Cellular Networks Positioning Performance Analysis Reliability Part 1 ppt

CELLULAR NETWORKS ͳ POSITIONING, PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS, RELIABILITYEdited by Agassi Melikov... Cellular Networks - Positioning, Performance Analysis, ReliabilityEdited by Agassi Melikov

CELLULAR NETWORKS ͳ

POSITIONING, PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS,

RELIABILITYEdited by Agassi Melikov

Cellular Networks - Positioning, Performance Analysis, Reliability

Edited by Agassi Melikov

Published by InTech

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Copyright © 2011 InTech

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First published March, 2011

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Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org

Cellular Networks - Positioning, Performance Analysis, Reliability,

Edited by Agassi Melikov

p cm

ISBN 978-953-307-246-3

free online editions of InTech

Books and Journals can be found at

www.intechopen.com

Lingwen Zhang, Cheng Tao and Gang Yang

Positioning in Cellular Networks 51

Mirjana Simić and Predrag Pejović

Middleware for Positioning in Cellular Networks 77

Israel Martin-Escalona, Francisco Barcelo-Arroyo and Marc Ciurana

Hexagonal vs Circular Cell Shape:

A Comparative Analysis and Evaluation

of the Two Popular Modeling Approximations 103

Konstantinos B Baltzis

An Insight into the Use of Smart Antennas

in Mobile Cellular Networks 123

Carmen B Rodríguez-Estrello and Felipe A Cruz Pérez

Mathematical Models and Methods

in Cellular Networks 149 Approximated Mathematical Analysis Methods of Guard-Channel-Based Call Admission Control in Cellular Networks 151

Felipe A Cruz-Pérez, Ricardo Toledo-Marín and Genaro Hernández-Valdez

Numerical Approach to Performance Analysis of Multi-Parametric CAC

in Multi-Service Wireless Networks 169

Agassi Melikov and Mehriban Fattakhova

Contents

Call-Level Performance Sensitivity in Cellular Networks 193

Felipe A Cruz-Pérez, Genaro Hernández-Valdez and Andrés Rico-Páez

Channel Assignment in Multihop Cellular Networks 211

Xue Jun Li and Peter Han Joo Chong

Mobility and QoS-Aware Service Management for Cellular Networks 243

Omneya Issa

Radio Resource Management

in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks 267

Olabisi E Falowo and H Anthony Chan

Providing Emergency Services

in Public Cellular Networks 285

Jiazhen Zhou and Cory Beard

Performance Analysis of Seamless Handover

in Mobile IPv6-based Cellular Networks 305

Liyan Zhang, Li Jun Zhang and Samuel Pierre

Reliabilty Issuses in Cellular Networks 331 Automation of Cellular Network Faults 333

Okuthe P Kogeda and Johnson I Agbinya

Forward Error Correction for Reliable e-MBMS Transmissions in LTE Networks 353

Antonios Alexiou, Christos Bouras, Vasileios Kokkinos,Andreas Papazois and Georgia Tseliou

Coordination of the Cellular Networks through Signaling 375

Metabolic Networking through Enzymatic Sensing, Signaling and Response to Homeostatic Fluctuations 377

Wireless cellular networks are an integral part of modern telecommunication systems Today it is hard to imagine our life without the use of such networks Nevertheless, the development, implementation and operation of these networks require engineers and scientists to address a number of interrelated problems Among them are the problem

of choosing the proper geometric shape and dimensions of cells based on geographic location, fi nding the optimal location of cell base station, selection the scheme divid-ing the total net bandwidth between its cells, organization of the handover of a call between cells, information security and network reliability, and many others

This book mainly focuses on three types of problems from the above list - Positioning, Performance Analysis and Reliability It contains four sections The fi rst part is devoted

to problems of Positioning and contains fi ve chapters Here, the fi rst three chapters discuss various methods and models to solve these problems Chapter 1 is a review devoted to a detailed analysis of the main problems regarding Positioning in wireless networks Chapter 4 is devoted to a comparative analysis of the two most popular choices of the geometric structure of a cell - hexagon and circle The fi nal chapter 5 of this part discusses some issues on signal processing using Smart Antennas

Part 2 contains eight Chapters which are devoted to quality of service (QoS) metrics analysis of wireless cellular networks Chapter 6 is a review of known algorithms to calculate QoS metrics in wireless cellular networks with call admission control based

on guard channels Unifi ed approximate approach to QoS metrics calculations in multi-service wireless cellular networks under two multi-parametric call admission controls is proposed in Chapter 7 The proposed approach provides high accuracy In Chapter 8, QoS metrics sensitivity to the fi rst three moments of both cell dwell time and unencumbered interruption time in cellular networks is investigated In Chapter

9, authors propose two channel assignment schemes in multihop cellular networks - asymmetric fi xed channel assignment and multihop dynamic channel assignment For both schemes exact and an approximated multi-dimensional Markov chain models are developed to analyze its QoS metrics In Chapter 10, call admission control and adapta-tion (degradation and improvement) issues for elastic calls under restricted resources and bandwidth fl uctuation has been considered In Chapter 11, joint call admission controls algorithms in heterogeneous cellular networks are developed and their per-formance is investigated through numerical simulations In Chapter 12, three call admission control strategies (i.e resource reservation, queuing, and preemption) in public cellular networks with emergency services is proposed Novel analytical mod-els to evaluate the performance of seamless handover in mobile IPv6-based cellular networks are developed in Chapter 13

Part 3 contains two Chapters and these Chapters deal with reliability issues of wireless cellular networks In Chapter 14 Bayesian network model and mobile intelligent agents approaches are combined for automating fault prediction in wireless cellular networks

In Chapter 15, the application of forward error correction in Multimedia Broadcast over Single Frequency Network transmissions over long term evolution wireless cellular networks is examined

Last Part 4 is a special one and it contains only one Chapter 16 in which basic nisms of the metabolic network coordination are proposed and their applications in both primary and complex networks are shown

mecha-The book will be useful to researches in academia and industry and also to post-gradute students in telecommunication specialitiies

Prof Dr Agassi Melikov

Institute of Cybernetics, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaij an,

Azerbaij an

Part 1

Positioning Problems in Cellular Networks

1

Wireless Positioning: Fundamentals,

Systems and State of the Art Signal Processing Techniques

Lingwen Zhang1, Cheng Tao1 and Gang Yang2

1School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University

2School of Information Engineering, Communication University of China

China

1 Introduction

With the astonishing growth of wireless technologies, the requirement of providing universal location services by wireless technologies is growing The process of obtaining a terminal’s location by exploiting wireless network infrastructure and utilizing wireless communication technologies is called wireless positioning (Rappaport, 1996) Location information can be used

to enhance public safety and revolutionary products and services In 1996, the U.S federal communications commission (FCC) passed a mandate requiring wireless service providers to provide the location of a wireless 911 caller to the nearest public safety answering point (PSAP) (Zagami et al., 1998) The wireless E911 program is divided into two parts- Phase I and Phase II, carriers were required to report the phone number of the wireless E911 caller and the location (Reed, 1998) The accuracy demands of Phase II are rather stringent Separate accuracy requirements were set forth for network-based and handset-based technologies: For network-based solution: within 100m for 67% of calls, and within 300m for 95% of the calls For handset-based solutions: within 50m for 67% of calls and within 150m for 95% of calls Now E911 is widely used in U.S for providing national security, publish safety and personal emergency location service Wireless positioning has also been found useful for other applications, such as mobility management, security, asset tracking, intelligent transportation system, radio resource management, etc As far as the mobile industry is concerned, location based service (LBS) is of utmost importance as it is the key feature that differentiates a mobile device from traditional fixed devices (Vaughan-Nichols, 2009) With this in mind, telecommunications, devices, and software companies throughout the world have invested large amounts of money in developing technologies and acquiring businesses that would let them provide LBS Numerous companies-such as Garmin, Magellan, and TomTom international-sell dedicated GPS devices, principally for navigation Several manufactures-including Nokia and Research in Motion-sell mobile phones that provide LBS Google’s My Location service for mobile devices, currently in beta, uses the company’s database of cell tower positions to triangulate locations and helps point out the current location on Google map Various chip makers manufacture processors that provide devices with LBS functionality These companies’ products and services work together to provide location-based services, as Fig 1 Shows (Vaughan-Nichols, 2009)

Cellular Networks - Positioning, Performance Analysis, Reliability

1.1 Elements of wireless positioning systems

Fig 2 illustrates the functional block diagram of a wireless positioning system (Pahlavan, 2002) The main elements of the system are a number of location sensing devices that measure metrics related to the relative position of a mobile terminal (MT) with respect to a known reference point (RP), a positioning algorithm that processes metrics reported by location sensing elements to estimate the location coordinates of MT, and a position computing system that calculate the location coordinates The location metrics may indicate the approximate arrival direction of the signal or the approximate distance between the MT and RP The angle of arrival (AOA)/Direction finding (DF) is the common metric used in direction-based systems The received signal strength (RSS), carrier signal phase of arrival (POA) and time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), frequency difference of arrival (FDOA)/Doppler difference (DD) of the received signal are the metrics used for estimation of distance Which metrics should be measured depends on the positioning

Fig 2 Basic elements of a wireless positioning system

Wireless Positioning: Fundamentals, Systems and State of the Art Signal Processing Techniques 5

algorithms As the measurements of metrics become less reliable, the complexity of the

position calculation increased Some positioning system also has a display system The

display system can simply show the coordinates of the MT or it may identify the relative

location of the MT in the layout of an area This display system could be software residing in

a private PC or a mobile locating unit, locally accessible software in a local area network, or

a universally accessible service on the web

1.2 Location measuring techniques

As discussed in section 1.1, received signal strength (RSS), angle of arrival (AOA), time of

arrival (TOA), round trip time (RTT), time difference of arrival (TDOA), phase of arrival

(POA), and phase difference of arrival (PDOA) can all be used as location measurements

(Zhao, 2006)

1.2.1 RSS estimation

RSS is based on predicting the average received signal strength at a given distance from the

transmitter (Jian, 2005) Then, the measured RSS can provide ranging information by

estimating the distance from the large-scale propagation model Large-scale propagation

model is used to estimate the mean signal strength for an arbitrary transmitter-receiver

(T-R) separation distance since they characterize signal strength over large T-R separation

distances (several hundreds or thousands of meters) The average large-scale propagation

model is expressed as a function of distance by using a path loss exponent, n

Where ( )[P d dBm r ]is the received power in dBm units which is a function of the T-R distance

of d, n is the path loss exponent which indicates the rate at which the path loss increased

with distance, d is the T-R separation distance, d0is the close-in reference distance, as a

known received power reference point P d dBm r( )[0 ]is the received power at the close-in

reference distance The value P d dBm r( )[0 ]may be predicted or may be measured in the

radio environment by the transmitter For practical system using low-gain antennas in the

1-2GHz region, d0is typically chosen to be 1m in indoor environments and 100m or 1km in

outdoor environments Xσdescribes the random shadowing effects, and is a zero-mean

Gaussian distributed random variable (in dB) with standard deviation σ(also in dB) By

measuring ( )[P d dBm r ]andP d dBm r( )[0 ], the T-R distance of d may be estimated

RSS measurement is comparatively simple for analysis and implementation but very

sensitive to interference caused by fast multipath fading The Cramer-Rao lower bound

(CRLB) for a distance estimate provides the following inequality (Gezici, 2005):

ln 10( )10

Where d is the distance between the T-R, n is the path loss factor, and σ is the standard

deviation of the zero mean Gaussian random variable representing the log-normal channel

shadowing effect It is observed that the best achievable limit depends on the channel

parameters and the distance between the transmitter and receiver It is suitable to use RSS

measurements when the target node can be very close to the reference nodes