gsm, gprs, and edge performance evolution towards 3gumts

1.5.4 Class A Dual Transfer Mode DTM 531.5.6 GPRS and EGPRS Enhancements in Rel’4 54 Eero Nikula, Shkumbin Hamiti, Markus Hakaste and Benoist Sebire 2.1.1 Iu Interface for GERAN and the

Evolution Towards 3G/UMTS

GSM, GPRS

AND

Evolution Towards 3G/UMTS

Telephone ( + 44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk

Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com

All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of

a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP,

UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher Requests to the Publisher should be addressed

to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to ( + 44) 1243 770620 This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering

professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Other Wiley Editorial Offices

John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA

Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany

John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia

John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears

in print may not be available in electronic books.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

GSM, GPRS, and edge performance : evolution towards 3G/UMTS / edited by Timo

Halonen, Javier Romero, Juan Melero.—2nd ed.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-470-86694-2

1 Global system for mobile communications I Halonen, Timo, II Romero, Javier

(Romero Garc´ıa) III Melero, Juan.

TK5103.483.G753 2003

621.3845
6 —dc22

2003057593

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0-470-86694-2

Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall

This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry

in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

Markus Hakaste, Eero Nikula and Shkumbin Hamiti

1.2.2 High Speech Circuit-switched Data (HSCSD) 11

1.5.4 Class A Dual Transfer Mode (DTM) 53

1.5.6 GPRS and EGPRS Enhancements in Rel’4 54

Eero Nikula, Shkumbin Hamiti, Markus Hakaste and Benoist Sebire

2.1.1 Iu Interface for GERAN and the New Functional Split 59 2.1.2 Header Adaptation of the IP Data Streams 61 2.1.3 Speech Capacity and Quality Enhancements 61 2.1.4 Location Service Enhancements for Gb and Iu Interfaces 62 2.1.5 Inter-BSC and BSC/RNC NACC (Network-assisted Cell Change) 63 2.1.6 High Multi-slot Classes for Type 1 Mobiles 64

2.3.2 Single Antenna Interference Cancellation (SAIC) 86 2.3.3 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) in GERAN 87 2.3.4 Enhancement of Streaming QoS Class Services in GERAN A/Gb

Erkka Ala-Tauriala, Renaud Cuny, Gerardo G´omez and H´ector Montes

3.1 Mobile Network as a Data Transport Media for IP-based Services 923.2 Example of IP-based Applications Using Mobile Network as Data Bearer 95

3.4.1 QoS Authorisation for IMS and Non-IMS Services with PDF 105

3.5 Negotiated PDP-context QoS Enforcement in GERAN (and UTRAN) 106

3.6.1 Example of Service Activation Procedure 116

4 Mobile Station Location 119

Mikko Weckstr¨om, Maurizio Spirito and Ville Ruutu

Juan Melero, Jeroen Wigard, Timo Halonen and Javier Romero

5.3.6 EFL for Mixed Voice and Data Services 178

5.4.1 Network Performance Characterisation 178

6 GSM/AMR and SAIC Voice Performance 187

Juan Melero, Ruben Cruz, Timo Halonen, Jari Hulkkonen, Jeroen Wigard,

Angel-Luis Rivada, Martti Moisio, Tommy Bysted, Mark Austin, Laurie Bigler,

Ayman Mostafa Rich Kobylinski and Benoist Sebire

6.2.2 Reuse Partitioning and Frequency Hopping 198

6.8.2 SAIC Link Performance and Conditioning Factors 225

Javier Romero, Julia Martinez, Sami Nikkarinen and Martti Moisio

7.2.1 Polling and Acknowledgement Strategy 245

7.2.2 Link Adaptation Algorithms for (E)GPRS 247

7.6 (E)GPRS Performance Estimation Based on Real Network Measurements 292

Gerardo Gomez, Rafael Sanchez, Renaud Cuny, Pekka Kuure and Tapio Paavonen

8.1.3 Performance Characterization Example HTTP Performance

8.2.2 WAP Browsing 322

8.3.3 Multimedia Messaging Service Performance 338

8.3.6 Push to Talk over Cellular Performance 342

9.3 Application of DFCA for Circuit-switched (CS) Services 363

9.4.1 Performance in Ideal Network Layout 364 9.4.2 Performance in Typical Network Layout 371

9.6 Simulations of DFCA in Mixed CS and PS Services

Angel-Luis Rivada, Timo Halonen, Jari Hulkkonen and Juan Melero

10.1.1 Frequency Spectrum Re-farming Technology Migration 382

10.1.2 Narrow Licensed Frequency Spectrum 382

10.3.1 BCCH Reuse for Narrowband Scenarios 385 10.3.2 Narrowband BCCH and Hopping Deployment Strategies 386

Riku Pirhonen, Matti Salmenkaita, Timo K¨ahk¨onen and Mikko S¨aily

Timo K¨ahk¨onen and Jorge Navarro

12.3 Signalling Reliability and Delays 434

12.3.7 Call Establishment and Location Update 440

Volker Wille, Sagar Patel, Raquel Barco, Antti Kuurne, Salvador Pedraza, Matias Toril and Martti Partanen

13.2.3 The New Frequency Planning Concept 477

13.2.5 Review of Interference Matrix Types 482

13.3.3 A Description of the Adjacency Management Process 486

13.4.2 Control Engineering for Automatic Parameter Optimisation in

13.4.3 Applications of Radio Network Parameter Optimisation 495

13.5 Automated Troubleshooting of Cellular Network Based on Bayesian

Juan Melero, Antti Toskala, Petteri Hakalin and Antti Tolli

14.2 3G Technology Support of Licensed Frequency Bands 517

14.3.2 Multi-carrier CDMA (cdma2000) Fundamentals 525

14.4 3G Radio Access Technology (RAT) Performance Benchmark 528

14.5.3 Mechanisms for UMTS Multi-radio Integration 538 14.5.4 Trunking Efficiency Benefits from Multi-radio Integration 538

15.3 3G Technology Evolution Paths UMTS Multi-radio and cdma2000 549

A.2 MAIO Management Limitations for Different Effective Reuses and

B.1 Blocking Probability for Half- and Full-rate Speech Modes 559

B.1.2 Blocking Probability for HR/FR Scenario 560

D.5 Monte-Carlo Simulation Study (GSM/EDGE and IS-95) 594

Appendix E Simulation Tools 599

E.4 Description of the Simulator and Basic Simulation Models Used in this

E.4.2 Basic Functionality of the Simulator 602

We would like to thank all contributors for the “world-class” material produced to supportthis book This book has been the result of a collaborative effort of a truly motivated andcommitted team

We would also like to thank our listed colleagues for their valuable input and ments: Heikki Annala, Harri Jokinen, Mattias Wahlqvist, Timo Rantalainen, Juha Kasinen,Jussi Reunanen, Jari Ryynanen, Janne Vainio, Kari Niemel¨a, Simon Browne, HeikkiHeliste, Petri Gromberg, Oscar Salonaho, Harri Holma, Fabricio Velez, Jyrki Mattila,Mikko S¨aily, Gilles Charbit, Jukka Kivij¨arvi, Martti Tuulos, Lauri Oksanen, Ashley Col-ley, Mika K¨ahk¨ol¨a, Per Henrik Michaelson, Rauli Jarvela, Rauli Parkkali, Kiran Kuchi,Pekka Ranta, Brian Roan, James Harper, Raul Carral, Joe Barret, Timothy Paul, JavierMunoz, Poul Larsen, Jacobo Gallango, Regina Rodr´ıguez, Manuel Mart´ınez, SheldonYau, and Art Brisebois Special thanks to Jussi Sipola for the link performance materialprovided in Chapter 7

com-Thanks to Mark Keenan for the support, guidance and encouragement provided duringthe last years We hope he feels as proud as we do about the result of this book.Thanks to the authors of the forewords (Mike Bamburak, Mark Austin and Chris Pear-son) and the companies/institutions they represent (AT&T, Cingular and 3G Americas)for the support provided

Many thanks to the operators (CSL, Radiolinja, Sonofon, AT&T, Cingular, Telefonicaand many others) we have been closely working with since only through this tight collab-oration the understanding of the technology capabilities contained in this book has beenpossible Special thanks to Optus, for their collaboration, support and excellent technicalteam (Andrew Smith, Carolyn Coronno, Bradley Smith and the rest of the team).Part of the studies presented in this book have been performed as the result of thecooperation agreement between Nokia and the University of Malaga This agreement ispartially supported by the “Programa de Fomento de la Investigaci´on T´ecnica” (PROFIT)

of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology We want to thank Malaga Universityand the Ministry of Science and Technology for the provided support

Thanks to the publishing team from Wiley (Mark Hammond, Sarah Hinton and GeoffFarrell), which has given an excellent support throughout this project, which has beenvery important to accomplish the demanding time schedule

Finally we would like to express our loving thanks to our wives Cristina, Laila andSusanna for the patience and understanding during the holidays, weekends and late nightsdevoted to the writing of this book

The authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvements or changesthat could be implemented in possible new editions of this book The e-mail address forgathering such input is geran book@hotmail.com.

Malaga, Spain

The editors of the “GSM, GPRS & EDGE Performance” book

(Taken from GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance, 1st Edition)

I have worked in the mobile communications industry longer than I would like to admit

In the early 1970s, I started my career as a radio engineer for Motorola At that time,Motorola designed and manufactured low-, mid- and high-tier private land mobile radios.Motorola had few competitors for the mid- and high-tier product lines (50- to 100-Wradios) However, in the low tier, less than 25-W radio category, there were numerous con-tenders, mostly from European manufacturers with a ‘Nordic Mobile Telephone’ heritage.But times were changing In the late 1970s, the American public got their first taste

of mobile communications when Citizen Band (CB) radio became popular (‘10–4, goodbuddy’) It was an unlicensed, short-range, ‘party-line’ experience Those skilled in theart knew that something better was needed And the American communications industryresponded The Federal Communications Commission and major industry players, likeAT&T and Motorola, specified America’s first public mobile radio telephone system,AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System) By the mid-1980s, AMPS was a proventechnology and cellular subscriber growth was constantly exceeding forecasts

By the early 1990s, cellular technology had become so popular that the first-generationanalog systems could not keep up with the demand New second-generation digital sys-tems were developed to address the capacity shortfall In the United States, three digitaltechnologies were standardized and deployed: IS-136 (a TDMA technology utilizing theAMPS 30-kHz structure), IS-95 (a 1.25-MHz CDMA carrier scheme) and GSM (theEuropean 200-kHz TDMA standard) This multi-standard wireless environment provided

a unique proving ground for the three technologies While IS-136 and IS-95 engaged

in ‘standards wars,’ GSM gained a foothold in America At the same time, GSM wasachieving global acceptance because it offered a rich selection of capabilities and fea-tures that provided real incremental revenues for operators As more and more countriesadopted the technology, GSM experienced tremendous economies of scale for everythingfrom chipsets to handsets, infrastructure and applications

While the industry continued to experience stellar growth, American manufacturerdominance was challenged by Nordic companies, especially for the GSM technology.They brought to the United States, innovative, competitively priced products, backed bytalented communications professionals with years of experience in designing, manufac-turing, engineering and installing cellular equipment and systems throughout the world

By the late 1990s, the Internet was pervasive and the wireless industry looked to mobiledata as the growth opportunity Once again, the industry undertook the task of definingnew wireless systems—this third generation, 3G, was to be based on packet data Threenew wireless standards emerged; CDMA2000 (evolution of IS-95), EDGE (evolution of

GSM for existing spectrum) and WCDMA (evolution of GSM for new spectrum using a5-MHz WCDMA carrier).

The evolution of GSM to 3G is about gradually adding more functionality, possibilitiesand value to the existing GSM network and business The evolution begins with anupgrade of the GSM network to 2.5G by introducing GPRS technology GPRS providesGSM with a packet data air interface and an IP-based core network EDGE is a furtherevolutionary step of GSM packet data EDGE can handle about three times more datasubscribers than GPRS, or triple the data rate for one end-user EDGE can be achievedthrough a very fast and cost-effective implementation The only requirement is to addEDGE-capable transceivers and software

With the continuation of EDGE standardisation towards GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radioaccess network), EDGE will achieve a full alignment with WCDMA The goal for EDGE

is to boost system capacity, both for real-time and best-effort services, and to becomeperfectly competitive with other 3G technologies

What emerges with these evolutionary steps from GSM to GPRS, EDGE and WCDMA

is a seamless 3G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Multi-Radionetwork, one that maximizes the investments in GSM and GPRS

It stands to reason that both EDGE and WCDMA will be mainstream 3G UMTSproducts from Nordic companies This book, written by engineers from one of theseNordic companies, is an authoritative treatise on GSM evolution to 3G The book provides

an in-depth performance analysis of current and future GSM speech and GPRS/EDGEpacket data functionality Furthermore, the concept of a 3G UMTS Multi-Radio network(GSM/EDGE/WCDMA) is presented in depth as the best solution for wireless operators

to evolve their networks towards 3G

Times change, but some things do not Nordic companies have been at the forefront

of wireless communications for more than a half of a century They have earned theirpre-eminent position in the industry I encourage you to listen to what this book has

of these products and services As occurred with electricity, the automobile and the sion, soothsayers often misread the long-term impact of these inventions, underestimatingqualities that led to their long-term success and adoption by the masses Ultimately, allthree inventions had tremendous social and economic impact on global societies, and thesoothsayers were proven to have undervalued the importance of these great inventionsover time

televi-In a slightly different way, the future of EDGE has been understated, underestimated,and undervalued by the latest pundits Over the last few years, several global wireless orga-nizations, including the GSA, the UWCC and now 3G Americas have stood their ground

as advocates for EDGE because of the merits of the technology and its value to operatorsand customers as a spectrally efficient and cost-effective solution for third-generation (3G)wireless services 3G Americas is firm in their belief that a comparative review of howEDGE meets three key criteria, performance, cost and the ease of transformation to 3G,will show that EDGE is indeed a superior technology choice.

The Reality of EDGE

On October 30, 2001, Cingular Wireless with its vendor partners announced its ment to become the first operator in the world to deploy EDGE at 850 and 1900 MHz.With over 22-million wireless customers, Cingular is a major player in the global wire-less marketplace The reasons cited by Cingular for its EDGE selection included capacityand spectral efficiency competitive with any other technology choice (performance), theability to deploy 3G EDGE in existing spectrum including 850 MHz (cost), a total capitalcost of about $18 to $19 per Point of Presence (POP) in TDMA markets with plenty ofgo-forward capacity (cost), ridiculously low cost to upgrade the GSM network (only 10 to

commit-15 percent of the network’s cost), the enormous economies of scale and scope offered bythe family of GSM technologies, ensuring the availability of equipment and applications

at the lowest possible cost, and a transition path through GSM and GPRS achievableseamlessly through the use of the GAIT terminal (GSM-TDMA phone) that will easetransformation and result in customer retention

Similarly, almost a year before Cingular’s announcement, AT&T Wireless Servicesannounced its commitment to EDGE As of November 2001, reported operator com-mitments to EDGE in the Americas encompassed hundreds of millions of potentialcustomers These commitments validate the future of this third-generation technology.Cingular’s commitment to EDGE in the 850-MHz band sets the stage for an accelerateduptake by operators throughout the Western Hemisphere Regional US operators and manyLatin American operators will find the opportunity to deploy EDGE in 850 MHz espe-cially appealing Furthermore, these commitments increase the possibility that Europewill recognize that EDGE’s capacity and cost qualities make it an important comple-mentary technology to WCDMA As spectrum shortages inevitability occur in Europe,EDGE will provide an excellent solution for GSM operators as a complement to theirWCDMA networks

of scale played a key role in the Cingular decision

Another major benefit of EDGE cited by operators is that it enables TDMA andGSM carriers to offer 3G services while still realizing lower costs due to higher spec-tral efficiency and higher data rates With the implementation of Adaptive Multi-Rate

(AMR) Vocoders, and Frequency Hopping, GSM is competitive with CDMA on spectralefficiency, which translates into higher capacity and faster data rates EDGE offers trans-mission speeds of 384 kbps—fast enough to support full motion video—and throughputcapacity 3 to 4 times higher than GPRS Thus, EDGE is fast, EDGE is efficient andEDGE performs.

Additionally, the opportunity for international roaming with the GSM family of nologies offers yet another major incentive for operators to provide their customers withseamless communications services Since EDGE and WCDMA will operate on the sameGPRS core network, the EDGE/WCDMA customer will be able to travel the worldseamlessly, staying connected with one number and one device

tech-Conclusion

EDGE will contribute to a bright future for 3G services, a vision shared by major analystsand industry groups The Strategist Group predicts that revenue from wireless data willreach $33.5 billion globally by 2004 Frost & Sullivan expects that the proportion ofoperator revenues derived from non-voice services will be in excess of 45% by 2006 AUMTS Forum survey has estimated that non-voice revenues may take over voice revenues

by 2004, while simple voice revenues will remain a critical revenue component comprising34% of annual revenues in 2010 The UMTS Forum study also predicts that 3G revenues

of $37.4 billion in 2004 will increase to $107 billion by 2006 All in all, predictions mayvary but the consensus is clear that results will be positive for third-generation services.This work offers the reader more than an evolutionary technical strategy of GSM’stransition to 3G It also provides a set of benchmarks for a core evaluation of the merits

of EDGE as a central component of the wireless industry’s fulfilment of its promise forhigher degrees of service and convenience This process is already being established, asevidenced by the first live EDGE data call completed by Nokia and AT&T Wireless onNovember 1, 2001 The connection of an EDGE handset with a laptop to the Internet forweb browsing and streaming applications marked the first successful completion usingEDGE 8-PSK modulation in both directions in the air interface Indeed, it is anothersign that EDGE will flourish in this new billion-dollar marketplace as a leading 3Gtechnology in the Americas owing to its performance, cost, interoperability and ease oftransformation EDGE will outlast the neigh-sayers and in the long term, EDGE will farexceed expectations And just as electricity, the automobile and the television changedour lives, EDGE will change our lives by providing 3G services for the masses

to those operators, like ourselves at Cingular Wireless, who have been intimately involved

in actually deploying the latest new GSM networks At Cingular Wireless, we have been

especially fortunate to be among those who have ‘tasted’ the first fruits of many of thecutting-edge GSM advances and topics covered in this book, such as AMR, EDGE, QoSdimensioning and so on, as we, along with our four BSS vendors—Nokia, Ericsson,Siemens and Nortel—have worked together to turn the new technology described in thisbook into reality over the last two years.

Since 2002 to the date of this writing, Cingular has overlaid more than 10 000GSM/EDGE base stations on top of its existing IS-136 TDMA network across the UnitedStates All GSM base stations are now operating with live commercial traffic on AMR,while some selected markets are launching EDGE In addition, we have pioneered theintroduction of GSM into the 850-MHz band, which represents a significant milestonefor GSM in penetrating the original cellular band in the United States, which has beenhome to four other air interfaces since the first in-service analog cellular networks weredeployed in the early 1980s Although providing spectrum for GSM in these 850 marketsoriginally appeared as insurmountable, it has been systematically overcome and mastered

by transforming some of the network simulators and tools described here in subsequentchapters, which were originally reserved for only research activity, into tools that canassist in the evaluation and planning of the high spectral efficiency techniques such as thetight (≤12) BCCH and small frequency hopping pools with the high capacity (fractionalload) needed for narrowband GSM deployment

Throughout this GSM overlay journey at Cingular, our engineers have found the rial in this book invaluable, as, in comparison to many other theoretical books or papersthat simply explain the standards, this book provides many examples of real-world fieldtrials to back up the theory and, in some cases, illustrate what is practically achievable.With our successful deployment of AMR and EDGE, Cingular is pleased to continue thistradition and provide, in some small part, a portion of our field-trial results on several ofthese new GSM advances herein

mate-Nevertheless, what is continually exciting is that the technology evolution and serviceapplicability of GSM/EDGE is far from over, whereas, although much of the global focushas been on ‘UMTS’ and its promises, the GSM community has been quietly advancingthe state of the art through continually ‘upgrading the engine’ on a tried and true frame.For instance, in technology advancement, several new receiver algorithms have beendiscovered for the GMSK modulation used in GSM AMR/GPRS, which exploit somenovel properties of the modulation to effectively create diversity with a ‘virtual secondantenna’, which may then be used for interference cancellation These ideas have spawned

a feasibility study in GSM standards (GERAN) called Single Antenna Interference lation (SAIC), which calls for applying these results for improved receiver performance

Cancel-in GSM mobile stations PrelimCancel-inary simulation and field-trial results are shown here withpromising results, which, if deployed in synchronized networks could push GSM voicecapacity above currently stated CDMA/WCDMA capacities In the future, it would notcome as a surprise if the SAIC ideas are extended to other modulations (e.g 8-PSK used

in EDGE), and other air interfaces as well

In applications and data services, it seems that all operators and vendors, even fromcompeting technologies, are still in the initial stages of attempting to move from ‘best-effort’ delivered data to those services that require the illusive end-to-end quality ofservice New applications such as push-to-talk over GPRS/EDGE are just beginning to bedeployed now as the move toward increasingly full conversational services over packet

data are pursued Success in this realm is, without any doubt, going to require newdimensioning, features and planning techniques, which are also described in subsequentchapters It is these techniques coupled with finding the right mix of services that alloperators and vendors strive for to keep the profitability and revenue stream intact whileproviding the additional functionality to maintain and attract new customers.

There is no doubt about the fact that many things are yet to be discovered in nology, planning and optimization of voice and data services as we enter a new realmwhere the Internet and wireless converge and people become used to ‘always-on’ services.Understanding how to provide these effectively with GSM/EDGE in a truly ‘field-real’manner is the focus of this book I trust that you will find it as useful and relevant as wehave at Cingular Wireless

tech-Mark Austin, Ph.D

Director of Strategic Technology

Cingular Wireless

GERAN: Evolution towards 3G/UMTS

The wireless market has experienced a phenomenal growth since the first generation (2G) digital cellular networks, based on global system for mobilecommunications (GSM) technology, were introduced in the early 1990s Since then,GSM has become the dominant global 2G radio access standard Almost 80% of today’snew subscriptions take place in one of the more than 460 cellular networks that useGSM technology This growth has taken place simultaneously with the large experiencedexpansion of access to the Internet and its related multimedia services

second-Cellular operators now face the challenge to evolve their networks to efficiently supportthe forecasted demand of wireless Internet-based multimedia services In order to do this,they need to perform a rapid technology evolution rolling out new third-generation (3G)radio access technologies, capable of delivering such services in a competitive and cost-effective way There are multiple recognised 3G technologies, which can be summarisedinto two main 3G evolution paths The first one to be conceived and developed, andthe more widely supported, is UMTS multi-radio (universal mobile telecommunicationssystem), and the second one is cdma2000

The first part of this book will describe the evolution GSM experienced after 5 years ofcontinuous standardisation effort, and how the result of such an effort has provided GSMnetworks with a smooth, competitive and cost-efficient evolution path towards UMTS.The first steps of this evolution took place in Rel’97 standards, when general packet radiosystem (GPRS) was introduced to efficiently deliver packet-based services over GSMnetworks Later, adaptive multi-rate (AMR), included in Rel’98, increased the spectral effi-ciency and quality-of-speech services to remarkable limits Enhanced data rates for globalevolution (EDGE) was introduced in Rel’99 and introduced more efficient modulation,coding and retransmission schemes, boosting the performance of data services Release

99 also included the support of the UMTS traffic classes; hence providing the meansfor EDGE to support from the very beginning the same set of 3G services that UMTSwas designed for This synergy is completed in Rel’5 with the development of GERAN,

a new radio access network architecture, based on GSM/EDGE radio access gies, which is fully harmonised with UTRAN (UMTS terrestrial radio access network)through a common connectivity to the UMTS core network, and therefore integrated in theUMTS frame Today, UMTS standardisation, carried out by the 3rd Generation Partner-ship Project (3GPP) standardisation body, jointly develops the GERAN and UTRAN as

Data rates

AMR EDGE

WCDMA

Figure 1 GSM evolution towards 3G/UMTS

part of the same concept, 3G UMTS multi-radio networks This GSM evolution towardsUMTS is illustrated in Figure 1

Chapters 1 and 2 will provide a detailed description of the GSM evolution Chapter 3will provide an in-depth analysis of the GERAN quality-of-service (QoS) support indifferent releases Finally, Chapter 4 will present the different standardised methods tosupport location services, their architecture and expected accuracy

The second part of the book will thoroughly cover the performance efficiency of thetechnologies associated with the GSM evolution Radio network performance is vital inorder to maximise the return on investment from operators Not only does it provide theability to increase the capacity of the networks but also improves the QoS experienced

by the end users All the performance-related dimensions, such as link level voice anddata performance, spectral efficiency, maximum and realistic data rates and service supportcapabilities are studied in depth in this part Chapter 5 introduces the principles associatedwith GSM radio network performance analysis All standardised functionality, such asAMR, SAIC, GPRS and EDGE, both for voice (Chapter 6) and data (Chapter 7) services,are carefully studied Chapter 8 presents the relevant end-used performance aspects asso-ciated with the most relevant packet data services Non-standardised solutions will beanalysed as well in order to provide an overall perspective of the potential GSM/EDGEperformance when advanced functionality such as dynamic channel allocation (Chapter 9)

or link level enhancement (Chapter 11) techniques are introduced Chapter 12 analyses thesignalling channel’s performance, since this may limit the overall network performance

A specific chapter on narrowband deployment scenarios (Chapter 10) will provide theguidelines to maximise the performance in these demanding radio conditions

2G GSM

3G UMTS UTRAN

GERAN

3G UMTS Multi-radio

Figure 2 UMTS multi-radio technology building blocks

With the degree of complexity that the 3G evolution will bring, planning, optimisingand operation of radio networks is a tough challenge that the operators have to tackle

at a minimum cost Chapter 13 presents new concepts based on automation and trol engineering, designed to deal with all these issues, with functionality capable offully automating the planning, optimisation and operation of radio networks, which notonly decrease the operational expenditure (OPEX) of radio networks but maximise theirperformance as well

con-Finally, the third part of the book introduces the principles of the main existing 3Gradio technologies, benchmarking their technical capabilities and evolution paths It cov-ers in detail how GSM/EDGE and wideband code division multiple access’ (WCDMA)frequency division duplex (FDD) can be efficiently and seamlessly integrated into theUMTS multi-radio network to ensure the achievement of a maximum performance at aminimum cost Figure 2 illustrates the UMTS multi-radio technology building blocks.The final chapter analyses the current global market dynamics and trends, in order

to identify, from a global market perspective, the evolution paths available for ent technologies

differ-For those readers interested in gaining a comprehensive insight into the contents ofthis book, Tartec (www.tartec.com) offers advanced training courses incorporating thestructure and content of the book

3GPP 3rd Generation partnership project

3GPP2 3rd Generation partnership project

8-PSK Octagonal Phase Shift Keying

ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation

AFP Automated Frequency Planning

ALI Automatic Location Identification

AMH Advanced Multilayer Handling

AMPS American Mobile Phone System

AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate codec

AoCC Advice of Charge-Charging

AoCI Advice of Charge-Information

API Application Programming Interface

ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business in Japan

ATD Absolute Time Difference

BEP Bit Error Probability

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel

BGIWP Barring of GPRS Interworking Profile(s)

BIM Background Interference Matrix

BSIC Base Station Identification Code

BSSAP BSS Application Part

BSSGP Base Station Subsystem GPRS protocol

BSC Base Station Controller

BTS Base Transceiver Station

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CEPT Conference Europeenne des Postes et Telecommunications

CFU Call Forwarding Unconditional

CFNRc Call Forwarding on Mobile Subscriber Not Reachable

CONS Connection-Oriented Network Service

CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group in China

D

DCR Dropped Call Rate

DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

DFCA Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DS-CDMA Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access

DTAP Direct Transfer Application Process

DTX Discontinuous Transmission

E

E112 Emergency Service 911 in Europe

E911 Emergency Service 911 in US

ECSD Enhanced Circuit Switched Data

EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

EFL Effective Frequency Load

EFR Enhanced Full Rate (speech coded)

EGPRS Enhanced General Packet Radio System

EIR Equipment Identity Register

E-OTD Enhanced Observed Time Difference

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

F

FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel

FCCH Frequency Correction Channel

GAIT GSM/ANSI Interoperability Team

GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network

GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center

GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

GPRS General Packet Radio System

GPS Global Positioning System

GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HTML HyperText Mark-up language

HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol

I

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IFH Intelligent Frequency Hopping

IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMGI International Mobile Group Identity

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4

IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6

IS-54 First generation TDMA Radio Interface standard

IS-95 cdmaOne, one of 2nd generation systems, mainly in

Americas and KoreaIS-136 US-TDMA, one of 2nd generation systems, mainly in

AmericasISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISP Internet Service Provider

ITU International Telecommunication Union

ITU-T Telecommunication standardization sector of ITU

IUO Intelligent Underlay Overlay

L

L2TP layer Two Tunneling Protocol

LAPD Link Access Protocol for the D channel

LAPDm Link Access Protocol for the Dm channel

LCS Location Services

LIF Location Interoperability Forum

M

MAIO Mobile Allocation Index Offset

MCPA Multi Carrier Power Amplifier

MEHO Mobile Evaluated Handover

MMS Multimedia Messaging Service

MPLS Multi-protocol Label Switching

MSC Mobile Services Switching Centre

N

NACC Network Assisted Cell Change

NCCR Network Controlled Cell Re-selection

NSAPI Network layer Service Access Point Identifier

NSS Network and Switching Subsystem

O

OMC Operations and Maintenance Center

OSI Open System Interconnection

P

PACCH Packet Associated Control Channel

PAGCH Packet Access Grant Channel

PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel

PCCCH Packet Common Control Channel

PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDTCH Packet Data Traffic Channel

PEP Policy Enforcement Point

PEP Performance Enhancement Proxy

PNCH Packet Data Notification Channel

PoC Push to Talk over Cellular

PRACH Packet Random Access Channel

PS Packet Switched/Packet Scheduler

PSPDN Packet-Switched Public Data Network

PSTN Public-Switched Telephone Network

RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part

RM Resource Manager

RNAS Radio Access Network Access Server

RNC Radio Network Controller

RRBP Relative Reserved Block Period

RRLP Radio Resource LCS Protocl

RSC Recursive Systematic Convolutional (coding)

RTCP Real-time Control Protocol

RTP Real-time Transport Protocol

RTSP Real-time Streaming Protocol

RXLEV Received Signal Level

RXQUAL Received Signal Quality

S

SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel

SAI Service Area Identifier

SAIC Single Antenna Interference Cancellation

SAPI Service Access Point Indicator

SDCCH Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel

SDP Session Description Protocol

SIM GSM Subscriber Identity Module

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

SM-SC Short Message Service Center

SMSCB Short Message Service Cell Broadcast

SMS-GMSC Short Message Service Gateway MSC

SMS-IWMSC Short Message Service Inter Working MSC

SMS-MO/PP Mobile Originated Short Messages

SMS-MT/PP Mobile Terminated Short Messages

SMS-PP Point-to-Point Short Message Service

SMLC Serving Mobile Location Center

SMSS Switching and Management Sub-System

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SNDCP Sub Network Dependent Convergence Protocol

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

SPSCH Shared Physical Sub Channel

TCP Transport Control Protocol

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

TFC Transport Format Combination

TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator

TFCS Transport Format Combination Set

TIA/EIA Telecommunications Industry Alliance/Electronic Industries

AllianceTLLI Temporary Logical Link Identity

TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

TRAU Transcoder/Rate Adapter Unit

TTA Telecommunication Technology Association in Korea

TTC Telecommunications Technology Committee in Japan

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication services

USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module

UTD Uniform Theory of Diffraction

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

V

VAD Voice Activation Detector

VoIP Voice over IP

VLR Visiting Location Register

VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile Network

W

WAP Wireless Application Protocol

WSP Wireless Session Protocol

WTP Wireless Transport Protocol

X

X.25 An ITU-T Protocol for Packet Switched Network

XHMTL eXtensible HyperText Mark-up language