly small, having large guard-bands In reference (Chen et al., 2006) a duplexer using

microstrips is presented, but requires structural redesign to extend the number of ports

Paper (Lai & Jeng, 2005) proposes a stepped-impedance multiplexer for UWB and WLAN

coexistence In reference (Mallegol et al., 2007) a narrow-band four-channel multiplexer

using open loop resonators for multi-band on-off keying UWB is demonstrated Papers

(Stadius et al., 2007; Tarng et al., 2007) show two channel-select multiplexers intended for

UWB local oscillator signal selection, i.e., only one sub-band is active at the time

2 Printed Circuit Board Build-up

Multi-layer printed circuit boards are commonly used to build space efficient electronics

Standard printed circuit board processes can today provide many choices when it comes to

material selection and stack build-up techniques Fig 2 shows two different alternatives Fig

2(a) and (b) show a regular four metal-layer and flex-rigid (four metal-layer in the rigid part,

and two metal-layers in the flexible part) printed circuit boards, respectively In detail Fig

2(a) is built-up as follows: Two dual-layer Rogers 4350B (RO4350B) boards processed

together with a Rogers 4450B (RO4450B) prepreg RO4450B prepreg is a sheet material (e.g.,

glass fabric) impregnated with a resin cured to an intermediate stage, ready for one stage

printed circuit board bonding The flex-rigid printed circuit board in Fig 2(b) is built-up

similarly but the choices of material must be such that the rigid contour can be cut out with

depth controlled laser milling Using LF8520, LF0100, LF0110 and AP8525 from DuPont™

Pyralux® laminate series AP series is polyimide only materials, used for the flexible

substrate layer LF8520 is a combination of polyimide and fully cured adhesives, more

physically stiff than an AP series material LF0100 is an adhesive used for printed circuit board bonding, while the LF0110 is commonly used as protective coating on flexible substrate layers The rigid and the flexible substrates are processed together in a printed circuit board bonding process, i.e., the adhesive layers are used to bond the polyimide layers The flex-rigid technology provides additional possibilities compared to regular boards when it comes to printed circuit board component integration For instance, the antenna is placed in the flexible part for best connectivity, while the rest of the transceiver is space efficiently built in the rigid part Moreover, distributed components like a balun or a triplexer can be integrated in the printed circuit board as if the rigid part was a regular four metal-layer printed circuit board

Rogers RO4350BRO4450BRO4350B

Metal 1, triplexer Metal 2, triplexer Metal 3, ground Metal 4

a conventional printed circuit board

Metal 2: antenna

Metal 3: ground

Rigid substrateFlexibleRigid

Rigidpart Flexiblepart

Metal 1

Metal 4

b flex-rigid printed circuit board Fig 2 Printed circuit board structures

3 Circular Dipole Antenna

Fig 3 shows circular dipole antenna for UWB realized using the flex-rigid substrate The antenna is positioned in the x-y plane, and =0 (Horizontal plane) is along the x-axis It is seen that the radiating antenna element is placed entirely on the flexible part of the substrate Furthermore, the balun is integrated in the rigid part of the substrate (Karlsson & Gong, 2008) A balun is needed to convert the differential port of the dipole antenna to a single-ended port, i.e., to connect to a single-ended front-end The backside of the rigid part (Metal 4) is completely covered with metal to make through-board ground vias possible, and to provide additional solderable ground-junctions for the SMA connector (Karlsson & Gong, 2009) Drilled vias with a diameter of 0.3 mm are used for grounding For a detailed study of the performance of the Mode 1 antenna, see (Karlsson & Gong, Oct 2009) Antenna solutions for both the Mode 1 and the 6-9 GHz frequency bands was originally presented in (Karlsson et al., Sept 2009)