Scan fighter b version 1 0 listening, reading speaking

Với tất cả những cố gắng không ngừng nghỉ 46, IELTS Fighter tin réing bạn sẽ sớm đạt được mức điểm như kì vọng sau khoảng thời gian đồng hành cùng khóa học TELTS B - khóa học chuyên sâu

“Giáo viên không chỉ là thần tượng của học

Viên, mà còn giúp học viên trở thành thần

tượng của chính mình trên hành trình

chỉnh phúc ngôn ngữ và khám phá

tiêm nang cua ban than.”

Học viên đến với Hệ thống Giáo dục và Đào tạo IMAP Việt Nam đều được bồi

dưỡng và phát triển toàn diện 3 yếu tố M - K- S

KNOWLEDGE (Năng lực ngôn ngữ tiếng Anh)

hin 7.7%

TỪ ĐỘI Nat IELTS FIGHTER

Describe an old friend you enjoy talking with

SEE slll ni ven Ulett

Street, and serendipitously I tous) cohor-t from my history

aa Sy le

my mind, I felt analytical

a was cc welking ‘on ihe HÀ,

street when I met an old or

ee friend from high school At -

- the back of my mind, I dimly remembered hit

Nếu là bạn, bạn sẽ chọn mẫu số 1 hay mẫu số 2 để trả lời cho câu hỏi IELTS Speaking part 2 cua

mình đây nhỉ?

Chắc chắn sẽ có nhiều bạn lựa chọn học theo mẫu câu trả lời số 2, vì nó trông thật “khủng”, thật

"xịn” phải không nào? Chính vì suy nghĩ ấy, rất nhiều bạn chỉ nghĩ đến IELTS là đã cảm thấy sợ hãi,

cho rằng đó là một thứ vô cùng cao siêu, chỉ có những bạn siêu giỏi tiếng Anh mới có thể học được

Từ vựng phải “đao to búa lớn", cấu trúc ngữ pháp 'độc", “lạ" thì mới làm cho giám khảo ấn tượng,

mới có thể ước mơ IELTS 6.5, 7.0 Và từ nỗi sợ đó, đã khiến bạn không ít lần ngần ngại học IELTS,

vuột mất một cơ hội du học, một cơ hội việc làm gần sát tầm tay

Với sứ mệnh: “Phổ cập IELTS cho người Việt và giúp 1 triệu người Việt đạt 6.5+ IELTS", chúng tôi hy

vọng trở thành người đồng hành đáng tin cậy, truyền cảm hứng chỉnh phục ngôn ngữ, giúp bạn

đi từng bước vững vàng, đạt từng mục tiêu nhỏ dé về đích

Để từ đó, chúng ta cùng hướng tới kiến thức rộng mở và mục tiêu lớn 7.O-8.O IELTS trong thời gian

ngắn nhất Nói cách khác, những chiến binh của IELTS Fighter sẽ được “huấn luyện" cách biến

những công cụ hàng ngày trở thành những vũ khí tối tân và “lợi hại" Như vậy, IELTS chẳng hề xa lạ

và khó khăn đúng không nao?

Bạn nói rằng IELTS khó, hãy cùng IELTS Fighter thay đổi suy nghĩ ấy nhét “Impossible? - No! m

possible” Hành trình vạn dặm bắt đầu từ bước đi đầu tiên Trở thành chiến binh mạnh mẽ và

chinh phục IELTS ngay hôm nay cùng IELTS Fighter nhét

Lời mở đầu

Các bạn học viên than mén!

Ngay khi cẩn cuốn sách này trên †ay, chắc hẳn bạn đã trải qua một chặng đường dài cùng vô

vàn sự nễ lực trên hành trinh chỉnh phục ngôn ngữ Với tất cả những cố gắng không ngừng nghỉ

46, IELTS Fighter tin réing bạn sẽ sớm đạt được mức điểm như kì vọng sau khoảng thời gian đồng hành cùng khóa học TELTS B - khóa học chuyên sâu với mục Tiêu giúp các bạn dat mức

điểm 7.05

Hướng đến việc chuẩn bị kỹ càng nhất cho học viên †rước khi bước vào phòng thi, IELTS

Figh†er đã xây dựng khóa TELTS B †ập †rung đào †qo với mục đích giúp các bạn:

Ml Nâng cao vốn từ vựng học thuật band điểm cao, cũng như sử dụng lượng từ linh hoạt,

chính xác và ph hợp trong bối cảnh hợp lí

BH Đa dạng hóa lượng ngữ pháp va van dung nhuẩn nhuyễn †rong từng dạng bài thi/phan thi của kỹ năng Speaking va Writing

He Gia tăng phản xe làm bài thi qua các dé thi that trong thời gian gẩn đây, Tập trung vào

cách khắc phục các lỗi sai thường gấp trong bai thi Rut ra cdc cấu trúc hay, cách phát triển ý và triển khai bài viết/nói thông qua việc phân

tich cdc bai sample mau dat band diém 7.0, 8.0, được chấm bởi cựu giám khảo TELTS Bên cạnh đó, học viên còn được †qo môi †rường giúp cải thiện kỹ năng Debate (Tranh biện), Teamwork (Làm việc nhóm) và phát †riển €ritical thinking (Tư duy phản biện) thông qua các

hoạt động học tập được thiết kế trên nền tảng ôn luyện TELTS

Qua cuến sách nay, IELTS Fighter †in rằng bạn sẽ có sự chuẩn bị đẩy đủ, kỹ càng hơn về mặt kiến thức, cũng như có tâm thế tự tin và sẵn sàng bước vào phòng thi để chỉnh phục mức điểm như tong muốn

Chúc các bạn thành công!

hh

Student's book IELTS FIGHTER B

Cuén sdch IELTS B tap trung chuyên sâu vào các dạng bài †rong bài thi TELTS, cũng như mở rộng những chủ

điểm từ vựng, cấu trúc ngữ pháp nâng cao cẩn thiết giúp các bạn hướng đến mục tiêu 7.0+ Cuốn sách được thiết

kế men theo slide bài giảng, nhằm giúp học viên sử dụng song song trong quá †rình học và †ự ôn tập tại nhà Để

đạt được mục †iêu cửa khóa học, IELTS Fighter xin gi tdi các bạn cách sử dụng cuốn sách này hiệu quả và và

†ối ưu hóa thời gian nhất

Mỗi bài học mới sẽ cung cấp cho các bạn một lượng kiến thức lớn Bởi vậy, việc †ìm hiểu và chuẩn bị

bài trước là vô cùng quan trong, gitip hoc viên có cái nhìn tổng quan về những nội dung sắp được tiếp cận, cũng như nâng cao khả năng tiếp thu bài học †rên lớp

Do dé, mỗi bài học của cuốn sách sẽ có mục “Lesson preparation”, là phẩn chuẩn bị bài trước khi đến lép của học viên và sẽ xoay quanh những chủ điểm ngữ pháp, từ vựng liên quan chặt chế đến bài thi TELTS Theo đó, các bạn học viên sẽ làm các bài tập của mục này †rước ở nhà và sẽ được các thẩy cô chữa đáp án chỉ tiết †rong buổi học

Ngoài ra, nhận thấy được tẩm quan trong của việc học †ừ vựng cững như thấu hiểu được những khó khăn của các bạn học viên †rong việc †ìm kiếm nguồn tài liệu tự học, cuốt mỗi bài học của cuốn sách

sé cé myc “Glossary”, nai cdc ban duge cung cấp kho từ vựng cùng chủ để với bài học hôm đó và được

thiết kế theo dạng các bài †ập nhỏ Các bạn lưu ý hãy chuẩn bị mục này trước khi đến lớp nhé!

| Mi bai hoc trong cuốn sách được thiết kế với các dạng bài da dạng như điển †ừ vào chỗ trống, nối

théng tin, doc và đánh giá sample , phục vụ trực tiếp cho một dạng bài cụ †hể thường xuyên xuất

hiện †rong một kỹ năng của để thi Thông qua việc làm và chữa các bài tập này, giáo viên sẽ cùng học

viên rút ra được các phương pháp và chiến thuật phù hợp để giải quyết dạng bài đó Ngoài ra, sau mỗi

bài học sẽ có phan “Your notes" ~ nai các bạn học viên †ự do ghi chép lại những nội dung cẩn lưu ý,

cũng như lưu lại phẩn kiến thức mở rộng mà giáo viên đề cập thêm

thời gian, tiển bạc mộ† cách hiệu quả, đặc biệt là khi các bạn đọc lại phẩn nội dung mình đã tu mình

ghi chép và mở rộng Học chỉ trên giáo †rình là chưa đủ, bạn nên cố gắng sắp xếp thời gian hàng ngày

để làm quen các dạng để †hi thật †rong các cuốn sách TELTS như bệ để thi Cambridge, TELTS Actual test, TELTS Trainer Cách này giúp các bạn vừa ôn tập được kiến thức cũ, vừa rèn luyện nâng cao trình độ bản thân nhằm sớm đạt được mức điểm như mong muốn.

Table of Contents

LISTENING & READING 0 ccecceessseceseesesesssstsssessstsssesnssssseseaccssssescsessssussesscsesescsucsucasessesenncanevtes 2

UNIT 1 Listening & Reading oo ceescecsescsesesssessseseessessescessesescscscscceareceeescevssssvasscusssacavsnsavsnatenanseecaeees 3

UNIT 2 Listening & Reading .cccccesseseccssssssssssessscsescsssscscssscscscsesusssssscssscecscscsvereaeeevstsususuceeecaceceasas 32

UNIT 1 Expanding Ïdeas (St 2 1 211111114111111111 1111 1T HT HH HT HH HH HH xTrryc 64

UNIT 2 Discourse markers

UNIT 3: [Gi OMSsxaysssscessassnsessnnpsecznecaaiiagtiiiaincitcarararcaceeesoneeeunsencenecansernnureenereasvnstsuneensoavsnavecenencaunveres 100

UNIT 4 Speaking Part 1 ecesseeesssscssesssssesessssesesssesesesceusscecsescscscscsvsusssstscsussecsnsucassecesasanerarate 116

UNIT 5 L-minute preparation oo essesecsessessesseceseseesessessessseecsseseeceessusseessececeesecsenseesnessseisacsess 131

UNIT 6 Speaking Part 2 Practice

UNIT 7 Speaking Part 3 cccccccsesesesssessesssssssssesesesesescsescsusseecscscscecsceussssssusvstasacseaeeussesnenensseacere 171

UNIT 8 Speaking Part 2,3 Practice .ccceccseecssssssesesssesesessesesescscscsussvesesesussssesssvarsusansnsasaraeecarass 187

Rất mong sẽ nhận được những phản hồi cụ thể và kịp thời từ các em trong suốt quó trình sử

dụng bộ tài liệu này

IELTS FIGHTER B | 1

LISTENING &

READING

five-to-nine bus - commuter ferry

Le, Ay cxrcunerecanssneeenane is much more time-efficient than a bus

2 In order not to miss the train, ll be sure to get on the . - «.s<vey

3 She wants to live on her farm on an island, so she travels between Saltspring Island and ViCtOrlB DỸ 8 cán 22262 248p every day

4 After breaking up with his girlfriend, he decided to book a to New York

5 Another way to minimize shopping time is to go during .-

IELTS FIGHTER B | 3

Complete the table below

LISTENING PART 11

Question 1-10

Questions 1-5

Complete the notes below

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer

Transport from Bayswater

Example:

Destination Harbour City

e _ Express train leaves at .-.ccece,

e_ Nearest station Ìs 2 c.eeeiie

e _ Number 706 bus goes to 3 .«.- <<

Complete the table below

Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer

———@ LISTENING PART 2?

Questions 11-14 B Tony Denby

Which counsellor should you see? C Naomi Flynn

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 11-14

11 If it your first time seeing a counsellor

12 If you are unable to see a counsellor during normal office hours

13 If you do not have an appointment

14 If your concerns are related to anxiety

Questions 15-20

Complete the table below

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer

Getting organised | use time effectively, find 16 all students

TARAS between study and leisure

Anxiety TẾ Ruitiiiagttrisnutsaaee breathing students about to sit exams

techniques, meditation, etc

———® PRE - READING

Dark matter a substance existing in space that does not give off any light

Cosmo the universe considered as a system with an order and pattern

everything that exists, especially all physical matter, including all the SIHHEEIRS stars, planets, galaxies, etc in space

Galaxy one of the independent groups of stars in the universe

the galaxy (= star system) that includes the earth, seen at night as a

Malley aay pale strip across the sky

IELTS FIGHTER B | 7

———® READING PASSAGE

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage

3 below.3

Mysterious Dark Matter May Not Always

Have Been Dark

Dark matter particles may have interacted extensively with normal matter long ago, when the universe was very hot, a new study suggests The nature of dark matter is currently one of the greatest mysteries in science The invisible substance — which is detectable via its gravitational influence on "normal" matter - is thought to make up five-sixths of all matter in the universe Astronomers began suspecting the existence of dark matter when they noticed the cosmos seemed to possess more mass than stars could account for For example, stars circle the center

of the Milky Way so fast that they should overcome the gravitational pull of the galaxy's core and zoom into the intergalactic void Most scientists think dark matter provides the gravity that helps

hold these stars back Astronomers know more about what dark matter is not than what it

actually is

Scientists have mostly ruled out all known ordinary materials as candidates for dark matter The consensus so far is that this missing mass is made up of new species of particles that interact only very weakly with ordinary matter One potential clue about the nature of dark matter has to

do with the fact that it's five times more abundant than normal matter, researchers said

"This may seem a lot, and it is, but if dark and ordinary matter were generated in a completely

independent way, then this number is puzzling," said study co-author Pavlos Vranas, a particle

physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California "Instead of five, it could have been a million or a billion Why five?" The researchers suggest a possible solution to this puzzle: Dark matter particles once interacted often with normal matter, even though they

barely do so now "This may have happened in the early universe, when the temperature was

very high — so high that both ordinary and dark matter were 'melted’ in a plasma state made up

of their ingredients"

3 Source: https://ielts-up.com/reading/academic-reading-sample-4.3.html

IELTS FIGHTER B | 8

The protons and neutrons making up atomic nuclei are themselves each made up of a trio of

particles known as quarks The researchers suggest dark matter is also made of a composite

"stealth" particle, which is composed of a quartet of component particles and is difficult to

detect (like a stealth airplane) The scientists' supercomputer simulations suggest these

composite particles may have masses ranging up to more than 200 billion electron-volts, which is

about 213 times a proton's mass Quarks each possess fractional electrical charges of positive or

negative one-third or two-thirds In protons, these add up to a positive charge, while in

neutrons, the result is a neutral charge Quarks are confined within protons and neutrons by the

so-called "strong interaction."

The researchers suggest that the component particles making up stealth dark matter particles

each have a fractional charge of positive or negative one-half, held together by a "dark form" of

the strong interaction Stealth dark matter particles themselves would only have a neutral

charge, leading them to interact very weakly at best with ordinary matter, light, electric fields

and magnetic fields The researchers suggest that at the extremely high temperatures seen in

the newborn universe, the electrically charged components of stealth dark matter particles could

have interacted with ordinary matter However, once the universe cooled, a new, powerful and

as yet unknown force might have bound these component particles together tightly to form

electrically neutral composites Stealth dark matter particles should be stable — not decaying

over eons, if at all, much like protons However, the researchers suggest the components making

up stealth dark matter particles can form different unstable composites that decay shortly after

their creation "For example, one could have composite particles made out of just two

component particles," Vranas said

These unstable particles might have masses of about 100 billion electron-volts or more, and

could be created by particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) beneath the

France-Switzerland border They could also have an electric charge and be visible to particle

detectors, Vranas said Experiments at the LHC, or sensors designed to spot rare Instances of

dark matter colliding with ordinary matter, "may soon find evidence of, or rule out, this new

stealth dark matter theory," Vranas said in a statement If stealth dark matter exists, future

research can investigate whether there are any effects it might have on the cosmos

IELTS FIGHTER B | 9

"Are there any signals in the sky that telescopes may find?" Vranas said "In order to answer these questions, our calculations will require larger supercomputing resources Fortunately, supercomputing development is progressing fast towards higher computational speeds." The scientists, the Lattice Strong Dynamics Collaboration, will detail their findings in an upcoming issue of the journal Physical Review Letters

Questions 27-34

Complete the sentences below

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer

Write your answers in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet

27 One of the greatest mysteries in science is the nature of the . - +

28 All known materials have been mostÏy .e.c- as candidates for dark matter

29 Dark matter is a lot more «-c<c<c << than normal matter

30 Due to high temperature, both ordinary and dark matter were 'melted' in

31 It is confirmed that quarks are within protons and neutrons by .-.- -

32 It is suggested that stealth dark matter particle would only have a

Questions 35-39

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

35 The nature of dark matter is a mystery

36 It is likely that dark matter consists of ordinary materials

37 Quarks have neither positive nor negative charge

38 Protons are not stable

39 Dark matter has a serious impact on the cosmos

———® LISTENING’

PART 1

Questions 1-10

Complete the notes below

Write ONE WORD for each answer

Occupation: 4 e ra

Reason to visit to town: to go to the 5 coi

Suggestions for improvement:

e better6 e ei

e have more footpaths

®' HIOr€ Íf€QUEHE7 ¿secssiieosesaoaeanasses

Things that would encourage cycling to work:

e having 8 parking places for bicycles

e_ being able to use a 9 eeres at work

e_ the opportunity to have cycling 10 - -. - on busy roads

* Source: hftps://engexam.info/ielts-listening-practice-tests/ielts-listening-practice-test-2/

IELTS FIGHTER B | 12

PART 2

Questions 11-20

Questions 11-14

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C

New city developments

11 The idea for the two new developments in the city came from

A local people

B the City Council

C the SWRDC

12 What is unusual about Brackenside pool?

A its architectural style

B its heating system

C its method of water treatment

13 Local newspapers have raised worries about

A the late opening date

B the cost of the project

C the size of the facilities

14 What decision has not yet been made about the pool?

A whose statue will be at the door

B the exact opening times

Cc who will open it

Features 15 Asia

B waterways G music and film 17 Sauth America

C ice and snow H space travel 18 North America

D jewels I volcanoes 19 Europe

IELTS FIGHTER B | 13

PART 3

Questions 21-30

Questions 21 and 22

Choose TWO letters, A-E

What TWO hobbies was Thor Heyerdahl very interested in as a youth

Choose TWO letters, A-E

Which do the speakers say are the TWO reasons why Heyerdahl went to live on an island?

A to examine ancient carvings

B to experience an isolated place

c to formulate a new theory

D to learn survival skills

m to study the impact of an extreme environment

IELTS FIGHTER B | 14

Questions 25-30

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C

The later life of Thor Heyerdahl

25 According to Victor and Olivia, academics thought that Polynesian migration from the east was impossible due to

A the fact that Eastern Countries were far away

B the lack of materials for boat building

C the direction of the winds and currents

26 Which do the speakers agree was the main reason for Heyerdahl’s raft journey?

A to overcome a research setback

B to demonstrate a personal quality

C to test anew theory

27 What was most important to Heyerdahl about his raft journey?

A the fact that he was the first person to do it

B the speed of crossing the Pacific

C the use of authentic construction methods

28 Why did Heyerdahl go to Easter Island?

A to build a stone statue

B to sail a reed boat

C to learn the local language

29 In Olivia’s opinion, Heyerdahl’s greatest influence was on

A theories about Polynesian origins

B the development of archaeological methodology

C establishing archaeology as an academic subject

30 Which criticism do the speakers make of William Oliver’s textbook?

A its style is out of date

B its content is over-simplified

C its methodology is flawed

IELTS FIGHTER B | 15

PART 4

Questions 31-40

Complete the notes below

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer

The future of management

Business markets

e greater 31 among companies

e increase in power of large 32 -.- cec- companies

e_ rising33 in certain countries

External influences on businesses

@ more discussion with 34 before making business decisions

e environmental concerns which may lead to more 35

Business structures

e._ more teams will be formed to work on a particular 36 . -

e business may need to offer hours that are 37 or the chance to work remotely

Management styles

e increasing need for managers to provide good 38 ‹

e changes influenced by 39 taking senior roles

e increase in number AMON 40 .‹ - specialists

IELTS FIGHTER B | 16

The students’ problem

(A) The college and university accommodation crisis in Ireland has become ‘so chronic’ that students are being forced to sleep rough, share a bed with strangers — or give up on studying altogether

(B) The deputy president of the Union of Students in Ireland, Kevin Donoghue, said the problem has become particularly acute in Dublin He told the Irish Mirror: “Students are so desperate, they’re not just paying through the nose to share rooms — they’re paying to share a bed with complete strangers It reached crisis point last year and it’s only getting worse “We've heard of students sleeping rough; on sofas, floors and in their cars and | have to stress there’s no student

in the country that hasn’t been touched by this crisis “Commutes — which would once have been considered ridiculous — are now normal, whether that’s by bus, train or car and those who drive often end up sleeping in their car if they’ve an early start the next morning.”

(C) Worry is increasing over the problems facing Ireland's 200,000 students as the number increases over the next 15 years With 165,000 full-time students in Ireland — and that figure expected to increase to around 200,000 within the next 15 years —fears remain that there aren’t enough properties to accommodate current numbers

(D) Mr Donoghue added: “The lack of places to live is actually forcing school-leavers out of college altogether Either they don’t go in the first place or end up having to drop out because

they can’t get a room and commuting is just too expensive, stressful and difficult.”

(E) Claims have emerged from the country that some students have been forced to sleep in

cars, or out on the streets, because of the enormous increases to rent in the capital Those who

> Source: https://ielts-up.com/reading/academic-reading-sample-3 | html

IELTS FIGHTER B | 17

have been lucky enough to find a place to live have had to do so ‘blind’ by paying for accommodation, months in advance, they haven’t even seen just so they will have a roof over their head over the coming year

(F) According to the Irish Independent, it’s the ‘Google effect’ which is to blame As Google and other blue-chip companies open offices in and around Dublin’s docklands area, which are ‘on the doorstep of the city’, international professionals have been flocking to the area which will boast 2,600 more apartments, on 50 acres of undeveloped land, over the next three to 10

years

(G) Rent in the area soared by 15 per cent last year and a two-bedroom apartment overlooking the Grand Canal costs €2,100 (£1,500) per month to rent Another two-bedroom apartment at Hanover Dock costs €2,350 (almost £1,700) with a three-bedroom penthouse — measuring some

136 square metres — sits at €4,500 (£3,200) per month in rent

(H) Ireland’s Higher Education Authority admitted this was the first time they had seen circumstances ‘so extreme’ and the Fianna Fail party leader, Michael Martin, urged on the Government to intervene He said: “It is very worrying that all of the progress in opening up access to higher education in the last decade — particularly for the working poor — is being derailed because of an entirely foreseeable accommodation crisis.”

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Questions 1-8

Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H

Choose the most suitable paragraph headings from the list of headings and write the correct

letter, A-H, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet

Cons of the commuting

Thỉng that students have to go through

Commutes have become common in Ireland nowadays

Danger of the overflow

Cause of the problems

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9—14 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

9 The accommodation problem in Ireland is especially bad in Dublin

10 Commutes are considered ridiculous

11 The number of students in Ireland is not likely to increase in the future

12 Due to the opening of the new offices around Dublin, the number of local restaurants will

go up significantly over the next 3 to 10 years

13 The rent price went up by 15% last year

14 Michael Martin stated that crisis could have been omitted if the government reacted

properly

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READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-30, which are based on Reading Passage

2 below.®

The science of sleep

We spend a third of our lives doing it Napoleon, Florence Nightingale and Margaret Thatcher got

by on four hours a night Thomas Edison claimed it was waste of time

So why do we sleep? This is a question that has baffled scientists for centuries and the answer is,

no one is really sure Some believe that sleep gives the body a chance to recuperate from the day's activities but in reality, the amount of energy saved by sleeping for even eight hours is miniscule - about 50 kCal, the same amount of energy in a piece of toast

With continued lack of sufficient sleep, the part of the brain that controls language, memory, planning and sense of time is severely affected, practically shutting down In fact, 17 hours of sustained wakefulness leads to a decrease in performance equivalent to a blood alcohol level of 0.05% (two glasses of wine) This is the legal drink driving limit in the UK

Research also shows that sleep-deprived individuals often have difficulty in responding to rapidly changing situations and making rational judgements In real life situations, the consequences are grave and lack of sleep is said to have been be a contributory factor to a number of international disasters such as Exxon Valdez, Chernobyl, Three Mile Island and the Challenger shuttle explosion

Sleep deprivation not only has a major impact on cognitive functioning but also on emotional and physical health Disorders such as sleep apnoea which result in excessive daytime sleepiness have been linked to stress and high blood pressure Research has also suggested that sleep loss

may increase the risk of obesity because chemicals and hormones that play a key role in controlling appetite and weight gain are released during sleep

What happens when we sleep?

What happens every time we get a bit of shut eye? Sleep occurs in a recurring cycle of 90 to 110 minutes and is divided into two categories: non-REM (which is further split into four stages) and REM sleep

® Source: https://ielts-up.com/reading/academic-reading-sample-3.2.html

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Non-REM sleep

Stage one: Light Sleep

During the first stage of sleep, we're half awake and half asleep Our muscle activity slows down and slight twitching may occur This is a period of light sleep, meaning we can be awakened easily at this stage

Stage two: True Sleep

Within ten minutes of light sleep, we enter stage two, which lasts around 20 minutes The breathing pattern and heart rate start to slow down This period accounts for the largest part of human sleep

Stages three and four: Deep Sleep

During stage three, the brain begins to produce delta waves, a type of wave that is large (high amplitude) and slow (low frequency) Breathing and heart rate are at their lowest levels

Stage four is characterised by rhythmic breathing and limited muscle activity If we are awakened during deep sleep we do not adjust immediately and often feel groggy and disoriented for several minutes after waking up Some children experience bed-wetting, night

terrors, or sleepwalking during this stage

After REM sleep, the whole cycle begins again

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How much sleep is required?

There is no set amount of time that everyone needs to sleep, since it varies from person to person Results from the sleep profiler indicate that people like to sleep anywhere between 5 and 11 hours, with the average being 7.75 hours

Jim Horne from Loughborough University's Sleep Research Centre has a simple answer though:

"The amount of sleep we require is what we need not to be sleepy in the daytime."

Even animals require varied amounts of sleep:

Giraffe 1.9 hr

The current world record for the longest period without sleep is 11 days, set by Randy Gardner in

1965 Four days into the research, he began hallucinating This was followed by a delusion where

he thought he was a famous footballer Surprisingly, Randy was actually functioning quite well at

the end of his research and he could still beat the scientist at pinball

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Questions 15-22

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 15~—22 on your answer sheet, write

Thomas Edison slept 4 hours a night

Scientists don't have a certain answer for why we have to sleep

Lack of sleep might cause various problems

Sleep-deprivation may be the cause of anorexia

There are four stages of the REM sleep

According to Jim Horne, we need to sleep as much as it takes to not be sleepy during the day

Giraffes require less sleep than dogs

After four sleepless days, Randy had a delusion about him being a football celebrity

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Questions 23-27

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D

Write the correct letter in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet

23 During the Light Sleep stage:

A Muscle activity increases

B Jiggling might occur

C It is not easy to be woken up

D After waking up, one may experience slight disorientation

24 Heart rate is at the lowest level during:

A Light Sleep stage

B Rem Sleep

C True Sleep stage

D Third Sleep stage

25 The brain activity is really high:

A during REM sleep

B during the stage of True Sleep

C when we are awake

D during the Deep sleep stage

26 Humans require at least:

A less sleep than tigers

B twice as much sleep as cats

C almost ten times more sleep than giraffes

D more sleep than any other animal in the world

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Questions 28-30

Complete the sentences below

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer

Write your answers in boxes 28-30 on your answer sheet

28 If we continually lack sleep, the specific part of our brain that controls language, is

29 True Sleep lasts approximately

30 Although during REM sleep our breathing rate and blood pressure rise, our bodies

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According to a new study of kissing preferences, which looked at 168 cultures from around the world, only 46% of cultures kiss in the romantic sense Previous estimates had put the figure at 90% The new study excluded parents kissing their children, and focused solely on romantic lip- on-lip action between couples

Many hunter-gatherer groups showed no evidence of kissing or desire to do so Some even considered it revolting The Mehinaku tribe in Brazil reportedly said it was "gross" Given that

hunter-gatherer groups are the closest modern humans get to living our ancestral lifestyle, our

ancestors may not have been kissing either The study overturns the belief that romantic kissing

is a near-universal human behaviour, says lead author William Jankowiak of the University of

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Nevada in Las Vegas Instead it seems to be a product of western societies, passed on from one generation to the next, he says There is some historical evidence to back that up

Kissing as we do it today seems to be a fairly recent invention, says Rafael Wlodarski of the University of Oxford in the UK He has trawled through records to find evidence of how kissing has changed The oldest evidence of a kissing-type behaviour comes from Hindu Vedic Sanskrit texts from over 3,500 years ago Kissing was described as inhaling each other's soul In contrast,

Egyptian hieroglyphics picture people close to each other rather than pressing their lips together

So what is going on? Is kissing something we do naturally, but that some cultures have

suppressed? Or is it something modern humans have invented? We can find some insight by looking at animals Our closest relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, do kiss Primatologist Frans

de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, has seen many instances of chimps kissing and hugging after conflict For chimpanzees, kissing is a form of reconciliation It is more common among males than females In other words, it is not a romantic behaviour Their cousins the bonobos kiss more often, and they often use tongues while doing so That's perhaps not surprising, because bonobos are highly sexual beings When two humans meet, we might shake hands Bonobos have sex: the so-called bonobo handshake They also use sex for many other kinds of bonding So their kisses are not particularly romantic, either

These two apes are exceptions As far as we know, other animals do not kiss at all They may nuzzle or touch their faces together, but even those that have lips don't share saliva or purse and

smack their lips together They don't need to Take wild boars Males produce a pungent smell

that females find extremely attractive The key chemical is a pheromone called androstenone that triggers the females' desire to mate From a female's point of view this is a good thing,

because males with the most androstonene are also the most fertile Her sense of smell is so

acute, she doesn't need to get close enough to kiss the male

The same is true of many other mammals For example, female hamsters emit a pheromone that gets males very excited Mice follow similar chemical traces to help them find partners that are genetically different, minimising the risk of accidental incest Animals often release these pheromones in their urine "Their urine is much more pungent," says Wlodarski "If there's urine present in the environment they can assess compatibility through that."

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It's not just mammals that have a great sense of smell A male black widow spider can smell

pheromones produced by a female that tell him if she has recently eaten To minimise the risk of

being eaten, he will only mate with her if she is not hungry

The point is, animals do not need to get close to each other to smell out a good potential mate

On the other hand, humans have an atrocious sense of smell, so we benefit from getting close Smell isn't the only cue we use to assess each other's fitness, but studies have shown that it plays an important role in mate choice A study published in 1995 showed that women, just like mice, prefer the smell of men who are genetically different from them This makes sense, as mating with someone with different genes is likely to produce healthy offspring Kissing is a great way to get close enough to sniff out your partner's genes

In 2013, Wlodarski examined kissing preferences in detail He asked several hundred people what was most important when kissing someone How they smelled featured highly, and the importance of smell increased when women were most fertile It turns out that men also make a version of the pheromone that female boars find attractive It is present in male sweat, and when women are exposed to it their arousal levels increase slightly Pheromones are a big part

of how mammals chose a mate, says Wlodarski, and we share some of them "We've inherited all of our biology from mammals, we've just added extra things through evolutionary time."

On that view, kissing is just a culturally acceptable way to get close enough to another person to detect their pheromones In some cultures, this sniffing behaviour turned into physical lip contact It's hard to pinpoint when this happened, but both serve the same purpose, says

Wlodarski

So if you want to find a perfect match, you could forego kissing and start smelling people instead You'll find just as good a partner, and you won't get half as many germs Be prepared for some funny looks, though

IELTS FIGHTER B | 28

In boxes 31—35 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

31 Both Easter and Wester societies presume that kissing is essential for any part of the world

32 Our ancestors were not likely to kiss

33 Chimpanzees and bonbons kiss not for the romance

34 There are other animals, rather than apes, that kiss |

35 Scent might be important in choosing your partner

Questions 36-39

Complete the sentences below

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer | Write your answers in boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet

36 According to the Mehinaku tribe, kissing is

37 Human tradition is to when they meet

38 A male black widow will mate with the female if only She is .-

39 Humans benefit from getting close due to the fact that we have an of

smell

Question 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D

40 Passage 3 can be described as:

A Strictly scientific text

B Historical article

C Article from a magazine

D Dystopian sketch

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YOUR NOTES

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IELTS FIGHTER B | 31

She's eighty and with arthritis

Low unemployment may wage and price increases

The novel is a wonderful « cc-c«-+ of wartime adventure

The presence of the .- is enhanced by the use of concrete and direct

language

IELTS FIGHTER B | 32

Complete the table below

———@ LISTENING PART 3

Questions 21-30

Complete the notes below

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer

Protagonists: Mary Lennox; Colin Craven

Time period: Early in 22

Plot: Mary ® UK — meets Colin who thinks he’ll never be able to

TỖ tong binbeosoiiagi8038865 They become friends

Point of view: “Omniscient” — narrator knows all about characters’ feelings,

OPINIONS and 24 co sen Audience: Good for children — story simple to follow

Symbols (physical items that represent 25 c.ckeeei ):

s the robin redbreast

* the portrait of Mistress Craven

Motifs (patterns in the story):

s the Garden of Eden

s secrecy — metaphorical and literal transition from 27 .-c.c rsecree Themes: Connections between

9 ĐỖ tanuonbiooiattiaadessaosaioia and outlook

7 and well-being

s individuals and the need for 30 .- sec

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———@ LISTENING PART 4

Questions 31-40

Questions 31-35

Complete the table below

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer

Positive Remember good times, e.g birthdays Past Keep family records, photo albums, etc

31 Focus on disappointments, failures, bad decisions Hedonistic Live for 32 seek sensation; avoid pain

Present Fatalistic Life is governed by 33 , religious beliefs,

social conditions Life’s path can’t be changed

à cau ninieaendiees Prefer work to play Don’t give in to temptation Future Fatalistic Have a strong belief in life after death and importance

Of 35 in life

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Questions 36-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C

36 We are all present hedonists

A at school

B at birth

C while eating and drinking

37 American boys drop out of school at a higher rate than girls because

A they need to be in control of the way they learn

B they play video games instead of doing school work

C they are not as intelligent as girls

38 Present-orientated children

A do not realise present actions can have negative future effects

B are unable to learn lessons from past mistakes

C know what could happen if they do something bad, but do it anyway

39 If Americans had an extra day per week, they would spend it

A working harder

B building relationships

C sharing family meals

40 Understanding how people think about time can help us

A become more virtuous

B work together better

C identify careless or ambitious people

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