Inside out upperintermediate grammar companion

You can use the present continuous to talk about: Note: Some verbs are not normally used in continuous forms - see Unit 6.. 2 Complete the text using the verbs in the box in an appropria

Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks

I

Grammar Companion

Upper Intermediate

� MACMILLAN

Macmillan Education

Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP, UK

A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

Companies and representatives throughout the world

ISBN-10: 1-4050-8208-9

ISBN-13: 978-1-4050-8208-2

Text © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006

Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2006

Text written by Jon Hird with Jonathan Marks

First published 2006

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers

Page layout by Anthony Godber

Illustrated by Kathy Baxendale, Mark Draisey and Bill Piggins

Cover design by Andrew Oliver

The publishers would like to thank Gill Francis, the editor, for all her hard work

The authors and publishers are grateful for permission to reprint the following:

Extract from Tlte Book of Inventions by Norris McWhirter (Guinness Publishing, 1999), copyright© Guinness World Records 1999, reprinted

by permission of the publisher

Printed and bound in Spain by Edelvives

2010 2009 2008 2007 2006

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents I

1 Images (1) page4 Verb structures

1 Images (2) page 6 Auxiliary verbs

1 Images (3) page 8 Indirect questions

2 Family (1) page 10 Verb patterns

2 Family (2) page 12 Adjective structures

3 Money (1) page 14 Articles

3 Money (2) page 16 Unreal conditionals

4 Body (1) page 18 Sympathy, advice & recommendations

4 Body (2) page 20 Phrasal verbs

5 Ritual (1) page 22 To-infinitive or -ing form

5 Ritual (2) page 24 Present & past habits

6 Digital (1) page 26 Dynamic & stative meanings

6 Digital (2) page 28 Present perfect simple & continuous

9 Attraction (1) page 32 Passive reporting

9 Attraction (2) page 34 Have/get something done

9 Attraction (3) page 36 Unreal conditional clauses - alternatives

10 Genius (1) page 38 Modals of deduction

10 Genius (2) page 40 Narrative tense structures

11 Sell (1) page 42 Relative clauses

11 Sell (2) page 44 Emphasis (deft sentences)

4

Images (1) Verb structures

Present verb structures

You can use the present simple mainly to talk about:

• habits: I � tea with milk

• routines: I always �tch the six o'clock news

• things that are always true: Every picture 1tellS: a story

You can use the present continuous to talk about:

Note: Some verbs are not normally used in continuous forms - see Unit 6

You can use the present perfect simple to talk about:

• present situations that started in the past and are continuing now: I'velivecl here since 1995

• events that happened at an unspecified time in the past: Shejs madq loads of hit records

You can use the present perfect continuous to talk about:

• situations which started in the past and are continuing now: She'sti�surprisi.iigl audiences for more than

20 years

Past verb structures

You use the past simple to fix events and situations in the past

The Berlin Wall divided the city for nearly 30 years

It was piillea down in 1989

You often use the past continuous in contrast with the past simple to talk about things that were in progress when something else happened

He, -.,

You can use would and used to to talk about regular or repeated past actions

I always pie(fto'6U}i the Beatles' records as soon as they were released, and �� them straight home and play them again and again

You can also use used to - but not would - to talk about past states or situations

I U'ie(ltO "be a big fan of the Beatles

Note: You do not normally use would for negative sentences or for questions

(For future verb structures, see Unit 12.)

Images (1)

1 (1) Practice

1 Choose the most natural present tense

Images that changed the world - First flight, 1903

a) This photograph shows/is showing the

realization of one of humanity's oldest dreams:

the first ever true flight

b) The photograph captures/is capturing the

Wright brothers' 12-second, 180 metre flight of

17th December 1903

c) Orville Wright pilots/is piloting the 'flyer'

d) Orville's older brother Wilbur just helps/has just

helped to launch the aircraft

e) He watches/is watching the history-making

flight

f) Aircraft technology progresses/has progressed

at a phenomenal rate since the Wright

brothers' pioneering flight

g) Today, millions of people board/are boarding

a flight every day

h) The world is circumnavigated/has been

circumnavigated in just over 30 hours (by

Concorde in 1995)

i) Airline manufacturer Boeing currently

develops/is currently developing the scramjet,

which will be able to travel from London to

Sydney in two hours

2 Complete the text using the verbs in the box in an

appropriate past tense

prove take take think

Images that changed the world - Earthrise, 1968

The Earthrise photograph, which immediately

(a) inspired renewed contemplation of our place

in the universe, was taken on Christmas Eve 1968,

3

moon For years, astronauts Frank Borman and Bill Anders each (c) that he was the one who (d) the picture An investigation

earlier, black-and-white frame and this iconic colour photograph (g) by Anders Humans (h) on the moon seven months later

Complete the text by putting the verbs into an appropriate present or past tense

Images that changed the world - First x-ray, 1896

X-rays (a) _ (be) key to medical diagnostic imaging for over 100 years now Today we (b) (take) them for granted and millions

of people (c) _ (have) an x-ray every day But, like many of the great scientific discoveries, x-rays were found purely by accident

In 1896, while German scientist Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen (d) (work) on a series of experiments involving cathode ray tubes, he (e) (notice) that the fluorescent light that they (f) (emit) (g) _ _ (cause) a glow on the wall The odd thing was that the light (h) (pass) through the back of

a chair and other solid objects on its way to the wall Intrigued by this, Roentgen (i) (place) his wife's hand (note the wedding rings) over a photographic plate, (j) (shine) the light through it and (k) (make) the first x-ray photo Before that, it (1) _ (be) impossible for physicians to look inside a person's body without making an incision

As well as its widespread use in the medical profession, x-ray technology (m) _ _ _ (become) a key element in many other fields Today, x-rays (n) (have) a variety of

applications in areas such as astronomy, weaponry, art history and of course airport security

Roentgen (o) (be) the recipient of the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901

Images (1) U N I T 1 5

6

Images (2) Auxiliary verbs

The auxiliary verbs be, have and do are used to form various verb structures For example, they are used with

so and neither/nor in question tags and short answers You can also use modals in question tags and short answers

So & neither/nor

You use so to mean 'also' in this structure:

I'm learning to ski

You made a mistake

So am I

So did you!

I've seen all her films

I'd like to go to China

So has my sister

So would I

You use neither or nor to mean 'also not' in the same structure

I don't like this music

I didn't sleep long enough last night

I can't sing very well

I've got no idea what they're singing about

Neither do I

Nor did I

Neither can I

Neither have they, probably

Both so and neither/nor show agreement between speakers To show disagreement or difference between speakers, you use an auxiliary verb This is followed by not (n 't) if the meaning is negative

We haven't got tickets

I didn't watch the news

I'd like to go to China

Question tags

iWe have (NOT V¥e'Ye I Vle''te get.)

I did (NOT I wateA:eEl.)

I wouldn't (NOT I wealElR't liJ�e.)

You normally use a negative question tag with an affirmative statement, and an affirmative question tag with a negative statement

She's amazing, isn't she?

Her hair isn't naturally that colour, is it?

Punk was just a fashion, wasn't it?

He wasn't angry at all, was he?

When the verb in the affirmative statement is am, the negative question tag is aren't

I am right, aren't]?

You use they to refer to somebody, anybody, everybody and nobody in question tags

Anybody can sing like that, can't they? Everybod� knows Madonna, don't they?

You use it to refer to something, anything, or nothing in question tags

Nothing much happens in the film, does it? Anything could happen, couldn't it?

You usually use an affirmative question tag after never, hardly and little

You'll never forget that moment,� you?

It hardly makes any difference, does it?

You can use will/would or can/could in affirmative question tags after imperatives

Pass me that dictionary, would you? !Help me carry these books, can you?

You can use shall we? as a question tag after suggestions using let's

Let's have a break, shall we?

Note: In question tags with be, be is often the main verb in the sentence rather than an auxiliary

Images (2)

)

1 (2) Practice

1 Write responses to show agreement and

disagreement Use so and neither as appropriate

a) I'm hungry So t1m I

I'm not

b) I don't like pop music Neither do I

1.@_

c) I love rap music

d) I don't like beer

e) I've never been to the USA

f) I can speak Italian

g) I'd love to go to India

h) I hadn't spoken to him before

i) I stayed up late last night

j) I never drink coffee

k) I'm really into computer games

l) I didn't go out last night

4 Complete the question tags with the correct verb

a) The film was great, Wtlsn't it?

b) That's the new student, it?

c) You work for the BBC, you?

d) You're not interested in football, you?

e) That's not your coat, it?

f) Someone must have taken it, they?

g) Franz can speak Russian, he?

h) She doesn't live here, she?

i) j)

We've met before, we?

I'm invited to the party, I?

k) Let's go, we?

I) Pass me the remote control, you?

m) Everyone knows that, they?

n) Anything's possible, it?

5 Complete the responses using the words in italics and a question tag

a) What time is the meeting at 2.30

It 's t1t 2.30 isn't it ? b) What's the new student's name? Connie

n) I'm not hungry

2 (Circle) the answers in exercise 1 that are true for

you For example, I'm not Neither do I

3 Write responses that are true for you For example,

So do I Neither do I I'm not

a) I'm not going out tonight

b) I went to the cinema last night

c) I can play the piano

d) I've been to Australia

e) I can't drive

f) I spoke a lot of English yesterday

g) I haven't got a car

h) I'll be at home at 9 o'clock tonight

i) I need a holiday

j) I'd like to be on a beach right now

f) What did you think of the film? not that good

g) It's quite expensive not that cheap

6 Write short answers to the questions using Yes and

No and the correct subject and verb

a) Are you French? Yes I tlm

b) Did you go out last night?

c) Have you been to the UK?

No I'm not

d) Can you play a musical instrument?

e) Would you like to live abroad one day?

f) Are you a student?

g) Do you enjoy studying?

8

Images (3) Indirect questions

You often use indirect questions when you want to be more polite or tentative You can use them, for example

• when you are starting a conversation with someone you don't know

• when you are asking a sensitive personal question

'Wh' questions

Direct questions with question words

The order is question word + auxiliary + subject + verb

Where do you live?

How does this thing work?

What did you think?

Indirect questions with question words

The word order is the same as in normal statements: after the question word the subject goes before the verb You do not use the auxiliaries do, does or did You start with a question frame, like 'Could you tell me?'

Do/would you mind telling me where you live?

Could you tell me what you thought?

Do you know when thi�c:e wili.2.£!f

Do you happen to know where sh"irt;uy� her shoes?

Do you have any idea where �put my keys?

I was wondering where I should go

I'd like to know where fCan buy a ticket

I'm interested to know what the plot of-thefilm was

Ye.slno questions

Direct yes/no questions

The order is auxiliary + subject + verb

Are you expecting them back tonight?

Indirect yes/no questions

Does the �ost offic:,!.2pen this afternoon?

The order is the same as in normal statements: the subject goes before the verb You start with a question frame and then use if/whether

Could you tell me if /whether \YOU are expec:tins them back tonight?

Do/would you mind telling me if/whether tliere is a post office near here?

Do you happen to know if /whether piere ii a pharmacist near here?

Do you have any idea if/whether I coUld find a bookshop anywhere in this area?

I was wondering if /whether you c:ow a he!� me

I'd like to know if /whether Ehere is another train to London tonight

I'm interested to know if/whether the story has a happy ending

Note: When the question word is the subject of the sentence, the order is also subject+ verb

What happens next?

Could you tell me wlii f happens next?

Images (3)

1 (3) Practice

1 Underline the correct ordering of verb and subject

a) Do you know if is there/there is an ATM

machine near here?

b) Could you tell me how long it takes/does it take

to get to the station?

c) Do you happen to know if the Paris flight has

been delayed/has the Paris flight been delayed?

d) When do you think they'll arrive/will they arrive?

e) Do you know where is the library/the library is?

f) Would you say is Oxford/Oxford is a good place

to live?

g) Could you tell me how much does this cost/

this costs?

h) Have you any idea what is the exchange rate

for Euros/what the exchange rate for Euros is?

2 Look at the leaflet and imagine you are going to

telephone the hotel to ask for more information

Look at the notes a)-f) and write them as indirect

questions

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

<§;> cated ne�entre �

� -(c) fl,

<£> Single and double rooms ?

<§? Internet facilities .k (J) -to�? Frett ar �

'i' 40 minutes from the airport by taxi

<§;>Excursions to local sights "f\ _(e)Hopf :>

Could you tell me

how far the hotel is from the cit:;i centre ?

Do you know

I'd like to know

Could you tell me

Have you any idea

I was wondering

?

?

?

?

?

3 Write four more indirect questions that you might ask

if you are visiting a hotel or a place you don't know For example, Do you know what time the library closes? a)

b) c) d)

- ?

-?

- ?

-?

4 Rewrite the direct questions in this interview as indirect questions Then match them with the answers 1-7 Which Hollywood actress is being interviewed? a) Where were you born? Could you tell me where :;iOU were born? b) Do you use your middle name as your last name? Is it true that ? c) How would you describe yourself? I'd like to know

-d) Have you got any bad habits? Do you mind telling me ? e) When did you start acting? Could you tell me ? f) Was your big break playing the computer game heroine 'Lara Croft'? Would you say -? g) Are you any good at computer games?

I'm interested to know _

1) Yes It means 'pretty' in French My mother chose it 2) No I'm terrible at them

3) I'd say it probably was, but I'm not known for that so much these days

4) In Los Angeles In 1975

5) I appeared in a few films and music videos in my teens My first big film was called Hackers in 1995 6) A normal person who's worked hard and been lucky

7) Well, I'm not sure it is a bad habit, but I keep getting tattoos done

5 Imagine you are going to interview a famous person Decide who it is and write four indirect questions you would ask them

a) b) c) d)

10

Family (1) Verb patterns

Verbs followed by the to-infi nitive

The following verbs don't normally take an object when they are followed by a to-infinitive: aim, arrange, attempt, can 't afford, decide, expect, hope, intend, manage, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, seem, tend and try

They managed to make me feel at home We tend to go on camping holidays

The following verbs sometimes take an object before a to-infinitive: expect, help, pay, prefer, want and would like I'll help tO'ao the dishes if you lielp me to finish my homework

I'd like to go to the party, and I'd like you to come with me

The following verbs always take an object before a to-infinitive: allow, encourage, force, invite, order, remind, teach, urge and warn

My father used to encourage me to join in Everybody warned me not to talk about anything personal Make & let

The verbs make and let take an object and an infinitive without to

My dad made me join ig (NOT fftaele ffte te jeiR iR)

I'd never Jet anybody borrow my bike (NOT let aftyeeely te eeffew)

Verbs followed by the -ing form

You can use the following verbs with an -ing form to say how much you like or dislike an activity:

love > like/enjoy > (not) mind > dislike > hate/detest/can't stand

You can also use an -ing form after the following verbs: admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dread, end up, feel like, give up, finish, imagine, keep (on), look forward to, miss, practise, prefer, regret, risk, start, suggest and stop

I used to dread going to children's parties Some people say they enjoy shopping, but I don't

Some verbs take an object and then an -ing form

I �pent tliree liours doing my homework I policed awoman sitting alone on the beach

(You can read about verbs followed by both the to-infinitive and the -ing form in Unit 5 (1).)

Verb + preposition structures

You use the -ing form after verb + preposition structures like admit to, apologize for, approve of, believe in, concentrate on, consist of, dream about/of, insist on, object to, rely on, specialize in, succeed in, think of, and worry about

You use the -ing form after verb + object + preposition structures like: accuse someone of, blame someone for, congratulate someone on, convict someone of, forgive someone for, prevent someone from, talk someone into and thank someone for

Family (1)

2 (1) Practice

1 Complete the second sentence so the meaning is

similar to the first Use the to-infinitive or -ing form

of the underlined verb in the first sentence

a) We're meeting them at 8 o'clock

We've arranged to meet them tlt 8 o'clock

b) I'll cook dinner if you like

-c) I read my book for three hours last night

I spent three hours

-d) Peter has a habit of losing things all the time

-e) The plan is to leave before it gets dark

-f) Marco wasn't really angry

Marco was only pretending _

g) I might look for a new job

I) It would be better if you came at 6.30

I'd prefer you

-m) I'll ask Sam if he wants to come with us

I'll invite Sam

-2 Underline the correct alternative

a) The police forced/made everyone to empty

their pockets

b) My parents are always forcing/making me

turn my music down

c) Dan's parents don't allow(let him play

computer games

d) I don't think my boss will allow/let me to

leave work early

3 Complete these statements about parents and

childhood Use the -ing, to-infinitive or infinitive

(without to) form of the verbs in the box

be be Ele

go play

get up go stay tidy

a) I always helped my parents to do the housework

b) My parents let me out late only at the weekend

c) My parents allowed me to bed as late as I wanted

d) My parents always encouraged me _ _ _ _ myself

e) I always disliked early in the morning

f) My parents were always making me _ _

5 You use the -ing form after verb + preposition

Complete each sentence by adding the correct preposition and by putting the verb in italics into the correct form

a) I need to concentrate on revisin�:a for exams revise

b) I thanked her _ so helpful

d) He didn't apologize late

be pay

be e) I congratulated him his exam

12

Family (2) Adjective structures

Adjective + to-infinitive

These adjectives are often followed by a to-infinitive: boring, cheap, easy, excellent, exciting, foolish, glad, happy, hard,

likely, pleased, right, quick, sorry, silly, stupid and terrible

The car's small and easy to park

We would be silly to ignore them

0 mow you are feeling better

He was excellent to work with

My car is cheap to run

I am pleased to say that we are keeping to the schedule

This new boyfriend isn't likely to last very long

You can also use it (+ be)+ adjective+ to-infinitive

It's hard to mow what Sarah's planning I find it boring to visit relatives

Adjective + for + object + to-i nfinitive

You can talk about a specific person or thing or a type of person or thing by putting for+ object between the

adjective and the to-infinitive

She was eager

It's essential

for our talks for this for him

to take a long time

to pass this exam

to talk to adults

to work such long hours

Adjectives + prepositions

Many adjectives can be followed by a particular preposition Here is a list of some of the more common ones:

certain about, optimistic about, serious about

famous for, late for, ready for

afraid of, fond of, proud of

accustomed to, allergic to, used to

I'm not silre"about going out tonight

good at, hopeless at, useless at covered in, interested in, lacking in dependent on, keen on, reliant on angry with, compatible with, fed up with

They've got good reason to be }!roudof their son, but I think he's a bit too �endiiif on them

When I was ill I had to learn to be teliant o_!!

I wasn't very k _ , een on the food at first but I'm iiilliusiastic abou� it now �

When I first came to England there were lots of things I found it hard to get accustomecHO'

Don't be iiii'_S!Y Witli them - they didn't mean any harm

the kids always coming back home ,oovered'm mud

Family (2)

2 (2) Practice

1 Write sentences about the advertisements in two

different ways using the words in the box

easy I install it'ee I aewflleaa

impossible /break free I join

a) it's free to downlotld NetShield FirewtJII

NetShield Firewtlll is free to downlotld

difficult I understand easy I find

easy/get great/be important/be

impossible I hear pleased I meet

ready /leave seny/A:e!H' likely I rain

a) I'm sorry to hetlr that you didn't get the job

b) I love going away on holiday, but it's always

back home

c) Are you ? The taxi is waiting

d) It was each other in the club The

music was so loud

e) f) g) h) i)

you, Helen I'm David James

It's later - look at those clouds

Is it to your house from the train station?

a) It's essential __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

b) It's importantc) It's useful _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

-4 Add the correct preposition

a) I tend to be good most sports I try

b) I'm not allergic anything

c) I'm afraid spiders

d) I was late school today

e) I'm serious studying English

f) I'm not too dependent my parents

g) I've been working too hard I'm ready

a holiday

h) I'm hopeless computer games

i) My city is famous its football team

j) I'm fed up the weather at the moment

k) My bedroom walls are covered posters

I) I've always been keen sports

m) I'm getting quite used speaking English

5 Tick I the sentences in exercise 4 that are true for you

6 Complete the sentences so they are true for you

For example, I'm not bad at tennis

a) I'm not bad b) I'm useless c) I'm fed up d) I' m interested e) I'm really proud f) I'm optimistic

14

Money (1) Articles

The definite article is the

The indefinite article is a before consonant sounds, an before vowel sounds

Some words begin with a vowel letter but a consonant sound, so you use a: a university, a useful tool

Articles can be difficult to use correctly; the rules are many and complex Here are some of the most important rules

No article

You don't normally use articles with proper nouns such as places, people, and companies

In 1848, gold was discovered in California Something caught Marsliaii' s eye

President James Polk made a statement to Congress He had a job with Microsoft but now he's moved to !IBM

But there are some exceptions, where the definite article is used, for example:

mountain ranges: the Alps

oceans: the Pacific Ocean

theatres: the Hi�podrome

hotels: the Grana Hotel

countries with a plural element: the United States canals: the Kennet andAvon Canal

museums: the Science Museum

The indefinite article means 'one' so you don't use it with plurals or uncountable nouns

There are plenty of ideas

Our food contains only the best !!.gredients

They sold possessions, mortgaged �arms and borrowed money

Indefinite article: introducing/categorizing

The love of money is the root of all evil

He was ruined by alcoholism

When you first mention new people, places, objects etc, the most normal thing to do is to introduce them by saying what category they belong to You use the indefinite article to show that this is what you are doing

Sutter was a Swiss immigrant California was a distant outpost

Definite article: referring/identifying

When you identify something or refer to a specific thing, you use the definite article This often happens for ene of these two reasons:

It has been mentioned before (back reference):

He was driving his lorry very fast, and the veliiCle smashed into a tree on a bend in the road

Thenews was telegraphed to every village, to every town (the news that gold had been discovered, for example.)

It is shared knowledge between the speaker/writer and the listener/reader:

He recognized a gap in f!!F mark-:_t

You could be calmly sitting on the beach, dozing in the sun and looking at the oce� (It's obvious which beach, sun, and ocean you are talking about.)

Shared knowledge and back reference can combine

He took a pliotograph.jThe click of Jhe camera woke the ma,g up (We know that to take a photograph you need a camera, and that most cameras go click when you take a picture We also know which man is being referred to, as

he must have been mentioned before.)

Note: In general statements in English you don't usually use the definite article with plural or uncountable nouns Men are a mystery to women

Tune is money

Money (1)

3 {1) Practice

1

2

Look at the e-mail and decide whether you use the

with the following categories of 'places' Underline

the examples in the text

a) continents, countries, states,

cities I towns I villages

b) countries with a plural element

c) mountains, lakes

d) mountain ranges, rivers I canals,

seas I oceans

e) streets, parks, squares, palaces,

castles, stations, airports

f) theatres, museums, hotels

the not with the

We're now almost at the end of our holiday to

North America The United States is amazing In

New York at the moment - staying at the Gershwin

Hotel just off Fifth Avenue near Union Square

Went to the Museum of Modern Art this morning,

which was fantastic and off for a walk in Central

Park later Have been all over the country

-highlights so far are the Rocky Mountains, Mount

Rushrnore, canoeing on the Colorado River and

surfing in the Pacific in California Off to Canada

for two weeks in a few days

Will e-mail again soon Jx

With which of these 'places' do you use the? Write

the or - (no article)

d) Netherlands k) Himalayas

g) Mount Fuji n) Bond Street

3 Complete the 'urban legends' by adding a/an or the

Child's play

(a) jury in Texas awarded Kathleen Robertson

$780,000 last week after she broke her ankle when

she tripped over (b) young child (c)

child was playing inside (d) furniture

showroom when (e) accident happened

Understandably, (f) owners of (g) shop

were taken aback by (h) result of (i)

court case, as (j) child that had caused

(k) accident was Mrs Robertson' s own son

Lucky break Amber Carson of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, threw (a) drink at her boyfriend during (b)

row while they were having dinner Thirty seconds later she slipped on (c) drink, fell over and broke (d) bone in her lower back She sued (e) restaurant and was awarded $113,500

Motor home madness (a) man from Oklahoma who bought (b)

brand new motor home had his first accident just after collecting it from (c) showroom Driving along (d) freeway, he set (e) cruise control at

70 mph and left (f) driver's seat He went into (g) back to make (h) cup of coffee, mistakenly believing that (i) vehicle would drive itself Unsurprisingly, (j) motor home came off (k) road and crashed (1) driver was only slightly injured and was able to sue (m) manufacturer because (n) owner's manual didn't actually say he couldn't leave (o) driver's seat when (p) cruise control was on

He was awarded $1,750,000 and (q) new motor home

4 Underline the correct alternative

a) Could you pass me sugar/the sugar please?

b) Do you take sugar/the sugar in your tea?

c) Do you like COs/the COs I burned for you?

d) How much are COs/the COs in your country?

e) I generally like going to bars/the bars that play music/the music, but music/the music was too loud

in bars/the bars we went to last night

f) The book costs £20/the £20-I haven't got enough

on me Can you give me back £10/the £10 I lent you?

5 Complete the famous quotations about money with the or -(no article)

a) When I was young, I thought that _ money

was _ most important thing in life Now I'm old, I know that it is (Oscar Wilde)

b) What's the use of _ happiness? It can't buy

you _ money (Henny Youngman) c) If _ women didn't exist, all _ money in

world would have no meaning (Aristotle Onassis)

16

Money (2)

Unreal conditionals

Most conditional sentences have two clauses: an 'if' clause and a main clause

• The 'if' clause states a condition: If I were rich It usually starts with the conjunction if, but some other

conjunctions are possible (See Unit 9 (3).)

• The main clause comments on the condition in the 'if' clause: I'd buy a huge house

You can put the two clauses in either order In writing, when the 'if' clause is first, you use a comma to separate it from the main clause

If I were rich� I'd buy a huge house

I'd buy a huge house if I were rich

Types of conditional

You use real conditionals to talk about real or possible events and situations

If you have dreams, money makes them possible

If you see Max, could you give him this letter?

If it rained, we usually played indoors

My father gave me five pounds a week if I behaved well

You use unreal conditionals to talk about events and situations that are imaginary, untrue, impossible or unlikely

If I governed this country, I'd ban smoking in all public places

I wouldn't give the children so much pocket money if I were you

Backshifting

In the 'if' clause of an unreal conditional the tense changes; it backshifts

present > past

present perfect > past perfect

past > past perfect

I wasn't listening

If I &ovemed the country,

If I Wiiii't going out tonight,

If I'd finished my work,

If Ifd worked hard at school,

If I'd been listening,

In the main clause you can use any of the four past modal auxiliaries would, could, should or might Would is the most frequent, and in speech is normally contracted to 'd With any of these four, you can use the simple form (would do), the continuous (would be doing), the perfect (would have done), or the perfect continuous (would have been doing) as appropriate

If I'd known they were valuable antiques, I

.- - , - 1£ you'd told me you were coming, Ild liive been waiting for vou

-If + wa.slwere in unreal conditionals

In spoken and written English, you will find both if I was and if I were Both are acceptable, though many people consider were to be more correct

If I were rich, If I was rich, If he ;were famous,

You always use were in the expression If I were you, to give advice

If I 'were you, I wouldn't throw those old toys away

Money (2)

If she was famous,

3 (2) Practice

1 Underline the verbs in bold that refer to the

present or future.( Circle) the verbs in bold that

refer to the past

a) If he(hadn't made) such a mess of his exams,

he'd be at university now

b) If it were a bit cheaper, I'd buy it

c) I'm sure he'd have got the job if he'd applied

for it

d) If I had more money, I'd have bought it

e) If your parents hadn't lent us that money,

we'd be in a real mess

f) If ever you needed financial help, who would

you turn to?

2 Write conditional sentences using the prompts

a) I overslept -t I missed my train

If I hc.1dn't overslept I wouldn't hc.1ve missed

my trc.1in

b) he wasn't in work today -t I couldn't ask him

c) we missed the last bus -t we are having to

walk home

d) I like him -t I am going to his party

e) I don't like him -t I didn't go to his party

f) she doesn't have time-t she can't help me

g) I didn't see him -t I didn't talk to him

h) I stayed up all night -t I'm feeling so tired

3 Complete the sentences using the pairs of verbs in

the box

Het l:le/ge be/not smoke eeffte ettt/fl:et have

do/put in have/be able not like/buy

tell/can do not worry /be

a) 'd come out with you if I didn't hc.1ve so

much work to do Maybe I'll catch up with

you later

b) I wouldn't be so tired if I 'd gone to bed a bit

earlier last night

c) If you _ me about it earlier, I

_ something about it But it's

too late now

f) Of course I like the dress If I _ _

it, I _ it, would I?

more effort

h) You _ a lot fitter if you

4 Complete the sentences using the verbs in the box and your own ideas For example, If I found a winning lottery ticket in the classroom, I wouldn't tell anyone and claim the money

I borrow can be can change find win I a) If I a winning lottery ticket in the classroom,

now, c) If I my friend's car and put a

scratch on it,

d) If I one thing about myself,

e) If I € 10 million in the lottery,

5 Here are some useful unreal conditional phrases

Complete the sentences so they are true for you

For example, If I had the chance, I'd love to live abroad for a while Things would be a lot better if I had a bit more free time

a) If I had the chance, b) Things would be a lot better if _ _ c) If I had more time, _ _ _ d) I wouldn't be surprised if _ _

18

Body (1) Sympathy, advice & recommendations

Showing sympathy

You can use any of the following expressions to show sympathy with someone

Poor you

Oh dear

That must be awful

I know what you mean

If you are not sympathetic, you can use the following:

Serves you right

You've only got yourself to blame

If you hadn't you wouldn't be now

If you hadn't wasted your time at university, you wouldn't be unemployed now

Giving advice & making recommendations

There are lots of expressions for giving advice and making recommendations These are typical in conversation:

If I were you, I'd

If you ask me, you should/need to

Have you tried + noun I -ing

You could try + noun/ -ing

Have you thought of + -ing

You can also use imperatives

Try not to take it too seriously

If I were you, I'd try acupuncture

If you ask me, you should go and see your doctor

If you ask me, you need to lie down for a while

Have you tried this recipe?

Have you tried logging off and logging on again?

You could try this new shampoo

You could try taking a bit more exercise

Have you thought of replacing your computer - getting something

a bit faster?

!<eeP.!!.p the treatment until you feel better

Don't e�ect to get better overnight

The following expressions are typical in written or more formal situations:

It's important (not) to

It's best (not) to

It's a good idea to

It's important t o eat plenty of vegetables

It's best not to drink too much coffee

It's a good idea to wrap up warm in winter

You can make the advice less direct by using an adverb like maybe or probably:

Maybe you should go and see a dentist if it hurts that much

It's probabJfl not a good idea to go out without a coat

Body (1)

4 (1} Practice

1 Put the words in the responses in the correct order

a) Dave's broken his wrist He won't be able to do

any work for weeks must I that I awful I be

for hiln

b) I've got an awful headache you I right I serves

- It's all that

wine you drank last night

c) I've got a terrible cold I feel dreadful

what I I I mean I you I know

e) I'm feeling so unfit these days

If you ask me, you should doing

a bit more exercise

f) I'm exhausted

_ to bed then

g) I'm going to meet my girlfriend's parents for

the first tUne Any suggestions?

Well, it may be a good idea _ them a small present- some flowers maybe

5 Use the words given to write full responses Add _ I had it last week words where necessary

2

d) Did you hear? I failed the exam

got I yourself I only I you've I blame I to

partying and not enough studying!

Indicate which of the responses in exercise 1 show:

1) sympathy

2) no sympathy

0

0 0 0

3 Write an appropriate expression in response to the

following to show either sympathy or no sympathy

a) I feel sick I think it's all that chocolate cake I ate

b) I'm totally fed up with this weather

c) I've got a really painful ear infection I've had it

for days

d) I was late again My boss wasn't happy at all

4 Complete the advice and recommendations using the

correct form of the verbs in the box

I drink ge go look spend start take

a) What can I do with my friend when she visits

on Friday?

Have you thought of -fl.Q.in.g_ out for a meal?

b) I can't stop hiccupping

Have you tried _ a glass of water?

c) I've never got any money these days

You could try less on computer

games for a start

d) I'm totally fed up with my job

If I were you, I _ for another one

a) My hotel room hasn't been cleaned and there's

no hot water

If I ask I me I should I complain to the manager

If you t:�sk me you should complt:�in to the mt:�nt:�ger

b) I've lost my passport

If I I I you I report I it to the police

c) I just don't seem to be able to meet anyone

could I try I join I a club or a course or something

d) I can't get hold of David

tried I call I his mobile

? e) My car's always breaking down these days

thought of I get I a new one

? f) I saw Sam kissing Fred's girlfriend the other day W hat should I do about it?

probably I best I say nothing

g) I've had a terrible headache for days now

If I ask I me I should I go to the doctor's

6 Give some advice or recommendations for a healthy lifestyle For example, It's important to drink plenty of water

a) It's ilnportant

-b) It's a good idea

-c) It's not a good idea

-d) It's best not

20

Body (2)

Phrasal verbs

The term 'phrasal verb' usually refers to any multi-word verb consisting of a verb followed by a particle (or

sometimes two particles) Particles are words like down, up, on, off and about

T he meaning of phrasal verbs

Sometimes the meaning is obvious from the meanings of the verb and the particle

You can put your bags down in the corner

You can hardly see through these windows - they're so dirty

Sometimes the particle can help you to work out the meaning For example, there are a lot of phrasal verbs where the particle up has the meaning of finishing or doing something completely

Drink up your coffee - it's time to go

We'll have to clear up this mess before the visitors arrive

In your conclusion you should sum up the main points of your essay

If you've used up all the teabags, why didn't you buy some more?

In some cases the meaning isn't obvious and you have to learn these phrasal verbs in the same way as you do any new lexical item: learn the exact meaning, notice how the verb is used in context and frequently revise your examples Nevertheless it is often easy to see how the meaning of a phrasal verb has developed For example, if you see through someone, you can see the truth about them that they try to disguise If you come across something, it's as if you and it are travelling on different paths, and the paths cross If you get away with doing something you shouldn't have done, it's as if you've stolen something and you escape without being discovered

T he grammar of phrasal verbs

There are four basic grammatical types of phrasal verb

verb + particle

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive - i.e they don't take an object

When's the new book coming out?

verb + object + particle (separable)

The biggest group of phrasal verbs are transitive - i.e they take an object If the direct object is a noun, you can usually put it either before or after the particle

We'll have to put the meeting off till next week We'll have to put off the meeting till next week

But if the direct object is a pronoun, you can only put it between the verb and the particle

We'll have to put it i)ff till next week (NOT f!ttt efi it)

I can put you up for the night (NOT J:lttt ttfl yett)

verb + particle + object (not separable)

With these phrasal verbs, you always put the object after the particle - you can't separate the verb and the particle It doesn't make any difference whether the object is a noun or a pronoun

They'll help you - you can always counr o'n them I cam e across an old photo of you the other day

verb + particle + particle + object (not separable)

These are similar to the last group You always put the object (noun or pronoun) after the second particle

You'll have to come up with a better idea than that!

They've got big ideas about redesigning the garden but they never g_!t round to it

For more examples of each of the four types of phrasal verb, see page 142 of Inside Out Upper intermediate

Body (2)

4 (2) Practice

1

2

Complete each sentence with a phrasal verb from

the box that means the same as the words in italics

Put the phrasal verb into the correct tense

come out get at get away go off

go on grow up ft:tfft Hf'

a) He was late He finally turned Uf2 at 9.30

arrived

c) The thieves in a waiting car

The following separable phrasal verbs are included

in this unit Match them with their meanings

a) call off \ 1) disappoint

b) let down 2) reject

c) turn down 3) invent

d) give up 4) cancel

e) fill in 5) add information to a form

f) turn up 6) increase the volume

g) look up 7) learn by doing

h) pick up 8) find information in a book

i) make up 9) stop

3 The following non-separable phrasal verbs are

included in this unit Match them with their

is not true 7} recover from 8) find by chance i) dawn on 9) not be caught

j) get away with 10) occur to

4

5

Cress ettt the alternatives that are not possible

a) They've called the meeting off/called off the meeting/called it off/called off it

b) We'll look the problem into/look into the problem/

look into it/look it into straight away

c) That's the second time he's let Tom down/let down Tom/let him down/let down him this week

d) Sam got his illness over/got over his illness/

got it over/got over it very quickly

e) They turned my proposal down/turned down

my proposal/turned it down/turned down it

f) I gave smoking up/gave up smoking/gave it up/

gave up it a few years ago

g) We need to go your report through/go through your report/go it through/go through it again

h) I can always count Fred on/count on Fred/count

him on/count on him to be there for me

i) I ran Sarah into/ran into Sarah/ran her into/

ran into her in town yesterday

Complete the sentences using the pronouns I

phrasal verbs in the box Be careful to put the pronoun in the correct position

me/ dawn on it/ fill in it/tttffi:ttJ:3 them / pick up him / see through it/ come across it/ get away with him / put up with it/ look up it/ make up

a) I can't hear the music Can you turn it Uf2 please?

b) Anna's always been good at learning languages She seems to quite easily

c) I knew he was lying I straight away

d) I'd spent ages trying to decide what to do e)

f)

before it suddenly _ _ _ _ _ _

I can't find my mobile Let me know if you

If you don't know the meaning of a word, in the dictionary

g) Here's the form you need Could you

h) The story isn't true He _ _ _ _ _ _

i) Ali's new boyfriend is so rude I don't know how she _ _ _ _ _ _

j) Nobody suspects we broke the window I think we'll _ _ _ _ _ _

22

Ritual (1) To-infinitive or -ing form?

Many verbs are followed either by the to-infinitive or by the -ing form

He e:gJects !o fiE to Beijing soon I miss hearing her voice

Only one person admitted seeing him that night I enjoy going to the football on Saturdays

A few verbs can be followed by both the to-infinitive and the -ing form Sometimes the two forms express very different meanings

Remember, forget

With the to-infinitive, you can talk about actions somebody is/was supposed to do

I rem!_mtiered to �u1: her a birthday card, but I forgot to post it

(= I was supposed to buy her a birthday card, and I did I was supposed to post it, but I didn't.)

With the -ing form, you are referring to definite events - things that people actually did

I remem6er meeting her in a bar (= I met her and now I remember that meeting.)

I'll never forgeHdssing her for the first time (= I kissed her and I'll never forget it.)

Note: Forget + -ing is usually only used with negative meaning

Stop

You use the -ing form to say that something happened for some time and then stopped

She stoppea talki!!g to him after that last argument (= She talked to him before, but then she stopped.)

You use the to-infinitive to say why someone stopped (walking, for example)

When I saw her in town, she sto�ped to tell me about her boyfriend (= She stopped because she wanted to tell me about her boyfriend.)

Try

Try + to-infinitive means that you try something but you don't succeed

If tried to make her understand, but she wouldn't listen (= I didn't succeed in making her understand.)

Try + -ing means that you try something to see what the result will be

I triea leavfitg her messages, but she never replied (= I left messages because I wanted to get in touch with her, but she didn't reply.)

Note: You can often use try + -ing as an alternative to try + to-infinitive

Like, love, hate

You can use the to-infinitive with these verbs to imply that something is a good or bad idea

I like to do my tax returns early I hate to keep people waiting

You can also use the -ing form or the to-infinitive to express your feelings about an activity

I hate doing my tax returns

I love walldng in the countryside

Note: Some other verbs including help, go on and come can also be followed by either the to-infinitive or the -ing form, with a change in meaning

We went on talJilitg for hours She 'went on to mention her future plans

Ritual (1 )

d) We tried to open/opening the windows and

doors, but it was still too hot

e) I forgot to send/sending my sister a birthday

card

f) I must remember to do/doing it this afternoon

g) I'll never forget to see/seeing the Taj Mahal for

the first time

h) I can remember to feel/feeling absolutely

amazed the second I saw it

Peter was supposed to do the following things to

prepare for his party He remembered / some of

the things but forgot )( some things Write sentences

using remember and forget

·waFH the HeigA.eetH"s )( burn some COs /

prepare the food )( buy the drinks /

rearrange the furniture )(

a) He forgot to wt1rn the neighbours

b)

c)

d)

e)

3 The day after his party Peter remembers some

things about the party but not everything

Complete his sentences using the prompts

a) can remember I drink a lot of champagne

I ct1n remember drinking t1 lot of cht1mpt1gne

b) can remember I dance with everyone

c) can't remember I go to bed

I

d) never forget I everyone I sing 'Happy Birthday'

4 Complete the responses using the phrases in the box

hit it �Refte l=Hfft: reload it talk to him be with you a) I can't get hold of William

Have you tried phoning him at the office?

b) This new photo software isn't working properly Try c) The radio keeps cutting out

d) When are you planning to get here?

I'll try -by 6.30 e) That new guy at work seems to be ignoring me You could always try -

5 Complete the sentences using like and the verbs in the box In all the sentences, the speaker is saying that something is a good idea

I arrive be go � I a)

b)

I like to pt1y my bills as soon as they arrive

I always at the train station

20 minutes before the train is due to leave

c) I _ to the gym at least twice a week

d) I up and dressed by 7.30 each morning

6 Complete the sentences using the words in the box

In all the sentences, the speaker is expressing that they enjoy or don't enjoy something in general

I like I cook hate I get up like I learn le•;e I �lay a) I love plt1ying computer games

b) I've never

-1 get a take-away whenever I can

c) I really -English

7 Tick / the sentences in exercise 6 that are true for you

8 Complete the following sentences so they are true for you For example, I'll never forget going to Ibiza for the first time I'm always forgetting to charge my mobile

a) I'll never forget b) I'm always forgetting

c) I must remember d) I've never tried e) I really should stop f) I really love

g) I really hate

24

Ritual (2) Present & past habits

The most usual way of talking about habits is to use a simple tense with an adverb of frequency or an adverb phrase

When I was younger and fitter I went running every day

I iVery: rarel� go to a football match �wa�ys

She hardly: eve11 did any work

N� she gets up at seven o'clock

Will & would

If you want to emphasize that you are talking about actions (not states) that are characteristic of a person and

predictable, you can use will ('ll) or won 't for the present and would ( 'd) for the past

Hem sit there for hours, day after day, talking about old times

You can use would ('d) to talk about regular or repeated actions in the past It is often used for personal

reminiscences, and sometimes suggests a feeling of nostalgia It is followed by the infinitive of the verb

When he was younger, he'(l always go for long walks at weekends

Will and would are usually contracted to 'll and 'd If you use the full, uncontracted forms, you might sound

annoyed (see below)

Note: You don't often use would ('d) with this meaning in the negative, and you never use it in questions You use

used to instead (see below)

(NOT Vw�ttla yett �lay fee�eaU wReR yett wefe yettFtJ!:ef?)

Used to

You can use this structure to talk about habits, states or situations in the past It can be used in the affirmative, the

negative, and in questions

I didn't use to waste so much time watching the TV

Which subjects did you use to like best at school?

Annoying habits

You can use will to express your annoyance about the way someone typically behaves, especially with insist on +

-ing and keep + -ing In this case, will is usually stressed and not contracted

They Will insist on mecliln""i everyone's ID at the entrance

· home late and Wstur6ing everyone

You can also use always/forever + present or past continuous to express annoyance

as 'forever comP.liiiiiiig about things

Note: This structure does not always express annoyance

I like her because she's always making jokes

Ritual (2)

�

�

5 (2) Practice

1 Complete the sentences with an appropriate form

of used to and the verbs in the box

NAME: James Black

AGE: 22

ADDRESS: 45 Banbury Road, Oxford

MARITAL STATUS: married

JOB: shop assistant

LANGUAGES: none

INTERESTS: computer games, guitar, pop music

NAME: James Black

AGE: 32

ADDRESS: 56 Beech Street, Brighton

MARITAL STATUS: divorced

JOB: writer

LANGUAGES: French, Spanish

INTERESTS: art, reading

be be More play play speak work

a) James used to live in Oxford

2 Cress ettt would where it is not possible

Schooldays THEN and now

I first went to school in the 1930s I (a) didn 't use to/

'l!tlBtdobt 't like school, mainly because there were too

many rules The most important rule was that we

(b) used to/would have to stand up whenever an

adult came into the room and if you didn't do this,

you (c) used to/would get into a lot of trouble We

(d) didn't use to/wouldn't study many different

subjects - English, maths, history, geography and

Religious Studies were the main ones I (e) used to/

would like maths the best Although the school was

mixed, boys and girls (f) never used to/would never

play together We (g) used to/would play football at

one end of the playground and the girls (h) used to/

would always play at the other end

3 Complete the text with will and the verbs in the box

end up have

get together go

� throw on

Schooldays then and NOW

On a typical day we (a) '11 study the core subjects like IT, maths, science and English and most days

or two other subjects such as politics or psychology

We have six 45-minute lessons each day We also

do project work in groups and sometimes we

this, though we (d) usually _ _ _ _ chatting and not actually getting that much work done The school rules are pretty relaxed and you can wear whatever you want within reason On most days, I (e) a pair of jeans and a t-shirt After school, we (f) -

usually for a coffee or just hang

around the common room until we get kicked out

4 Rewrite the sentences so the meaning is similar but shows more annoyance Use the words in italics and the -ing form

a) He loses his keys all the time always He's � lw�ys losine his keys

b) He plays that same song all the time forever c) She tells me what to do constantly

d) Jane sends me those stupid intemet jokes all the time always

e) He shows everyone his new mobile all the time will insist on

f) If you miss lessons all the time, what do you expect? will keep