Inside out intermediate grammar companion

Grammar Questions Adverbs of frequency Present tense structures The past simple & the present perfect Criticisms & generalization Gradable & absolute adjectives Talking about past ex

Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks

Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks

I

Grammar Companion

Intermediate

� MACMILLAN

Macmillan Education

Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP, UK

A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

Companies and representatives throughout the world

ISBN-13: 978-1-4050-8206-8

ISBN-10: 1-4050-8206-2

Text© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006

Design and illustration© Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006

Text written by }on Hird and Jonathan Marks

First published 2006

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers

Page layout by Anthony Godber

Illustrated by Kathy Baxendale, Mark Draisey, Bill Piggins and Mark Ruffle Cover design by Andrew Oliver

T he publishers would like to thank Gill Francis, the editor, for all her hard work

Printed and bound in Spain by Edelvives

2010 2009 2008 2007 2006

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Grammar

Questions

Adverbs of frequency

Present tense structures

The past simple & the present perfect

Criticisms & generalization Gradable & absolute adjectives Talking about past experiences Comparisons

Defining relative clauses Would & used to

Passives 'Future forms

Adjective order

I wish & un.real conditionals

I wislr & if only Unreal conditionals

4

Friends

Questions

Questions have many uses, including:

asking for information

asking for permission

showing friendly interest

Can you check the spelling for me, please?

Can I help you with the housework?

Would you like to come to the concert?

Shall we go for a drink?

How are the children?

How to form yes/no questions

If the only verb in the question is a form of the verb be, you put it before the subject

Is that the time? Are you happy there?

To make questions with other verbs, you put an auxiliary before the subject of the question You use different auxiliaries depending on the tense of the verb

Present simple Do you know who these people are? Does he still live in London?

Present continuous Is John staying at the George V hotel? Are you feeling down?

Past continuous Were you looking for someone to share the house? Was she studying English?

Present perfect Have you made any new friends? Has he ever met her?

Past perfect Had you finished studying before you got married? Had they met each other before she

put the ad in the paper?

In the same way, you put the modal auxiliaries can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might and must before the subject of the question

Can you believe that?

Could you tell us a little bit about yourself?

Will you be friends for life?

How to form open questions

Would she like to have children one day?

Shall I call you tonight?

Should I reply to Fabio's e-mail?

Open questions begin with the question words when, where, who, why, how, what, which, and whose, or expressions like how much, how many, how long, how often, which book, what time, what sort/kind/type of

When did you first meet Tina?

Where can I get a taxi?

Who did Mark Chapman shoot?

Why did they argue?

How will you find somewhere to live?

How to form subject questions

What do you do for a living?

What sort of music do you like?

Which song would you like to hear?

How long have you been here?

If a question word is the subject of a question, you don't use do, does or did The word order is the same as in affirmative sentences

Who shot John Lennon?

Which band recorded this song?

What happened next?

Friends

Write questions using you and the verb in italics

a) Where t;lre :iOU from? be

b) What do :iOU do? do

f) English at the moment? study

can/speak

do

Write five questions that you might ask someone

you have just met Begin with the words given

4 Complete the questions using the verbs in the box

Can you answer the questions?

a) Who directed the Star Wars films?

b) Who the last football World Cup?

c) Which countries Macedonia?

d) How many people in the UK?

e) Who 'Friends will be friends'?

5 Complete the questions using the prepositions in the box What are you answers to the questions?

a) What do you spend most money ? b) Who do you usually go out ? c) What are you learning English ? d) Which sports are you interested ? e) What kind of music are you ? f) Which bands are you listening these days?

6 Read the text and then write the questions about how John Lennon and Paul McCartney met

John Lennon and Paul McCartney first met on 6th July

1957 when 15-year-old Paul McCartney went to

a garden fete at St Peter's Church in Liverpool John Lennon was performing with his band The Quarry Men

at the event Paul was looking for a band to join at the time and a friend of John's introduced the musicians to each other Soon after, John invited Paul to join The Quarry Men On 18th October 1957 John Lennon and Paul McCartney first played together live One of the world's most famous friendships and song writing partnerships had begun They changed their name to The Beatles in 1960

a) When d i d John Lennon t;lnd Pt;lul McCt;lrtne:i first meet?

6

Adverbs of frequency

You use adverbs of frequency to say how often you do something or how often something happens

always usually

normally

generally

often frequently

sometimes occasionally rarely hardly ever never

You usually place these adverbs:

before the main verb

Do you generally come to school by bus?

He frequently falls asleep with a book in his hand

I often wear white

She hardly ever has a leisurely bath

You rarely lose your temper

Some people never have time for a nap

after the verb be

She's usually quite a relaxed sort of person

I'm occasionally late for appointments

The children aren't often in bed before nine o'clock

after the first auxiliary

I've always liked reading

The children are usually arguing when I get home

I can rarely take a break at work

They've never been invited to the neighbours' house

She'll never forget her sister's wedding

not often

Note: Always, usually and normally are not used on their own to tell you how often something happens

How often do you go out? Always Every night

Do you ever play tennis?

Do you often get headaches?

Common mistakes

¥es, ttsttal-ly Yes, once or twice a week

¥es, R8Fffial-iy Yes, frequently

NOT De yett wal-l( �eReral-ly te werl£7

./ Do you generally walk to work?

Adverb phrases

every morning I week

two or three times a week I year

once a week I month

from time to time now and again once in a blue moon You usually put these phrases at the beginning or end of a clause:

From time to time I eat out in restaurants

Now and again I have a massage

Relax (1)

I eat out in restaurants from time to time

I have a massage now and again

2 (1 ) Practice

1 Rewrite the sentences using the adverbs in italics in

a natural position

a) I go to the gym usually I twice a week

I usu�lly go to the gym twice � week

b) I go jogging normally I every evening

c) I am late for work occasionally

d) I cook my own dinner

e) I have been a terrible cook

never always

f) My housemate is happy to cook for me

usually

g) He is cooking the most amazing meals

always

h) We have a take-away meal from time to time

i) I am in bed by ten generally I every night

j) I try to visit my parents

weekend

normally I every

k) My parents are pleased to see me always

2 Put the words in italics into the sentences in the

correct order

a) Andy h�s �lw�ys been interested in music

interested in music I has been I always

don't I have time I to read I always

3 Reorder the words to make complete sentences

a) on holiday I how often I you I go I do ? ?

b) year I two or three times I normally I go I

visit my parents I a

4 Answer the questions using an adverb of frequency

or an adverb phrase For example, Several times every day Usually once a week

How often do you

a ) use the internet?

b) get your hair cut?

c) buy a newspaper?

d) travel abroad?

e) speak English?

5 Write something you do

a) several times a day H�ve � coffee Check my e-m�ils etc b) twice a week

c) hardly ever d) from time to time e) once or twice a year f) once in a blue moon

8

Present tense structu res & the present perfect

The present simple

You use the present simple mainly to talk about things that are true all the time

Habits and routines

I worry all the time and lose my temper easily

I often go out to restaurants at the weekend

Facts and situations that we see as more or less permanent

I love coffee

Teachers have a hard life

The present continuous

You use the present continuous to talk about present situations that you see as temporary Activities in progress

Don't disturb him -he's reading

Aargh! He's pulling my hair!

She's trying to give up smoking

I'm reading an English novel at the moment

Changing situations

I'm getting more interested in English grammar

He's starting to feel happier at work

It's getting late - we'd better go

The present perfect

You can use the present perfect to talk about a present situation that is connected with the past

A present situation that started in the past

I haven't worn white since my first child was born

I've worked here for less than a week

Common mistakes

NOT I li•1e ift H:Msl:\etise all MY life

./ I have lived in this house all my life

NOT I EliEln't smel(e siftee I 'rlvas at 1:1fliversi�

./ I haven't smoked since I was at university

A recent past event that caused a present situation

I can't finish this report - my computer has crashed

I'll give them a call on my mobile - oh, no, I've left it at home!

I've finished with your book - here it is Thanks!

Relax (2)

b) Normally, we eat out I are eating out I

have eaten out once a week

c) David isn't here at the moment He plays I

's playing I 's played tennis

d) What do you eat I are you eating I have you eaten?

It looks lovely

e) Is this the first time you eat I 're eating I 've eaten

Japanese food?

f) Wait a minute - Jane leaves I 's leaving I 's left

her jacket in the cafe

g) Ssssh! I listen I 'm listening I 've listened to the

radio

h) I learn I am learning I have learned to drive at

the moment

Complete the dialogues using the present simple,

present continuous or present perfect tense of the

verb in italics

a) work

A: Where _QQ_ you work ?

B: Normally I in Madrid, but I

in Barcelona at the moment

A: you football every week?

at the moment

e) phone

3 Look at the picture of Mike in his apartment Write sentences about him using the words given Use an appropriate present tense: present simple, present continuous, or present perfect

a) play a computer game b) play the guitar c) lie down d) break his leg e) like jazz

f) read travel books g) read the newspaper h) listen to the radio i) drink coffee j) make a coffee k) do the washing up l) do yoga

m) wear a cap

10

The past simple & the present perfect

The past simple

You use the past simple to fix events and situations in the past You can use it to say when the event or situation happened

They arranged to meet at the airport

Something put me off him straightaway

A few months later, I saw

hi-I lived in Italy when I was a child

lTty

Christina went to work on the bus until she passed her driving test

Common mistake

NOT They've met fer tfte fH'st Rft:te eft tfteif' weaaiftg aay

./ They met for the first time on their wedding day

Questions

To form questions, you use did + infinitive

Did you recognize him?

Where did you first meet her?

Why did you leave the party so early?

Negatives

To form the negative, you use did not (contraction didn 't) + infinitive

I didn't even leave the airport

John didn't get to work until ten o'clock

Common mistake

NOT JaM aiEitt't eveR left tfte �ef't

./ John didn't even leave the airport

The present perfect with since & for

The present perfect has several uses, but it always shows a connection between the past and the present For example, you use it to talk about situations that started in the past and are still continuing now You often use it with since or for

Since is used to fix the point when a period of time started You normally use it with perfect tenses

For is used to talk about periods of time

Thefve been married since August

They've been married for a year now

He's owned his own business since 1997

He's owned his own business for nearly ten years

His mother hasn't spoken to him since the wedding

His mother hasn't spoken to him for ages

How have your lives changed since your marriage?

Dating (1)

Common mistake NOT ¥/e've la=telv eaeft et-her siAee 2Q years

./ We've known each other for 20 years

3 (1 ) Practice

1 Do you use the following time expressions with

since or for? Write since or for in the spaces

b) five years h) last week

c) 15th May i) I came to the UK

d) he was 16 j) ages

e) my birthday k) we first met

f) months I) a couple of days

2 Complete the sentences so they are true for you

using a time expression with since or for

b I've had a computer _

c I've studied English _

d I haven't had a holiday _

3 The sentences in each pair have similar meanings

Complete the sentences by putting the verb into the

past simple or present perfect

ten years

five years ago

4 Put the verbs into the correct tense: past simple or present perfect

Looking for love on the streets of London

Billboard dating, which (a) (be)

popular in the United States for a few years now,

is set to become common sight in cities around the world It (b) (start) when a group of singles (c) (decide) to hire a local billboard which (d) _

(display) their faces and contact details for any

passers-by who (e) (like) what they

The UK's first dating billboard (g) _ (be) on display in central London since yesterday morning and features a gallery of 12 singles, each paying £100 to have their faces displayed for a week "Since the ad (h) (go up) the response (i) (be) fantastic We (j) (have) 200 responses yesterday

and it's looking even better today." said Bill Wood, founder of StreetDate.com the company behind the billboards "Another one goes up next week and we are very encouraged that this is the start

of something big;' Mr Wood added

One of the first people to sign up is Tom Harold,

32, who works as an environmental consultant

"I (k) (be) single for about two years now and I'm fed up with having to make the effort to meet people," Mr Harold said

"Some people think I'm a bit of a loser, but the ad

and I (m) (already/have) over 20 responses," he added

1 2

Criticisms & generalizations

When you want to say something critical but you want to sound tactful or diplomatic, there are certain expressions you can use You can also use these expressions to make generalizations

Can (at times)

You can be over-sensitive at times

(instead of: You're over-sensitive.)

Her cool manner can frighten people off

(instead of: Her cool manner frightens people off.)

You appear to be easygoing, but you can be stubborn at times

(instead of: You're stubborn.)

Rather, a bit, a little (at times)

You can be rather impulsive at times

(instead of: You're too impulsive.)

That was a bit cheeky

(instead of: That was cheeky.)

He can be a little big-headed

(instead of: He's big-headed.)

Tend(s) to

You tend to choose partners who will take advantage of you

(instead of: You choose partners who will take advantage of you.)

You hate arguments, and you tend to avoid confrontation

(instead of: You avoid confrontation.)

He tends to get bored quickly

(instead of: He gets bored quickly.)

She doesn't tend to make friends very easily

(instead of: She doesn't make friends very easily.)

Not particularly I exactly

He isn't exactly good-looking

(instead of: He isn't good-looking.)

It isn't exactly warm

(instead of: It's cold.)

(instead of: Her parents were poor.)

You aren't articularly decisive

(instead of: You're indecisive.)

You can use not exactly to express sarcasm

You're not exactly Miss Einstein yourself

(instead of: I think you're stupid.)

Dating (2)

3 (2) Practice

1 Reorder the words to make complete sentences

a) at times I a little I I'm I impulsive

b) tends I at times I to I Sam I oversensitive I

f) friendly I isn't I exactly I our new teacher

2 Rewrite the criticisms and generalizations using

the words in italics to make them sound more

diplomatic

a) Anna is childish tend I a little I at times

Ann� tends to be � little childish �t times

b) Patrick gets overexcited tend I rather I

at times

c) Peter is aggressive can I a bit I some of the

time

d) Linda gets angry can I a little I at times

e) Ron is outspoken tend I quite I a lot of the

time

d) The film was boring

e) The food is cold

f) The journey was very stressful

g) He's stupid

h) She made us feel very unwelcome

4 Write natural responses using the words given and any other words that you need

a) He's so shy

exactly I outgoing I that's for sure

Yes, he isn't ex�ctly out(3oin(3 th�t's for sure

b) Don't you think he overreacted?

can I little I sensitive I times

Yes, he c�n be � little sensitive �t times

c) Alice was in such a bad mood this morning

can I rather I moody I times Yes, _

d) That was such a waste of time!

exactly I useful I that's for sure Yes, _ e) I'm not playing chess with Tom again!

tend I a bad loser I times

Yes, _ f) The restaurant is quite expensive

particularly I cheap I that's for sure

-5 Write four sentences about people you know using expressions such as tends to be, can be etc For example, My brother can be a bit moody at times

a) b)

3 Rewrite the sentences to make them less direct Use c)

not particularly or not exactly and the adjectives in d)

the box

ft-ieRely generous intelligent hot

well-off welcoming relaxing interesting

a) He was unfriendly

6 Complete the sentences about yourself

a) I tend to b) I can be

c) I'm not particularly

He said 'hello' in a very quiet voice

The hotel is fairly cheap, but it's not very comfortable

She learnt to read music rather late in her life

We pay quite high prices for food in this country

There's a comparatively low divorce rate in this country

You can do relatively easy exercises to build up your strength

The main rooms are unusually high and light

The result was often surprisingly good

Absolute adjectives

These are adjectives like perfect, alone, incredible, mad, exhausted, terrified, impossible, unique, brilliant, furious, and thrilled They can be used with adverbs like absolutely, totally, completely, and utterly You cannot use adverbs like very or fairly with these adjectives

absolutely perfect

totally unique

completely mad

utterly impossible

It had been a long day I was absolutely exhausted

There was no one to help me I was totally alone

I think the whole world's gone completely mad

Your talents as a photographer are utterly unique

Note: Not all these adverbs can be used with all these adjectives For example, we do not normally say that

something was completely brilliant These are questions of collocation (the way words go together in real speech and writing)

Adrenalin (1)

4 {1 } Practice

1 Complete the responses using the adjectives in

the box

[ awful brilliant furious hilarious thrilled

a) A: Did you have a good time last night?

B: Yes, it was absolutely _ _ _

b) A: I hear the game was quite bad

e) A: Was she angry?

B: Angry! She was absolutely _

2 Write two sentences for each picture using

He/She/It's etc very and He/She/It's etc absolutely ..

and the adjectives in the box

big I enormous cold I freezing tire a I elffia�:�stea

hungry /starving small / minute hot/boiling

He's �bsolutely exh�usted

a) wonderful [±]

b) fabulous 0

c) dreadful 0

d) appalling 0 e) awesome D f) atrocious 0

4 You can use adverbs like ven; and fairly with gradable adjectives and adverbs like absolutely and

totally with absolute adjectives Choose the correct alternative

a) The hotel was absolutely I very dreadful

b) The food was absolutely I very atrocious

c) I was totally I very starving all the time

d) The service was absolutely bad I appalling

e) f)

The weather was very atrocious I bad

It was absolutely I fairly cold most of the time

g) The scenery was fairly I totally awesome

h) The skiing was very exciting I thrilling

5 Write four sentences about a place you have been

to Use some of the adjectives and adverbs in this unit For example, New York is absolutely wonderful

The breakfasts there are awesome

6

a) b) c) d)

Write down a person, thing or place that is a) absolutely amazing

b) complately mad c) absolutely awful d) surprisingly good e) totally unique f) rather expensive g) utterly brilliant

Adrenalin (1) 1 5

1 6

Talking about past experiences

The present perfect & the past simple

•

t + -Have you ever been to New York? -� I went to New York in 1998

You use the present perfect to locate an action or situation in time up to now Note that when someone says

'I've been to New York', you don't know when they went there, just that it was at some time in the past, before now You use the past simple to fix or locate an action or situation at a particular time in the past

Time expressions

Choosing between the present perfect and the past simple is often a question of the time expression you need to use Some time expressions refer to time up to now: this year, today, since I was six, this week, recently, lately, ever, yet, for the last Jew days, so with these time expressions you use the present perfect You can use ever and yet in questions, and yet in negative statements

I've felt absolutely awful for the last few days

Have you ever done a parachute jump?

Have you started training for the match yet?

I haven't decided where to go yet

Do you think you've changed since your success?

I've started windsurfing this year

How many coffees have you drunk today?

But you use some of these time expressions with the past simple if they refer to a finished time

We went to China for our summer holiday this year (The summer holiday time is finished now.)

What happened at work today? (You're back home from work now.)

Some time expressions refer to fixed points or specific periods in the past: in 1984, when I was six, yesterday,

before I left school, last week, last year, at 6.00, two minutes ago, last term, at Christmas, so with these time expressions you use the past simple

She saw a documentary about women boxing about six years ago

On his 50th jump he had an accident

The present perfect as a conversation opener

You can use Have you (ever) . to introduce the topic of a conversation or a story, before you continue and give details in the past simple

Have you (ever) been to Tuscany?

Yes, I have I went there a few years ago, with my girlfriend We stayed two weeks, and we had an absolutely brilliant time

Have I (ever) told you about the time I went skiing with my brother? It was our first skiing holiday Well, we

bought all the equipment, and booked our tickets, and

The past continuous & the past simple

The past continuous is very often used in contrast with the past simple You can use it to describe a situation that was in progress when the main events of a story happened

·/was sitting at home

t when an ad came on the television

Adrenalin (2)

What were you doing when the accident happened?

I was just sitting at a pavement cafe, and suddenly I saw this car coming towards me

It was just starting to snow as we left the house

4 {2) Practice

1 Put the verb into the past simple or past continuous

a) Nicole and I first _ (meet) while I

_ (work) as a teacher in Paris

b) We _ (not/ go out) last night

c) A: I (see) you and Tina last night

outside Bar Coco What you _ (do)?

B: We (wait) for Emily and then

we _ (go) for a meal

2 Put the verb into the past simple or present perfect

a) A: _ you ever _ (go) to Australia?

B: Yes I (go) there a couple of

years ago

b) A: _ you _ (see) Kate recently?

B: No, I (not/ see) her for ages

actually

c) A: you (have) lunch yet?

B: Yes, I _ (go) to that new place

round the corner _ you _ (go) there

yet?

A: Yes, I _ (go) a couple of days ago

actually I _ (think) it _

(be) really good

3 Write questions using Have you ever and the

4 Write answers that are true for you to the questions

in exercise 3 For example, No, I haven't Yes, I have

I went to New York two years ago

What were you doing

a ) at midnight last night?

b) an hour ago?

c) at 8 o'clock this morning?

d) this time yesterday?

6 Put the verb into the most appropriate tense: past simple, past continuous or present perfect

Back to ma1n menu

Tom Kirkman from Cornwall in the south west of the UK, first <al <become>

mountainboard world champion at 15 just one year after he first <bl <setl foot on one Tom, whO was already an accomplished skateboarder when he first <cl <take upl mountainboarding, <dl _ <winl the first race he <el <enterl and was crowned world champion a year later

Tom <fl <bel addicted to boarding ever since he can remember and <gl _

<openl a skate shop when he was 13 One day

while Tom <hl <workl in the shop, a

customer <il <bringl in a mountainboard Tom was instantly hooked

Tom !jl <since/become! one of the

most influential riders in the world He is renowned for introducing new tricks or new takes on existing favourites on top of that he

<kl <also/bel the fastest rider at almost every event he m <attend! in the last couple of years regularly travelling in excess of 80 kmh and flying great distances at over 10 metres in the air

Adrenalin (2) 1 7

add -er Adjectives ending in an -e nice nicer

add -r Adjectives ending in a single vowel big bigger

and a single consonant (except w) slow slower

double the consonant and add -er

Adjectives ending in a -y pretty prettier

delete the -y and add -ier Most two syllable adjectives that do expensive more expensive

not end in a -y and all adjectives with use more and then the

Remember that some adjectives are irregular

You can also make negative comparisons using less and the least

dangerous

useful

less dangerous less useful

the least dangerous the least useful You often use than with comparatives when you are comparing two people or things

She is taller than I am The movie was more interesting than the book

You can also make a comparison by using as as

Skydiving isn't as popular as football I am as tall as my older sister

You can make general comparisons between things using similar to or like

Snowboarding is similar to skiing Snowboarding is like skiing

Modifiers

Superlative the longest

add -est the nicest add -st the biggest slowest

double the consonant and add -est

the prettiest delete the -y and add -iest

the most expensive use most and then the adjective

You can make more exact comparatives and superlatives by using modifiers like much, Jar, a lot, nearly, a little, a bit, a little bit, slightly, and by Jar By Jar can only be used with a superlative

Football is much more popular than' skydiving

Football is fal' more popular than skydiving

Football is a lot more popular than skydiving

Adrenalin (3)

4 {3) Practice

1 Complete the sentences using the comparative

form of the adjectives in the box

careful cheap crowded early easy

interesting near a) A taxi will be quite expensive - going by bus

will be __ _ _

b) Today's lesson was a bit boring Yesterday's

was much _ _ _ _

c) You're late I expected you to be here

d) There are too many people here Let's find

e)

f)

somewhere a little _ _

My new phone is quite complicated The old

one was much to use

You made a few silly mistakes Try to be a bit

g) It's a shame you live so far away It would be

great if you lived a bit _ _ _ _ _ _

2 Complete the sentences using the superlative forms

of the adjectives in the box

a) That was meal I think I've

ever had I won't go there again

b) I think Sergeant Pepper is by far

classic

seen I couldn't stop laughing

d) He never does any work He must be

f) I'd say Prague is city I've

ever been to

3 Complete the following sporting facts using an

appropriate form of the adjective and any other

words you need

a) T he most popult:lr competitive sport in the UK

is pool It is more than twice t:!S popult:lr t:!S

football popular

Statistically it is five times _ _ _ _ _ _

motor racing dangerous

Sumo wrestler Konishiki In 1994, he weighed

267 kg heavy d) At 2.45 metres Suleiman Nashnush, who represented Libya in 1962, is

basketball player to date

sprinter slow g) non-competitive sport in the world is swimming It is slightly

cycling, which is the second _ _ _ _ _ _ popular

4 Make sentences comparing the popularity of the sports using an appropriate modifier from the box

Use each of the modifiers in the box once

I by far much fftf' a lot a little bit lightly Top ten most popular sports in the world

sport participants sport participants

volleyball 900 tennis 60 basketball 400 baseball 58 table tennis 300 hockey 4

badminton 280 judo 3

a) table tennis / tennis

Tt:!ble tennis is fM more popult:lr tht:!n tennis

b) table tennis/ badminton

c) badminton / tennis d) football / rugby e) tennis/ baseball

f) volleyball

20

Defining relative clauses

Relative clauses can be defining or non-defining A defining relative clause gives information that helps to define the topic of the sentence Without it, the meaning is not complete A burglar is a person tells us very little, but when we add the defining relative clause who steals things, the sentence has meaning

Defining relative clauses can be introduced by a relative pronoun: who, which, that, whom, when, where, and whose Who, which, that

You use who to refer to people and which to refer to things or ideas You can use that to refer to people and things or ideas Who and which are slightly more formal than that They are more common in writing than in speech

A mother is a superwoman who can be in two places at once

It's a university which specializes in technical subjects

A burglar is a person that steals things

He's the man who did it

He's the man whom I saw

Omitting the relative pronoun

You can omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause

He's the man I saw

It was the best holiday I ever had

But you cannot omit the relative pronoun when it is the subject of the relative clause

He's the man who did it

When, where, whose

You can also use when, where and whose in relative clauses

Think of a time when you were particularly happy

A museum is a place where they show you things that are very old

She's the only person whose taste in music is the same as mine

Note: Whose is always followed by a noun

Prepositions

Where the verb has a preposition after it, you normally put the preposition at the end of the relative clause

That's the sweet-shop which we used to go to

It was the first bed that she had ever slept in

It would be possible to say

That's the sweet shop to which we used to go

But this is very formal and is only used in formal writing, not speech Note: You can never say TltRt's the sweet sJtep

te tliRt 'ltJe wseti te ge

Kids (1)

5 (1) Practice

1 Look at the newspaper headlines and complete the

sentences reporting them Use an appropriate

relative pronoun

Th�t chess pl�yer who (or thgt) che�ted h�s

been fined €100 000

b) Escaped lion recaptured

That lion -has been

on the lottery is giving all the money to

charity

found-The Picasso - has been

found

2 Write replies to the questions using who, which,

whose, when, or where and the definitions in the box

Remember that the relative pronoun replaces the

subject or the adverbial of time or place

He or she doesn't believe in God He or she

looks after your children while you are out

Her husband has died They advertise things

He 8f sl:te aeesft' t eat 8ftY afti.Mal f'P8SHets

Children go here under the age of five

Peef'le write fftessages afta asll EfHeseeHs Aefe

Shops sell things at a reduced price

It's a sort of school

3 Combine the two sentences into one sentence using

a relative clause

a) Here's the book You wanted to borrow it

Here's the book which (or th�t) you w�nted

to borrow

b) This is my friend She lives in New York

This is my friend who l ives in New York

c) There's that lovely hotel We stayed in it last year

d) Where's the picture? It used to be here

e) This is my friend I was telling you about him

f) Here's the £20 You lent it to me last week

g) There's that guy I met him at the party

h) Have you seen the book? It was on the table

i) Here's the photo I was talking about it earlier

j) I met a girl the other day She says she knows you

4 CPess eHt any relative pronouns that can be omitted from the sentences in exercise 3 For example, Here's the book 'l:IJ.'tieh,IMult you wanted to borrow This is my friend who lives in New York

We would always get up early on Christmas morning

I would walk across the fields on the way home from school

My mother would be waiting at the school gate

In the past people would walk a lot more than they do nowadays

In speech, would is often contracted to 'd after pronouns

We'd always get up early on Christmas morning

When you use would in this way, you often use an adverb or an adverb phrase to say when it was that you would

do something

She would often hear him talking in his sleep

Once in a while he would bring her a gift of flowers or chocolate

You don't normally use would with this meaning in negative statements or questions

Used to

You can use used to like would to talk about regular or repeated past actions, and also to talk about past states and situations It is followed by the infinitive of the verb

Actions

We always used to get up early on Christmas morning

I used to walk across the fields on the way home from school

My mother used to wait at the school gate

In the past people used to walk a lot more than they do nowadays

States

I used to have long hair

We used to live on the edge of the town

NOT: I would have long hair I We would live on the edge of the town

You can use used to in questions and negative statements It functions as a regular verb and you therefore drop the past ending for questions and negatives

Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?

Did the winters use to be colder in the old days?

Who used to help you with your homework?

We didn't use to go abroad for our holidays

We didn't use to have a fridge

Kids (2)

5 (2) Practice

1 Look at the pictures of a typical street scene, the

first 20 years ago and the second today Write

sentences about the pictures using There used to be .

or There didn 't use to be

a ) a cinema There used to be l:.l cineml:.l

2 Tom recently made some life changes Write

sentences about Tom using used to . or didn 't

use to

He started

being more active

going to the gym

He stopped

being a couch potato playing computer games having a healthy diet eating in front of the TV

a) b) c) d) e) f)

He d id n't use to be very active

a) b)

4 Write questions and shQrt answers about Tom Use Did he use to and Yes, he did or No, he didn't

Write answers to the questions using either Yes, I

do No, I don 't or No, but I used to

a) Do you smoke?

b) Do you play sports regularly?

c) Do you study another language?

d) Do you play computer games?

e) Do you play a musical instrument?

f) Do you go to the gym?

g) Do you read comics?

6 Complete the sentences about when you were younger

-b) I didn't use to _ _ _ _ _ _ c) I would _ _ _

24

News Passives

There are various situations in which it is better to use the passive rather than the active When the important information in a sentence is what happens to someone or something (paintings were stolen) and not what someone or something does (I stole the paintings) you usually use the passive The passive can be used either with or without an agent The agent of a verb is the person or thing that performs the action or causes it

You form the passive using the appropriate form of the verb be, followed by the past participle of the verb For example, the passive form of the past simple of begin consists of the past simple of be + the past participle of begin, which is begun

The Thames Tunnel was begun in 1825 by the Brunels

You can also use a modal such as can or should and the infinitive of be + past participle

All gifts should be sent to the bride's home

Passive without agent

You use the passive without an agent:

When you do not know who/what the agent is

Several paintings were stolen from a major art gallery last night

(You don't know who stole them.)

Hundreds of umbrellas are le� on trains every year

(You don't know who leaves them.)

When you do not want to say who the agent is

Yes, we admit that mistakes have been made

(You don't want to say who made the mistakes.)

A large sum of money has been donated

(You know who donated the money but you don't want to make this information public.)

When you do not need to say who the agent is, because it is obvious

Three men have been arrested

(The police arrested them.)

The girl will be allowed back into school

(The head teacher or school authorities will allow her back.)

When you are not interested in the agent This is very common in science

The acid is heated to 100 degrees

(It doesn't matter who heats it.)

When the agent has already been mentioned

The government responded quickly to the problem and new laws were passed

Because people in general are the agent

Both of these books can be obtained from the public library

Passive with by + agent

To include the agent in a passive sentence, you use by You include the agent because he, she or it is important, but you still want to begin the sentence with the person or thing that is affected by the action

The photographer was chased away by a pig

Paper was invented by the Chinese

All his decisions were forced upon him by a shortage of cash

News

6 Practice

1 Rewrite the sentences in the passive

a) Somebody has stolen my bicycle

My bicycle has been stolen

b) They' re going to close the cinema

f) They have postponed the Cup Final

The Cup final

2 Complete the sentences reporting the newspaper

stories Use the present perfect in the passive

a) That celebrity stalker has been jailed for five

years

accident in India

driving for six months

d) That € 10 million lottery prize still

school for bullying

f) A Van Gogh painting

from a museum in Paris

in a bottle and threw it into the ocean The bottle (b) (find) by a local fisherman after it become caught up in his fishing net The survivors, who (c) _ _ _ _ (find) olive and well after spending 1 0 days

on Coco Island, hod been unable to signal for

help os their radio (d) (destroy)

in the storm that hod sunk their ship

An 86-yeor-old woman (e) _ _ _ (arrest) yesterday for calling emergency services because she couldn't get a pizza delivered Dolly Douglas, of Fort Worth, Texas, spent the night behind bars after dialling 9 1 1

20 times in 40 minutes She was demanding the arrest of the manager of the pizza company Mrs Douglas, who is Sft toll and

weighs seven stone, (f) _ _ _ _ _

(also/charge) with resisting arrest A

policewoman said she (g) (bite),

scratched and kicked by the octogenarian

from jail, pending a court appearance in three months

.,.u ,

New Belgian identity cords (i) __ _ _ _

(print) with spelling mistakes in on attempt to fool forgers On the cords, the country name

(j) (write) in the three official

Belgian languages as well os in English The country name (k) (spell) incorrectly in three of the four languages

For example, 'Belguim' instead of 'Belgium'

A government official said that other errors (I) (print) on the card in the future to further catch out fraudsters