Smart materials in architecture, interior architecture and design

prefacetrends and developmentsinnovative materials and productssmart materialsSHAPE-CHANGING SMART MATERIALS thermostrictive smart materials THERMAL EXPANSION MATERIALS TEM / EXPANSION M

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prefacetrends and developmentsinnovative materials and productssmart materials

SHAPE-CHANGING SMART MATERIALS

thermostrictive smart materials

THERMAL EXPANSION MATERIALS (TEM) / EXPANSION MATERIALS (EM) > MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

THERMOBIMETALS (TB) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS (SMA) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

electroactive smart materials

ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS (EAP) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

COLOUR- AND OPTICALLY CHANGING SMART MATERIALS

photochromic smart materials

PHOTOCHROMIC MATERIALS (PC) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

thermochromic and thermotropic smart materials

THERMOCHROMIC/-TROPIC MATERIALS (TC, TT) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

electrochromic and electrooptic smart materials

ELECTROCHROMIC/-OPTIC MATERIALS (EC, EO) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

ADHESION-CHANGING SMART MATERIALS

photoadhesive smart materials

TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TiO 2 ) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

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electroluminescent smart materials

INJECTION ELECTROLUMINESCENCE | LIGHT-EMTTING DIODES (LED) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS THICK FILM ELECTROLUMINESCENCE | ELECTROLUMINESCENT MATERIALS (EL) > MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

POLYMER/SMALL MOLECULE ELECTROLUMINESCENCE | ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES (OLED) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

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photoelectric smart materials

DYE SOLAR CELLS (DSC) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

thermoelectric smart materials

THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS (TEG) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

piezoelectric smart materials

PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS/POLYMERS (PEC, PEP) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

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heat-storing smart materials

PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCM) >

MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

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gas/water-storing smart materials

MINERAL AD-/ABSORBENTS (MAd, MAb) >

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MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, PROJECTS

Time and time again utopians, futurologists and even some politicians have developed scenarios

of how the world of tomorrow will look In the past they have seldom been proved right Much

of what they foresaw just never happened as they said it would In particular this applies to the timeframes envisaged, which are usually too brief, and to the frequent predictions for worldwide omnipresence of the phenomena

Buildings and life in our buildings have changed over the last 25 years Apart from a few tions, it is not spectacular buildings and housing types that define our times, it is above all the changes in building technology and automation Through the development of innovative materi-als, products and constructions, the move to endow buildings with more functions, the desire for new means of expression, and ecological and economic constraints, it is now possible to design buildings that are clearly different from those of previous decades

excep-We are standing at the threshold of the next generation of buildings: buildings with various grees of high technology, which are extremely ecological in their behaviour through the intelli-gent use of functionally adaptive materials, products and constructions and are able to react

de-to changes in their direct or indirect surroundings and adjust themselves de-to suit

This creates new tasks for the designers and planners of these buildings, who must ensure that,

in achieving what is technically feasible, sight is not lost of the well-being of the occupants and they are given the opportunity of self-determination To do this in the design process requires knowledge and integration of as many of these parameters as possible The central role of technology and automation of processes must not lead to people being deprived of their right

to make decisions; they must be given the opportunity to step in when the need arises to have things how they would like them

That all too sensitive adaption processes are not always advantageous can be seen with the

1987 Institut du Monde Arabe (IMA) building in Paris by Jean Nouvel, which was fitted with a multitude of mechanical photo-shutters to control light transmission: people inside the building found the repeated adaption sequences a nuisance They took place all the time, at short inter-vals and sometimes even under a heavily overcast sky To cure the problem, the control was made less sensitive and the number of possible switching processes reduced

Energy and matter flows can be optimised through the use of smart materials, as the majority

of these materials and products take up energy and matter indirectly or directly from the ronment This approach does not entail any other related requirements, for example as would arise through conventionally networked automation products Currently the use of smart mate-rial is made necessary by the wish for more automation, for compact materials and products reacting to sensors and actuators and the increasing global demand on expensive energy sourc-

envi-es and raw materials

Depending on the future popularity of use of smart materials and the visible effects on our buildings, our picture in relation to our built environment will change from what we are used to seeing as architecture Metropolises like Tokyo, which is undergoing a continuous and rapid change of appearance in some districts, show that people are capable of living with permanent architectural change

“The whole is more than the sum of its parts.”

(Aristotle, *384 BC)

This book is suitable for students, practitioners and

teaching staff active in the fields of architecture, design

and art: for all who are open to innovative technology, on

the look out for new materials and products of use in

the future or for those who just wish to be inspired

Criti-cism, suggestions and ideas relating to this publication

are expressly welcomed The author would be delighted

to receive information about new materials at:

info@ritter-architekten.com

The author has been involved in the development and

application of smart materials and adaptive and

kinet-ic structures in the fields of experimental architecture

and innovative design for more than ten years In

addi-tion to his activities as a freelance architect and

de-signer, the author has published articles on the subject

and presented invited lectures

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