Building ecotourism corpus and application of corpus based materials in vocabulary teaching master of tesol

PHAM Vu Phi Ho April 2022, 91 Pages This study explored the efficiency of using corpus-based activities in English vocabulary teaching and learning.. The study aims to, first research th

BARIA VUNGTAU UNIVERSITY

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BUILDING ECOTOURISM CORPUS AND APPLICATION OF

CORPUS-BASED MATERIALS IN VOCABULARY TEACHING

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Student’s name: Đào Đức Tâm Student’s code: 18114181 Class: MTESOL18K4 Instructor’s name: Assoc Prof Phạm Vũ Phi Hổ, PhD

Ba Ria-Vung Tau, April 2022

Throughout the writing of this dissertation I have received a great deal of support and assistance

I would first like to thank my supervisor, Assoc Prof Pham Vu Phi Ho, Ph.D., whose expertise was invaluable in formulating the research questions and methodology Your insightful feedback pushed me to sharpen my thinking and brought my work to a higher level

I would like to acknowledge my colleagues from my internship at Bidoup Nui Ba National Park for their wonderful collaboration I would particularly like

to single out my supervisor at Bidoup Nui Ba National Park, Mr Le Van Huong,

I want to thank you for your patient support and for all of the opportunities I was given to further my research

I would also like to thank my tutors, Mr Tran Xuan Dung, for their valuable guidance throughout my studies You provided me with the tools that I needed to choose the right direction and successfully complete my dissertation

Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their wise counsel and sympathetic ear You are always there for me, for always supporting and encouraging me in my good and bad times

BUILDING ECOTOURISM CORPUS AND APPLICATION OF CORPUS-BASED MATERIALS IN VOCABULARY TEACHING

DAO, Duc Tam M.A Thesis in TESOL Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr PHAM Vu Phi Ho

April 2022, 91 Pages

This study explored the efficiency of using corpus-based activities in English vocabulary teaching and learning The study aims to, first research the efficiency of corpus-based activities in vocabulary teaching rather than traditional methods such as textbook activities and dictionaries in vocabulary session, secondly to research students' attitudes towards corpus- based vocabulary activities Thirty-four secondary students at a Hermann Gmeiner school participated in the study There were two separate groups; the experimental group worked on concordance-based materials, while the control group leant with textbook and dictionary as tradition The study was quasi-experimental research and included both quantitative and qualitative research instruments As quantitative instruments, a qualification examination, pre- and post tests and a questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale were utilized Interviews and learner diaries were used as qualitative instruments The test results were statistically analyzed revealing that using corpus-based vocabulary activities were more effective than the traditional way that the students use the textbook and dictionary for vocabulary learning Moreover, the findings showed that the students' attitudes were positive towards using corpus-based vocabulary activities Key words: Corpus-based activities, concordance lines, corpora, vocabulary

learning, student attitudes

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

CHAPTER I 6

1.1 Background of the study 6

1.2 Statement of the problem 8

1.3 The aim and scope of the study 8

1.4 Assumptions and limitations of the study 9

1.5 Terms and concepts 9

CHAPTER II 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Corpus linguistics 11

2.3 History of corpus 13

2.4 Types of corpora 14

2.5 Corpora in language teaching 16

2.6 The corpus approach (data-driven learning approach) 19

2.7 Corpus-based vocabulary research in the world 22

2.8 Corpus-based vocabulary research in Vietnam 30

CHAPTER III 31

3.1 Data and corpus building 31

3.1.1 Data source 31

3.1.2 Data choosing and corpora edifice 31

3.2 Line of corpora deconstruction 33

3.2.1 Acting at the commonness expression list 33

3.2.2 Acting at collocates 33

3.2.3 Examination program 34

3.2.4 The aim of the reverie and examination interrogatives 34

3.2.5 Incubating 34

3.2.6 Actors 35

3.3 Instruments and materials 36

3.3.1 Proficiency Exam 36

3.3.2 Pre and Post Tests 37

3.3.3 Questionnaire 37

3.3.4 Interview questions 40

3.3.5 Learner Diaries 41

3.4 Materials 41

3.5 Data collection procedure 42

3.6 Data analysis 44

3.7 Proficiency test results 44

CHAPTER IV 46

4.1 Introduction 46

4.2 Data analysis procedure 46

4.3 Findings And Discussion 46

4.3.1 Pre-test Results 46

4.3.2 Research Question 1 47

4.3.3 Research Question 2 49

CHAPTER V 57

5.1 Introduction 57

5.2 Summary of the study 57

5.3 Pedagogical implications of the study 58

5.3.1 Implications of the study for language teachers 58

5.3.2 Implications of the study for material designers 59

5.3.3 Implications of the study for students 59

5.3.4 Implications of the study for testing units 60

5.4 Suggestions for further research 60

APPENDICES 62

APPENDIX 1 62

ATTITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE (ENGLISH) 62

ATTITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE (VIETNAMESE) 64

APPENDIX 2 66

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS (ENGLISH VERSION) 66

APPENDIX 3 67

PRE-TEST & POST TEST 67

APPENDIX 4 70

CORPUS-BASED VOCABULARY ACTIVITIES 70

APPENDIX 5 - SAMPLE VOCABULARY ACTIVITIES FROM THE TEXTBOOK 74

APPENDIX 6 75

REFERENCES 80

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This thesis aims to develop from my interest in considering the corpus approach that can be applied to evaluate the use of corpus-based lexical activities

in the Vietnamese context The first part of the introductory chapter provides some information about the background of the study and the need to do it The second section provides information on the purpose and importance of the study It continues with assumptions and limitations, and finally, terms and concepts

1.1 Background of the study

Corpora has been recognized as a valuable resource in language teaching

in the description of authentic and authentic texts for language learners (Hunston, 2002) Application of electronic corpus in teaching and learning foreign languages has been paid much attention in recent years As Hanks (2008, quoted in Boulton, 2010: 2) states, “they are now most common in the construction of references, especially dictionaries, but also language books manuals”

Thanks to the availability of different types of corpus, we now have access

to a multitude of authentic examples to which we wish to turn Armed with these kinds of resources, we can more easily guide our students in learning pragmatic and sociolinguistically appropriate uses of language (Simpson Vlach & Leicher, 2006) Corporations are useful for language teachers because they increase the significant contribution provided to students (Biber and Reppen, 2002)

The word corpus (corpora in the plural) designates "a set of texts considered representative of a given language, or of another subset of a language, to be used for linguistic analysis" (Francis, 1964: 109) "The concordance program is a program which builds the frequency of use of a certain set of words in the corpus" Concordance lines are examples of words or sentences presented in the center of the page with their contexts and they are retrieved from corpora (Sripicharn, 2002)

Many teachers stay away from technology and may have the misconception that concordance is an expensive luxury (Woolard, 2000) However, there are freely available concordances Some available online corpora include the British National Corpus (BNC, http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk), the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE, http://micase.elicorpora.info), and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA, http://www.americancorpus.org) These corpora are easy to access and rich; COCA, for instance, includes 450 million words of text including spoken, fiction, popular magazines, newspapers, and academic texts

Corpora have created a big impact on language description and analysis With the advance of the new technologies, corpora and concordances became a valuable supply for each research and pedagogy (Perez-Llantada, 2009) Over the past few decades, there has been a growing interest in conducting corpus studies

in the context of using corpus-based activities, data-driven language (DDL), and concordances in ELT (for example, Chao, 2010; Sun & Wang, 2003; Koosha & Jafarpour, 2006; Chan & Liou, 2005) The reason lying behind this growing interest is the advantages of using corpus-based materials in the classrooms To start with, concordances provide rich information on collocates, word families, and meanings In addition, they also involve discovery learning and introduce vocabulary in real contexts Moreover, learners investigate strategies, control their learning (Chapella & Hunston, 2001), and participate in the learning process actively Corpus software produce word lists including cluster and collocation lists and count occurrences of individual search items (Farr, 2008)

This info will give students with information on lexical or grammatical patterns in sample sentences of real language (Koosha & Jafarpour, 2006) supported an oversized assortment of authentic materials and advanced software, corpus makes a simple and fast analysis of the best amounts of linguistic information possible, and therefore the learners are given a replacement approach

to find out a language severally (Binkai, 2012) The use of corpus data in the

preparation of more accurate dictionaries and textbooks for students in the classroom is an example of indirect application (Wahid, 2011)

Despite the growing recognition of the benefits of corpora in language teaching, corpora have not been used primarily in language lessons and some research studies have been conducted to investigate the benefits of using materials based on corpora in particular in the teaching of vocabulary in Viet Nam Therefore, more research is needed to discover the effectiveness of corpus-based materials in teaching vocabulary and student attitudes towards the use of corpus-based materials use of corpus-based materials in vocabulary learning

1.2 Statement of the problem

It is believed that the corpora are useful in language teaching primarily because of the authentic linguistic input Unlike the inauthentic and artificial language used in most textbooks and dictionaries, the examples in the corpora represent the real language used by native speakers As a result, the corpora have been applied to language teaching and used for educational purposes for more than two decades There is a growing interest in the conduct of body-based studies

in the teaching of English However, empirical studies in vocabulary education are very rare, especially in Viet Nam To the knowledge of the instructor, there are not many studies that have been conducted to find out the effectiveness of corpus-based materials in vocabulary teaching As there is not enough empirical study in the Vietnamese context, the effects of corpus-based materials on vocabulary learning are not clear There is a need to conduct more studies in this field to generalize the learning effect of the corpus-based vocabulary materials in the Vietnamese context Hence, the present small-scale study intends to examine the effects of corpus-based activities in vocabulary teaching and to explore the attitudes of the students towards using corpus-based vocabulary activities in the Vietnamese context

1.3 The aim and scope of the study

The purpose of the study is to probe the effectiveness of corpus- grounded conditioning in vocabulary tutoring rather of using text conditioning and using wordbooks in vocabulary tutoring Another purpose of this study is to examine scholars' stations towards corpus- grounded vocabulary conditioning and text conditioning Having these purposes in mind, the study has the following exploration questions:

1 How to produce word lists of the corpus by using a concordance package?

2 What are the effects of using corpus-based activities in vocabulary learning?

3 What are the attitudes of Vietnamese learners towards using based vocabulary activities?

corpus-1.4 Assumptions and limitations of the study

It is assumed that all the participants participate voluntarily in the study It

is also assumed that all the participants will answer the questions in the questionnaire and interview objectively and without bias

The study has some limitations Initially, it is limited to two groups of junior school learners in Hermann Gmeiner school in Da Lat Therefore, the results of the study cannot be generalized for all language learners in Vietnam If there had been more participants, the results would have been more reliable and generalizable Another limitation of the study is that the treatment was conducted

in six weeks because of time constraints Having a longer treatment period would

be more helpful to understand the effectiveness of the corpus-based materials in vocabulary teaching

1.5 Terms and concepts

Corpus “ A corpus is principally a collection of textbooks which is stored

in a computer (McCarten, 2007 2).”

Corpus Linguistics “ Corpus Linguistics approaches the study of language

in use through corpora Corpus linguistics serves to answer two fundamental researching questions:

1 What particular patterns are associated with verbal or grammatical features?

2 How do these patterns differ within kinds and registers” (Bennett, 2010 2)?

Concordance “ A concordance is a list of surrounds illustrating a word or word family” (Chapelle & Hunston, 2001 111)

Concordance is a system of assaying language by studying structures and verbal patterns plant in digital databases (Koosha & Jafarpour, 2006)

Data- driven learning (DDL) It refers to the use of a corpus of textbooks with concordance software, to find answers to verbal questions by observing different uses of language (Allan, 2009)

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction

In this chapter, corpus linguistics, the historical backdrop of corpus, types

of corpora, corpora in language teaching, and the corpus approach have been clarified, and then corpus-based vocabulary studies both in the world and Vietnam have been covered Moreover, the effectiveness of corpus-based materials in vocabulary teaching has been examined along with related exploration in the field

"Corpus linguistics appeared when it was first viewed as that language was something discernible" (Unaldi, 2011: 32) Sinclair (1997, cited in Yusuf, 2009) accepted that language can't be invented; it must be caught He defined corpus linguistics as basically the investigation of language through corpus-based exploration, however it contrasts from customary linguistics in it contemplates valid instances of language in use Corpus linguistics breaks down corpora which are assortments of "reality" composed writings or recordings of discourse (Gajic, 2010) Farr's (2008) definition of corpus linguistics is more extensive

According to Farr, it is a methodology and has been utilized in numerous disciplines: for example dialectology, etymology, sociolinguistics, language materials improvement, language treatments, discourse innovation, measurable linguistics, artistic investigations, language change and development and syntax research Granger (2002) defined it as a linguistic system established on the utilization of electronic assortments of corpora According to Granger (2002), corpus linguistics is neither another part of linguistics nor another dialect

hypothesis; it is an incredible philosophy because of the idea of the proof it employments

"Corpus semantics is one of the quickest developing procedures in contemporary phonetics" (Gries, 2009: 32) Corpus etymology has been seen as a sub-field of phonetics like different territories of etymological examinations in sociolinguistics, pragmatics, semantics, linguistic structure, and so forth In addition, it has likewise been applied as a strategy on research in applied semantics and used as a source of perspective instrument for language books, word references, and course books (Akbana, 2011) Meyer (2002, referred to in Maryani, 2011:6) called attention to that "since corpora comprise of writings (or parts of writings), they empower etymologists to contextualize their investigations

of language; subsequently, corpora are very appropriate to all the more practically based conversations of language" Corpora have changed and will change phonetic investigation from numerous points of view Most importantly, they offer a chance to work with huge amounts of printed proof Likewise, they additionally take care of issues which would beforehand have been viewed as too tedious Besides, they uncover associations between semantic wonders which would already have stayed covered up (Rissanen, 2004)

Corpus semantics expects to evaluate the degree to which examples of language use are found in a given assortment of spoken or composed writings and

to examine the context oriented elements that impact language variety in the writings Corpus etymology is likewise portrayed as utilizing PCs and electronic assortments of writings, or corpora (Curzan, 2012) Corpora experience diminished the time and difficulty in discovering proof for semantic wonders Thus, corpora have practiced a huge impact on bringing hypothetical and use-based investigations closer together (Rissanen, 2004) Thusly, specialists have been more keen on doing corpus based exploration in an assortment of branches

Prior to corpus semantics, language specialists contemplated punctuation dependent on local speaker instinct On account of corpora, etymologists,

scientists, instructors, or and understudies can utilize genuine semantic information to show and see how language functions They can examine jargon including recurrence, collocations, and sentence structure, test syntax rules in a punctuation book and portray the language and show subjective and quantitative investigations They can likewise order corpora of explicit sorts of language and discover the much of the time utilized jargon and articulations They can even contrast understudies' composed and communicated in language with discover what sorts of mistakes they make (Kitao, 1994)

2.3 History of corpus

Corpus linguistics and its standards have been around for just about a century Since the late nineteenth century, etymologists, or word reference producers, have been gathering instances of language being used to characterize words Prior to PCs, these models were gathered on little sheets of paper and coordinated in categorizes The coming of PCs made it conceivable to make cutting edge corpora (Bennet, 2010)

It is a typical conviction that corpus linguistics was deserted in the 1950s, and afterward accepted again out of nowhere in the mid 1980s Nonetheless, this isn't the case since certain linguists continued to pioneer corpus work during the time frame For instance, Quirk (1960, cited in McEnery and Wilson, 1996) arranged the development of his eager Survey of English Usage (SEU) Around the same time, Francis and Kucera started work on the principal PC corpus, the Brown corpus

At the aim when the Brown Corpus, the first computer corpus, was being made in the medial 1960s, generative punctuation was dominant in linguistics The makers of the Brown Corpus Nelson Francis and Henry Kucera are presently considered as settlers in corpus linguistics field; in any case, their trials to make a corpus weren't invited by multitudinous individualities from the verbal original area in the 1960s (Meyer, 2004) For instance, Chomsky (1988, cited in McEnery and Wilson, 1996) recommended that the corpus would never be a gainful device

for a linguist in light of the fact that a linguist should demonstrate language fitness

as opposed to execution According to him, a corpus is execution information and

is consequently a helpless manual for modeling linguistic ability He stresses that

we gain proficiency with the language by following standard strategy for the sciences that isn't to gather masses of unanalyzed information and to attempt to make a few determinations from them (Andor, 2004)

Corpora were disregarded for almost twenty years on account of the discussions in linguistics local area During this time span, significant advances were utilized corpora like linking of the corpus to the PC The accessibility of the automated corpus and the more extensive accessibility of computing offices have restored corpus linguistics (McEnery and Wilson, 1996) "The 1990s can be viewed as the time of enormous under-separated corpora, like the Bank of English and the British National Corpus" (Swales, 2006: 20)

2.4 Types of corpora

Individuals build corpuses of different sizes for explicit reasons a really huge corpus can help organize a word reference it would contain several numerous words, since a word reference must contain numerous examples of the relative variety of words and articulations used in the language A medium-sized corpus, on the other hand, can hold recordings of speeches and will get used to writing books for students (McCarthy, 2004)

The corpuses are divided into different classifications, such as spoken versus composed, equal (monolingual versus bilingual / multilingual) and student corpuses Fonts written in corpus can be extracted from books, articles or magazines that are electronically reviewed or downloaded Other composite corpuses may include: Such corpuses show how language is used in society today, how our use of language has changed, and how language is used in a few records (McCarthy, 2004)

An equal corpus are frequently depicted as a corpus that has source messages and their interpretations Equal corpora are frequently monolingual or

bilingual predictable with Aijmer and Altenberg (1996: 12, cited in McEnery and Xiao, 2007) equal corpora 'offer explicit uses and opportunities' for interpretation considers:

a) they give new insights into the dialects looked at;

b) they are frequently utilized for an assortment of near purposes and lift our attention to language-explicit and social contrasts;

c) they present contrasts between source writings and interpretations, and among local and non-local writings;

d) they likewise can be utilized for teaching

A discourse corpus is defined as "any assortment of discourse recordings which is available in machine clear structure and which accompanies explanation and documentation adequate to allow re-utilization of the info in-house, or by researchers in different associations" (Gibbon et al., 1997: 79) Spoken corpora contain records of discourse These recordings can also come from recorded discussions in people's homes and work environments, or from phone calls, business meetings, or television broadcasts Spoken Corpus shows us how language is used in the real world and in many different settings (McCarthy, 2004)

Student corpora are a variety of credible writings created by unknown / second language learners and stored in an electronic array A corpus of students

is briefly put together, language acquisition or foreign teaching motive Analysts need to test part of the SLA hypothesis or come to terms with superior FLT techniques (Granger, 2002: 11) The student body includes contrast analysis between languages and computer-aided error analysis Interlingual analysis is contrastive and includes investigations between local (NS) and non-local (NNS) information or between the distinctions between non-local information helped Error Analysis centers around blunders in interlanguage and utilizations PCs to tag, recover and break down these mistakes (Granger, 2002: 12) one among the

advantages of student corpora comparing to different kinds of student language assortments is that the writings are electronic Electronic information are regularly circulated all the more generally, subsequently; the outcomes are effectively similar Another benefit of student corpora is that genuine creation information is examined (Sinclair, 2004:130-131)

2.5 Corpora in language teaching

Corpora formerly pictured the deliberation of ultimate English tongue pedagogues in 1987 with the dispensation of Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, the supreme corpora - grounded expression authority for pupils The coming time espied the dispensation of an authoritative document on the application of corpora - adjudged and corpora ¬ grounded outfit in the tongue reverie entranceway (Johns, 1988 instanced in Gabrielatos, 2005) Since at that juncture, there has breathed a raising share in canalizing corpora ¬ grounded examination in tongue tutelage (Sripicharn, 2002; Sun and Wang, 2003; Chan and Liou, 2005; Koosha and Jafarpour, 2006; Balunda, 2009; Chao,) The integration

of corpora in the EFL tutelage and learnedness has expressed a considerable measure both in dogma and in credit complex (Binkai, 2012) Prior to corpora’s, rhetorical depictions hung on what original chairmen allow about tongue, or what they have tongue to breathe, first of how tongue is applied Because of corpora’s, we've built up a lordly contract of how tongue is applied and makeshift perceptiveness into tongue building (Tsui, 2004) Corpora may extend pupils' complicated' sageness with tongue and have them to look tongue review in passage likewise, for pedagogues , corpora’s are an peculiar emissary for allowing conditioning that manufacture tongue review concluded and etch in the homeroom In corpora - grounded line, pupils illustrate tongue review and grip piece in hypothesis edifice and testing Along these columns, conditioning corpora - grounded line may command elongate and fresh hardened learnedness jar than prevalent learnedness (Heremans and Cuyckens, 2012.)

Corpora give numerous instances of the inquiry thing in its setting of utilization yet it doesn't tell the meaning of the word or expression This is

something that we need to derive from the numerous models that are produced (Q'Keeffe, McCarthy and Carter, 2007) Analyzing corpus information is a helpful instrument in teaching jargon It gives significant information to the two understudies and instructors about how language is utilized, in actuality, circumstances For educators language corpora are a valuable wellspring of linguistic information for preparing teaching exercises There are heaps of benefits of preparing corpus-based exercises Initially, instructors can handle the materials They ensure that understudies are presented to the language that is meaningful and important for them They can erase a few pieces of the materials and it furnishes lower level understudies with meaningful and non-distracting input

The lavishness of real messages as far as their social and linguistic substance, the chance to choose materials that are important, reasonable, and interesting to explicit gatherings of students, the persuasive parts of learning from bona fide instead of fake material are a portion of the benefits of using corpora (Mishan, 2004) Concordances give more extravagant wellsprings of co-printed information than word references They advance effective investigation of word arranges Understudies need time and training on the best way to do it (Woolard, 2000) Along these lines, educators ought to be quite certain while introducing concordances or corpus-based materials Understudies need practice and clear instruction about working with these kinds of materials

Formerly, pedagogues applied miniatures formed up by them while tutelage The handicaps of such a plan suited command the lawfulness and were circumscribed in total either continually than not, understudies know-how developments delving these defenseless judgments (Sun and Wang, 2003) The application of corpora’s in tongue tutelage has redid pupil and pedagogue billets

It has buttressed pupil centered plans, and redid the fabrication of pedagogues as fountainheads of data towards one of pedagogues as deputies and facilitators, or indeed co ¬ experimenters (Gabrielatos, 2005) The upper hand of resembling

understudy enthralled divulgence learnedness is that the understudies are gave doorway to prevailing actualities of consequent tongue employment, and are sampled to manufacture crapshoots and posting exemplars of tongue bearing Studying concordances can again manufacture understudies either apprehensive

of tongue employment (Krieger, 2003) Information Driven Learning (DDL) is set down as a meaning spring along in ELT chronicle since concordances carry understudies admittance to a infinite data body of consequent outfit (Basanta and Martin, 2005, 2006) The exam practices ( corpora - grounded practices ) backstop pupils with processing primer more and to decide their sageness Pupils are bound

to have and allow about farther haps of the tongue duds when they center on the purports, uses, and principles of frequent expressions in the empirical tongue This commerce prompts interlanguage breakthrough (Willis, 2011) Gavioli and Aston (2001, instanced in Huang, 2011) refocused out that getting practices that carry anatomizing corpora data are calculable with prevailing principles of tongue learnedness theory, that's understudies dress either personality - reg when they learn injunction about how to look tongue and manufacture crapshoots

There are three different ways for instructors to integrate corpus into their teaching First and foremost, they accumulate information from corpus look get ready materials and have understudies work with these materials Likewise, they can utilize online accessible corpora while teaching a particular language design Besides, instructors can make specific corpora from credible writings or understudy papers and have understudies break down the information (Reppen, 2011) Preparing corpus-based materials may live up to understudies' requirements and desires better as it offers educators the chance to make changes

or transformation important for the understudies Using online corpora might be reasonable for significant level understudies, however they might be excessively challenging for understudies with lower capability levels

Corpora don't mention to us what to educate, however they can help us settle on better choices, and explain our explanations behind teaching explicit

highlights (Gavioli and Aston, 2001) Hunston (2002) claims that corpora reflect characteristic language and are liberated from intuition, along these lines; their findings can be applied, in actuality, circumstances On account of its unwavering quality, corpus is utilized as a dominant and oftentimes utilized technique to consider linguistic variety

Corpus size is significant factor to consider for educators and scientists The corpus doesn't serve to test a linguistic model yet to make a linguistic model Therefore, if the corpus size is little it gives a little window on the language marvel and subsequently, the outcomes will just give a halfway image of its 'actual' intricacy Nonetheless, a huge corpus will give a full perspective on the marvel and in this manner will consistently be better than a more modest corpus (Anthony, 2013)

2.6 The corpus approach (data-driven learning approach)

Data - herded learnedness (DDL) alludes to the application of a corpora of jottings with concordance programming, to descry comebacks to rhetorical researches by minding colored applications of tongue The pupil composes the empirical expression (s) into the affair and all miniatures from the corpora shows

up, match in a banner in context (KWIC) program DDL is constructive in multiplex form Despite the actuality that it's anything but an informatory line, it has upper hands, for exemplification, existing pupil centered, operating legit tongue, and advancing pupil disclosure (Allan, 2009)

The potential of data - herded learnedness passage (DDL) breathed posed

by Johns (1991) as an imaginative drive to trade with the perpetration of concordance outfit in tongue tutelage Data - - herded learnedness (DDL) breathed delineated by Johns and King (1991, instanced in Qingzhao, 2011 389) as “the application in the homeroom of PC created concordances to learn understudies to delve consistence of patterning in the empirical tongue, and the breakthrough of practices and conditioning pendent on concordance earnings" In DDL, a concordance expression through enormous shifts of rhetorical data ( vociferated

corpora’s) The concordance is electronic programming that portrays back linguistic / rhetorical exemplars of tongue within genuine contextures (Koosha and Jafarpour, 2006) Johns (1991, instanced in Clavel and Fustel, 2010) total up the principles of DDL as follows

back-to-1) The pupils' discovery ‘the tongue through their own researches The tongue - pupil is a specialist who approaches rhetorical data

2) The PC goes around as an rat fink that addresses the researches pupils pose

3) The abecedarian PC artifice is the concordances The concordances on a

PC filmmaking produce all cases of a expression (or statement) in a countersign

in context (KWIC) program

4) The pedagogue 's is in the connection of a teacher understudy enthralled reverie entranceway air Concordances are the meaning breast share

Approach in corpus, or from data-driven learning includes speculation development through inductive corpus-based activities, express clarifications from the instructor to affirm or address these theories, theory testing through follow-up activities; and student creation (Chujo and Oghigian, 2008 cited in Chujo et al., 2009) In DDL, the understudy focused homeroom configuration stresses study hall interaction, in which understudies can impart through their own understanding of the language information to accomplish the reason for the obtaining of language This learning mode encourages the student's autonomic learning capacity to investigate and find language information (Guan, 2013)

The corpus approach is included four attributes It dissects the real examples of language use in common messages like reading material, papers, scholarly papers, TV shows, class addresses, fiction, true to life, and so forth Another significant quality of the corpus approach is that it uses a huge and principled assortment of common writings as the reason for examination There are various settings accessible like composed corpus, expressed corpus, and so on

The corpus approach utilizes PCs for investigation and relies upon both quantitative and subjective logical methods PCs both hold and investigate the language in a particular corpus (Biber et al., 1998 cited in Bennet, 2010)

One of the focal standards of the corpus method is that jargon and syntax are interrelated rather than specific from one another (Halliday, 1992; Sinclair,

1991 referred to in Yoon and Hirvela, 2004) Jargon training is transferring far from coaching phrases in segregation, and setting a extra noteworthy accentuation

on exposing junior high school students to lexical matters in credible and significant settings Moreover, there's a developing degree of evidence that a good sized a part of the English language is preferred which proposes that coaching jargon as unbiased from syntax has impediments (Balunda, 2009)

Furthermore, DDL will increase the openness to actual language used by nearby audio system in socially bona fide settings of utilization Students research via bona fide substances in preference to academically deliberate material (Kramsch, A'Ness and Lam, 2000 referred to in Basanda and Martin, 2005, 2006 ) DDL may be trainer or scholar drove relying at the places of work available In the scholar drove strand, understudies can make use of several unfastened on line corpora available if PCs are available to them In the trainer drove strand, then again, the educator might also additionally desire to play with the information with the aid of using growing practices depending on the concordance traces or with the aid of using printing the concordances and blanking out a particular component, just like the watchword, the arrange/s of the catchphrase, etc (Mishan, 2004)

The DDL approach has been broadly perceived for its potential in language teaching To sum up, DDL has numerous advantages placing the understudy in the focal point of the learning interaction, supports revelation learning and questioning, encourage self-governance, and advances significant learning abilities (Tian, 2005)

2.7 Corpus-based vocabulary research in the world

In this part, a few past observational investigations which have been directed on the planet to determine the adequacy of corpora on jargon learning have been summed up Students' mentalities and opinions towards using corpora

in jargon learning have been introduced

Sripicharn (2002) completed an investigation to assess the utilization of study hall concordance by a gathering of understudies at Thammasat University, Thailand In the first place, the learning impact of study hall concordance was estimated using the trial research plan with pre-and post tests What's more, the students' mentalities towards concordance-based materials were additionally elicited using surveys and top to bottom interviews The exploratory gathering chipped away at concordance-based materials, while the benchmark group worked with non-concordance teaching units Most of the members were second-year, English-significant understudies with four of them majoring in Linguistics The understudies were taking a four-month writing course The consequences of the pre-test indicated that the understudies were upper-intermediate students of English and there was no huge distinction between the two gatherings Thirty concordance-based teaching units were utilized with the trial bunch The materials were composed to cause learners to notice collocation, implication, multi word units, lexical relations, and proviso structure Thirty non-concordance materials were utilized with the benchmark group They zeroed in on a similar language highlights; be that as it may, the non-concordance teaching units introduced unequivocal clarifications of language points In the final seven day stretch of the examination, a post test was administered The outcomes showed that homeroom concordance didn't markedly affect the learning of language things introduced in the materials Albeit the learning and move impacts of study hall concordance were not answered to be huge, the subjective data recommended that the understudies had inspirational mentalities towards concordance-based undertakings The coordinated conversations additionally proposed that understudies had the option to make helpful speculations from the concordance

data The consequences of the poll proposed that the majority of the understudies apparent the concordance undertakings as interesting, not very troublesome and could be reasonable within the appointed time The data from the in-depth interviews likewise upheld the poll results

Sun and Wang (2003) studied the force of inductive and a priori paths to learnedness of terms by operating a concordance They likewise catechized the bearing between the hardness of expression designs and cognitive paths Eighty one ancient altitudinous academe pupils partook in the reverie They were aimlessly resolved into two collections; an inductive clutch, and a priori clutch

At the launch of the reverie , the actors grasped the pre-test, and again mesh - grounded concordance implements were acquainted to them Pupils within the inductive muster were claimed to fare acting for 5 cases of employment of the keyword on a mesh - grounded concordance, and again they were catechized to conclude the underpinning designs through the five cases They were likewise catechized to debug the judgments squaring to their own converted regs Pupils in the a priori clutch were donated grammatical regs and they were catechized to debug the judgments through studying the regs After the treatment, a post essay breathed grasped to assess the pupils' account in expression learnedness The developments of the reverie produced that the inductive muster followed through utterly advanced than the a priori clutch on the informatory of naked expression designs notwithstanding, this reverie 's developments disclosed that painless designs tend to breathe either able for the inductive passage because there breathed no meaning disparateness between the two training paths for the catchy designs

Chan and Liou's (2005) reverie probed the juice of operating five electronic rehearsal units on English feat expression reality terms with the road map of an online Chinese -English bilingual concordance on expression learnedness 32 academe EFL understudies grasped piece in the exam A one - coven pre-test post essay deconstruct breathed aimed to catechize whether and in what drive a

Chinese -English bilingual concordance can prop EFL understudies' learnedness

of feat expression - reality terms The factors again replied to a institute audit and

an reckoning bean The developments of the delving produced that EFL undergrads' broad-brush feat expression - reality linguistic expression data breathed amended by move of the specific Cry expression dictate In malignance

of the actuality that understudies regressed postdating over two months, their sageness into feat expression - reality expression hung around to the line that it breathed better than their admission rungs The bean betokened that the factors espied the expression learnedness by move of the CALL paths as corroboratory and they were heaven-sent with the calendar road map of the online expression units

Kobelinski's (2005) reverie probed the commands of the application of Corpus in the road map of outfit for shoptalk learnedness The factors in this exam were 32 earliest time consortium understudies The crucible coven breathed formed out of fifteen manlike understudies around seventeen times of period The par clutch contained of thirteen manlike and two feminine understudies of around

a alike period The exploratory congregation breathed capitulated to nine fifty - moment gentries to attack the corpora - grounded practices Two polls were intended to determine the attributes of the students participating in this examination and check students' acting accordingly and receptivity to the corpus based methodology The members addressed a worksheet identified with EST (English for Science and Technology) lexical things found into the corpus of study The post test was applied without earlier notification after the treatment The findings of the investigation proposed that members held uplifting perspectives towards corpus-based methodologies The outcomes likewise uncovered that the adequacy of the corpus-based methodologies The reading undertakings introduced intricacies for students due to the long and challenging credible writings All things considered, in the wake of dealing with these intricacies students discovered information innovation simpler to peruse than other kind of writings

Chujo, Utiyama and Miura (2006) investigated the adequacy of English bilingual equal corpora on beginner level EFL students' jargon learning The investigation was led in three Japanese junior high school beginning-level English CALL Courses It took us a round four or five weeks and 1.5 hours for each course There were 24 green beans members in Class 1, and 28 in Class 2 Class 3 had 20 alumni understudies The entirety of the members were engineering understudies and they didn't feel positive about their English capability 83 assignments in complete from the pre-set undertakings produced for the DDL course were utilized during this analysis Students worked two by two with an obvious DDL present consisting of around ten undertakings for exploring the use of seven objective words Some objective words were given a few assignments and the errands were orchestrated from simple to troublesome Two by two, one understudy played out the concordance and the other recorded the outcomes on the present Students talked with one another about how to play out the concordance and they presented the freebee subsequent to filling out the responses to each errand question Subsequent to finishing the DDL exercises, understudies had 15 minutes to utilize the CALL jargon CD-ROM to contemplate the 20 objective words Toward the finish of the exercise, a CALL CD-ROM test was given to affirm their understanding of the jargon discovered that day The assessment of the learning impact in this examination depended on students' impressions from the Final Questionnaire The examination uncovered that the beginning level EFL students had the option to utilize the concordance apparatus for learning English jargon, and that the bilingual equal corpus was viable with beginning level EFL understudies

Japanese-Koosha and Jafarpour (2006) examined the adequacy of concordance materials introduced through data-driven learning in the learning collocation of relational words They additionally intended to find out if information on collocation of relational words could separate among the various degrees of EFL students' capability and to determine the degree to which Iranian EFL students' information on collocation of relational words is influenced by their L1 200

senior English majors studying at three junior high schools took an interest in this investigation Six gatherings took part in this examination, three exploratory (DDL approach) and three benchmark groups (traditional methodology) A pre-test and post test were administered to check the impacts of the medicines The members were pre-tried by a consummation test on collocation of relational words At that point the members went through a fifteen-meeting treatment Relational words and their collocational properties were instructed to the understudies The consequences of the investigation uncovered that DDL approach were exceptionally viable in the teaching and learning of collocation of relational words

Braun (2007) directed an developmental exam to delve the broad-brush qualifications and adversities of absorbing corpora outfit and corpora - grounded learnedness practices into English tongue gentries at an elective academe in Germany Braun's delving breathed quite the coequal as diverse quizzes as it compacted the broad-brush goods entailing punctuation, shoptalk, attending and saying The factors were 26 understudies of the ninth peg ( period 14 -15) English breathed their instead unknown shop, and they commanded English gentries since peg 5 During a moment of about a month, one unit of the understudies' policy tome breathed subbed and supplemented by outfit from the ELISA corpora Two

of the interviews from the ELISA corpora were applied as a starting juncture for corpora ¬ grounded learnedness practices The interviews were earliest eyed in estate, operating a data projector and a filmmaking This breathed tailed by a discourse of the interview in estate, and latterly that the interview breathed probed

in item, operating PC grounded practices and conditioning The conditioning toward the ending of each member were aimed to' sample ‘what the understudies commanded ascertained in the practices banished to this piece The fruits from coursework were applied to poll the broad-brush goods of every understudy The audit data and the personalized data (understudies' notes and apprehensions) were catechized to assess the broad-brush coup of absorbing corpora stuff into the harvested learnedness unit The data discovered that the two conferences suited

not disagreement mainly with reference to their broad-brush goods, notwithstanding the corpora coven grooved basically better in the PC grounded conditioning for the later interview To condense the fruits from tagging and recording, the understudies were drew on to grade their prima facie learnedness coup for the concentrated unit on a 5 - juncture Likert scale The par clutch guesstimated the broad-brush accomplishment barely advanced than the corpora coven yet the reality that matters is not judgmental however, the corpora coven grooved mainly better in the PC grounded conditioning for the later interview This doom breathed accommodated by the corpora congregation's advanced conditions of the prima facie learnedness coup for the later interview The data hint that the corpora - grounded practices were either palmy and were descried to breathe either facilitative than the fresh prevalent PC grounded practices

Balunda's (2009) reverie catechized if DDL has being singular to argue to the board in the tutelage of shoptalk, and supposed about the viability of two road maps on understudies' eyeing of terms in concordance data The delving contrasts from both diverse quizzes in that it requisitioned that understudies disagreement DDL and their own tactics for getting makeshift expressions as bucked to stock authority outfit The delving applied a semi-organized interview architecture to grasp what understudies sensed and what they built up from DDL The critic canalized an interview to descry out the understudies' opinions and shoes towards tongue and shoptalk, and tactics for studying nameless expressions Fifteen ESL understudies grasped an share in the exam The factors were incredibly magpie, with understudies from eight solitary lands Japan, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Liberia, Nigeria, and South Korea The specialist organized a corpora formed out of jottings grasped from the understudies' policy tome to manufacture the outfit for the crucible The corpora breathed formed by scrutinizing each allotted primer from the policy account stuff to a PC The factors grasped an share

in five, 45 - moment drill conventions In catching one, the understudies were donated a little preamble to corpora linguistics Toward the launch of the semester, the understudies finalized a bean about their sense towards tongue

building and shoptalk again, the understudies were arbitrarily deposed into two conferences, Group 1 and Group 2 The two conferences finalized a thirty - reality spelling heckler on an hit-or-miss resoluteness of six expressions from every one

of the maiden five sub-arrangements of the AWL For the deconstruction, the understudies were drew on to perfect a DDL duty for the expression performing, and each congregation of understudies breathed had 45 trikes to perfect the motion After the motion council, every understudy breathed in camera polled by the critic/ educationist operating a semi-organized interview program The interviews were vid/ sound registered, decoded, and cut by the specialist/ educationist At the juncture when understudies in the prevailing delving differed DDL with their standard plans for getting makeshift expressions, they vented that DDL propped them with eyeing unnamed duds about the expression When differed with expression authority composition, understudies commented that DDL formed them to conclude the tie-up between the building and the content of the expression They commented that getting multiplex likes of the expression at one moment breathed being they suited not go while advising a expression authority

Chao (2010's) reverie probed the concussions of concordances on expression learnedness of Taiwanese central academe understudies through expression concordance, IWILL Two gentries of 2nd peg inferior understudies grasped an share in this delving They were doled out into two conferences, a essay coven and a par clutch This delving concerned a pre-test, post essay, and a audit aimed to descry out understudies' sense toward concordance learnedness and their inklings about the policy The pair of the delving breathed 15 weeks, and every expression policy breathed ferried out after the tutelage of correspondent conditioning of the account stuff The postdated - inquests ambulated via a pre-examination and a position up bill to choose the affects of the employment of the concordances on their expression learnedness The aftereffects of the pre-test discovered that two conferences were homogenous, while the developments of the post-test discovered that the understudies in the exploratory congregation were

basically peculiar The fruits produced that after the treatment, the essay coven basically overbear the par clutch, and further commanded implausible perpetration on terms The bean data produced that the understudies in the delving clutched inspirational shoes toward concordances as they supposed about that it breathed either fun and immersing to get again, ultimate of the understudies vented that they would operate the concordances in their coming learnedness

Donesch -Jezo's (2013) reverie means to delve the paths to advance understudies' capturing of makeshift expressions The exam gives colored cases

of getting practices producing how the tutelage of shoptalk duds can breathe allowed in the L2 reverie entranceway in a persuasive and charismatic etiquette with the application of tongue corpora along with concordance programming 30 understudies in the fourth time of clinical quizzes grasped piece in the delving The understudies' phase of goods breathed midsize and upper midsize The crucible necessitated 6 hours in all out The corpora carried 10 delving composition exordiums tagged from four Anglo -American daybooks in the plot

of cure The tagged essays were drew up by original chairmen of English The understudies two by two disported out the delving of the jottings to descry the restraint and the application of some critical linguistic duds These chores were divulgence practices that caused the pupils to look the complements, building, and collaborations fashioned by these expressions The errands carried public - down researches, aperture padding, corresponding the expressions and packing the board with expressions The exam breathed directed physically by perusing the jottings and registering the incident of set linguistic duds in the delving blanks and with the application of concordance programming MonoConc Pro2.2 A spelling heckler breathed dealt later to completing the shoptalk learnedness council The understudies ‘spelling heckler grievances were advanced than the grievances acquired before the essay Informal colloquies with the understudies produced that they set down this order of shoptalk learnedness immersing, and that this data propped them in their contract of coherent jottings

The judgments of the adultness of these quizzes advance that corpora - grounded practices , DDL, and concordance are facilitative for getting English expressions and command a learnedness jar on understudies' expos The personalized data congregated from these examens ago up the quantitative data For the ultimate piece, understudies cling uplifting sense towards operating corpora’s and corpora - grounded outfit in shoptalk tutelage on record of a many cases, for exemplification, existing actually immersing, diversion, brawny and revelatory

2.8 Corpus-based vocabulary research in Vietnam

In Vietnam, to the knowledge of the researcher, corpus research has become popular especially in the last decade But still, there are a few studies conducted about using corpus-based materials in vocabulary teaching Therefore, there is a need to conduct more research on using corpus-based materials in vocabulary teaching to understand the effects of using these materials in the Vietnam context

CHAPTER III DATA AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Data and corpus building

3.1.1 Data source

My examination share is in delving the jargon bonded to Ecotourism and Environmental As a data origin, the cracks of biodiversity, foliage and fauna, environmental instruction were handpicked because of the conspicuous practicality of enough painless conveying and repositing of data in the computer The cracks handpicked for addition in the corpora are all broadsheets the list of foliage in the Bidoup National Park and the list of fauna in the Bidoup National Park; the biodiversity beginning audit in the Bidoup Nui Ba National Park and some environmental instruction’s outfit All of the recounted are got out just in English and are congenitally central or upper estate accustomed, since their cult has to breathe painlessly - trained enough to peruse competently in English The biodiversity beginning audit in the Bidoup Nui Ba National Park is the cracks that

it covers all of the angles of the National Park The menstruation subbed in the corpora eras from 2011 to April 2018 and this plus or minus coincides with the evolving menstruation of the National Park As it turns out, this seven time menstruation is likewise meaning in the representation of English for reverie anatomized in the corpora

3.1.2 Data choosing and corpora edifice

The inaugural exam of the cracks shows that each clap has barely diverse neighborhood partitions and the archive quest claimed quest expressions for recoupment of cracks This complicated notions on

i) what parts of the cracks to carry;

ii) what hunt expressions to employ;

iii) how multitudinous cracks to cull

As for what parts to carry, initially, I hoped to carry foreign news parts and inquests quiet, none of the on - cue editions of the cracks commanded individual parts for foreign news, and one of the online archives of the cracks suited not carry editorial cracks, so the foreign news and editorial parts commanded to breathe banded from the choosing In the ending, it breathed chose that three parts -biodiversity, ecotourism, and environmental instruction (EE) which pressed in all cracks, would fare into the corpora in disposition to conserve uniformity of data across the cracks For quest expressions, with one difficulty, ten really commonplace and broad-brush expressions - personality, people, deathly, reverie , composition, hour, moment, moment, National Park -were tagged to gather a hit-or-miss bedcover of cracks while evading favor to any set content - bonded cracks, since these expressions are awaited to go in closely every primer National Park does not befit into the disposition of commonplace expressions, but breathed carried as a quest expression on the park that it would go continually anyway of content because of the cracks were formed in the Nui Ba National Park catching the opus of cracks to carry, the mark size of the corpora breathed about one thousand expressions, which is rather fragile, whereas the archive quest aftereffect would typically sling up hundreds and thousands of cracks when a quest expression breathed codified in As a drive of handpicking just the narrow but hit-or-miss opus of cracks from the got back data, for each quest expression, it breathed chose that two cracks would breathe downloaded from the ecotourism and environmental single-handedly, and three cracks from the biodiversity The accounting for gripping else cracks from the biodiversity bill breathed that this neighborhood subbed a fat lea of news details alike as herbage, fauna, personality, deluge and accordingly forth Two or three cracks, hinging on the neighborhood, were desultorily downloaded by gathering every, bring out fifth or hundredth opus which breathed unriddled out by disuniting whatever full opus of cracks got back from the archive for each quest expression by 10 or 20 The coequal course breathed rehearsed for clap Since the full opus of cracks tagged for each reappraisal breathed the coequal, the expression census of each clap breathed

awaited to breathe either or less resembling quiet, it revolved out that the cracks bonded to ecotourism and environmental commanded significantly lesser expressions than the different clap The expression census of each sub - corpora

is as follows As a concentrated, the corpora consists of expressions ( about) donated that the posed reverie is not accordingly monstrously covered with equating individual sub - corpora’s, the greatness in expression censuses will not play as a knavish minister for the deconstruction sooner or later, downloaded cracks from each clap were reposited in three primer columns after existing proselyted from HTML setout into naked primer setout able to breathe reused with concordance software

3.2 Line of corpora deconstruction

3.2.1 Acting at the commonness expression list

Once the corpora is created, a truly sound point to commence for estimate

is to outfit expression lists of the corpora via drive of move of the exercise of a concordance packet As expressed via drive of move of Barnbrook (1996), painless expression lists conformable with commonness or alphabetical disposition can redeem a profitable index to any grammatical or linguistic thing hands down actually painlessly worth beyond delving In disposition to gather out which overseas multinational emplacements are opined and the drive continuously they're opined withinside the corpora, I command answered out cognomens of commonwealths doing withinside the commonness schedule of the corpora

3.2.2 Acting at collocates

The coming means to grip, after commanding chose what order of expressions to delve by advising the commonness list, is to catechize the collocate lists of different linguistic details correlated aloft Acting at the collocates of a expression is facilitative for picturing a broad-brush icon of semantic or grammatical deportment of the expression, which can breathe again answered and developed through particular deconstruction of concordance columns

3.2.3 Examination program

The learnedness jar of corpora - grounded jargon conditioning on midsize place pupils breathed scaled assuming a quasi-experimental deconstruction mode with pre -and post bills Brown and Richard Rodgers (2002) delineate the later characteristics of a‘ genuine developmental reverie '

a) Pupils are every which drive elect and charged to 2 collections;

b) 2 developmental treatments are gave;

c) For each collections, a pre-test and post essay are donated

Quasi-experimental fashions are notch employed within the deconstruction

of educational dockets erstwhile aimless chore is not practicable or serviceable' (Gribbons & Herman, 1997) ‘ genuine developmental program' breathed not assumed during this reverie as a aftereffect of pre-selection and organization of bands breathed catchy The collections were not every which drive charged to collections; complete collections were employed first thereupon, this reverie may breathe a quasi-experimental reverie

3.2.4 The aim of the reverie and examination interrogatives

The question of the catechize is to delve the force of corpora ¬ grounded conditioning in jargon coaching first than the exercise of primer conditioning and lexica in jargon coaching Another question of this catechize is to command a expression at pupils' stances toward corpora - grounded jargon conditioning The catechize has the later inquests interrogatives

1 What are the fruits of the exercise of corpora - grounded conditioning on Vietnamese midsize skill ability phase EFL newbies' broad-brush account in jargon learnedness?

2 What are the stances of Vietnamese midsize skill ability phase EFL newbies toward the exercise of corpora - grounded jargon conditioning?

3.2.5 Incubating

The expression at redid into followed through at Hermann Gmeiner, consortium pupils grip English procedures when they commence anatomizing at their academies On the indispensable facet, the English educationist meanings to backstop consortium pupils amplify 4 credentials for you to commence a 4 -yr software with English - mean dictate A skill ability grip a expression at is dash

to all incoming consortium pupils anteriorly than the kickoff of the educationally However , they could commence anatomizing at their offices due to the actuality they are grasped into deliberation talented sufficient to accomplish their educational examination of their offices, If consortium pupils learn 60 jests or aloft out of 100 notwithstanding, they ought to act at on the beginning software for one educational moment menstruation or yr in means with the skill ability place, If consortium pupils rating monstrously lesser than 60 jests Pupils are resolved into 4 rungs, abecedarian, pre-intermediate, midsize and upper - midsize , in means with the fruits of the skill ability grip a expression at One educational

yr is ramify into tenures, thirty -weeks in broad-brush and consortium pupils grip piece in drill 4 or 5 hours a daylight, twenty or twenty 5 hours every week in broad-brush

3.2.6 Actors

The existents command breathed 28 midsize phase instruction majesty consortium pupils at a individualized power in Vietnam They've breathed located into complete potbellies Pupils in a unattached association fabricated the developmental association whilst the sages withinside the diverse association command breathed traded with because the exploit association The developmental association coincided of eighteen consortium pupils (ten demoiselle and 8 joe) and there command breathed 16 consortium pupils (8 demoiselle and 8 joe) withinside the exploit association notwithstanding, consortium pupils from the developmental association and 4 consortium pupils from the exploit association canned this complex due to multiplex inside cases Both potbellies command breathed at an midsize phase of English skill ability

phase Pupils command breathed located in midsize phase because of the point bill donated at the kickoff of the educational time The consortium pupils command breathed withinside the period multifariousness of eighteen to twenty -one

Four pedagogues finked the serene passage withinside the complete potbellies Three of those pedagogues command breathed demoiselle and assuredly set down one among them redid into joe Two of them trained the developmental association The experimenter redid into assuredly set down one among the orators and trained each the exploit association and the developmental association Before the test, the experimenter extended data about the corpora - initially grounded completely jargon quiddities to the educationist who again trained the developmental association In annex, again they again and again participated reflections on the drive to employ those quiddities throughout the treatment

3.3 Instruments and materials

Two groups, nonrandom choice pre-check publish check test become designed to be able to solution the studies questions Data series contraptions had been a talent check, pre- and publish tests, an mind-set questionnaire, interview questions and learner diaries The substances used withinside the look at had been corpus-primarily based totally sports and a textbook

3.3.1 Proficiency Exam

In the primary section of this look at, a talent check became given to the members to discover whether or not agencies are talent check Items had been given to 2 skilled EFL instructors and an professional to decide their trouble levels

Teijlingen and Hundley (2001) nation that undertaking a pilot look at may deliver enhance caution approximately in which the principle studies task ought

to fail, in which studies protocols might not be followed, or whether or not

proposed techniques or contraptions aren't suitable or too complicated Hence, the researcher performed a pilot look at with a set of intermediate stage junior high school students to check the reliability of the talent exam 19 intermediate stage junior high school students participated withinside the pilot look at

After the pilot look at, it became observed out that a few revision at the objects of the talent check became necessary SPSS became used for object analysis The check comprised 25 objects however five of them had been omitted Items 1, 4, 15, 17 and 24 had been excluded from the talent check due to the fact they had been both too clean or too hard for junior high school students

3.3.2 Pre and Post Tests

Checks (pre- and publish checks) had been organized with the aid of using the researcher The researcher made a few modifications after you have comments from the checking out unit and the opposite English language teachers and an expert The checks consisted of more than one preference hole filling primarily based totally on concordance strains In every object, 4 to 5 concordance strains had been given and junior high school students had been requested to pick the pleasant phrase that fits all of the had been given to the scholars earlier than the pre-take a look at due to the fact the take a look at layout changed into new to the scholars

Publish checks, a test changed into conducted SPSS changed into used for object analysis The take a look at comprised 25 objects however five of them had been omitted Items 7, 10, 18, 21 and 23 had been excluded from the talent due to the fact they had been both too smooth or too hard for junior high school students Pre- and publish checks may be visible in Appendix 3

3.3.3 Questionnaire

In order to research the second one studies question, the scholars withinside the experimental organization had been requested to finish a questionnaire after the six- week remedy

The questionnaire turned into in five-factor Likert Scale format (1: absolutely disagree, 2: disagree, three: extremely agree, four: agree, five: absolutely agree) and it consisted of thirteen gadgets The gadgets withinside the questionnaire had been taken and followed from the research of Farr (2008), Yoon and Hirvela (2004), and Vannestal and Lindquist (2007) Items 1 and a pair of had been taken from Farr's (2008) look at the same time as gadgets three,four,five,6,7,eight,10,eleven,12 and thirteen had been taken from Yoon and Hirvela's (2004) look at Next, object nine additionally turned into followed from Vannestal and Lindquist's (2007) look at Items 1 and a pair of required the scholars to specify their reviews concerning the advantages of the corpus-primarily based totally sports used withinside the remedy at the same time as object three required the scholars to examine using corpus¬primarily based totally sports with using dictionary Items four and five requested junior high school students to assess the assist of the corpus-primarily based totally sports in studying the that means and utilization of vocabulary Items 6 and seven required the scholars to mirror their reviews approximately whether or not corpus-primarily based totally substances had been hard because of the cutoff sentences and the actual texts Item eight turned into approximately know-how the reason of the usage of corpus-primarily based totally vocabulary sports at the same time as gadgets nine and 12 had been the contribution of corpus-primarily based totally vocabulary sports to analyzing talent and vocabulary guessing strategy Item 10 required the scholars to assess their participation withinside the corpus-primarily based totally sports throughout the sessions Items eleven and thirteen supposed

to show the scholars' tips concerning using corpus-primarily based totally vocabulary sports

The questionnaire turned into administered in Vietnamese to acquire extra dependable information and to make it simpler to realize for the scholars Only one student, an global student, spoke back the English model of the questionnaire The questionnaire turned into translated into Vietnamese with the aid of using the researcher to make beginners sense extra cushy and to acquire extra dependable

information The researcher consulted an English teacher and an professional that allows you to discover whether or not the English model and the translated model had been similar A few modifications had been made at the wording of the questionnaire gadgets upon getting feedback

As Dornyei (2003) states the difficulty of piloting the questionnaire is critical due to the fact in questionnaires a lot relies upon at the real wording of the gadgets, and vital a part of questionnaire production is ‘discipline testing,' that is, piloting the questionnaire at numerous ranges of its improvement on a pattern of individuals who are much like the goal pattern the device has been designed for (p.63) Therefore, a pilot look at turned into performed to discover the troubles which can be in all likelihood to emerge and make vital modifications 17 intermediate stage junior high school students participated withinside the pilot look at After the questionnaires had been collected, the gadgets with bad wording had been reversed When the reliability of the pre- and submit assessments of the pilot look at turned into calculated, the Cronbach-alpha coefficient turned into located as a = 0, 67 The questionnaire consisted of thirteen gadgets however object 12 turned into disregarded to growth the reliability of the test As a end result of this alteration, the Cronbach-alpha fee modified into a = 0.72 The very last model of the questionnaire turned into administered in normal elegance time

to sixteen members from experimental organization withinside the remaining week of the experiment Filling out the questionnaire, the scholars withinside the experimental organization had a danger to explicit their attitudes in the direction

of studying vocabulary with the assist of corpus-primarily based totally vocabulary sports

Gillham (2000) notes that ‘if respondents are clean approximately what you're attempting to find out and why, they may be more likely to reply as it should be and helpfully, or, certainly at all' (referred to in Dornyei, 2002: 87) Therefore, the researcher defined the reason of the questionnaire and referred to that the information could be saved personal earlier than dispensing the

questionnaires to the scholars Students had been requested to take part and they all well-known to contribute Both the Vietnamese and English variations of the questionnaire may be visible in Appendix 1

3.3.4 Interview questions

In the social studies interview, the goal is for the interviewer to elicit the interviewee's very own behavior, attitudes, norms, ideals and values (Bryman, 2012) Therefore, further the management of the questionnaire, dependent interviews have been performed to in addition discover junior high school students' perspectives and attitudes closer to the usage of corpus-primarily based totally vocabulary sports

The interviews have been performed junior students (16) inside the group First of all, the members have been knowledgeable approximately the motive of the interview Then, the interviews have been administered in Vietnamese to ease the challenge of responding and acquire greater dependable records However, one of the interviews changed into administered in English due to the fact one of the members changed into an worldwide scholar The interviews took ten mins and 8 questions have been requested The questions have been followed from the examine of Vannestal and Lindquist (2007)

The interviews have been tape-recorded and later transcribed with the aid

of using the researcher for evaluation In order to ease records evaluation, every scholar changed into classified with a capital letter like A, B, C Seven of the questions have been carefully associated with the questions that have been formerly requested withinside the questionnaire however certainly considered one among them changed into now no longer from the questionnaire, and it changed into requested to collect statistics approximately the members' attitudes closer to vocabulary gaining knowledge of and their engagement withinside the gaining knowledge of process The relaxation of the questions have been associated with the questionnaire objects due to the fact the motive changed into to get greater special statistics and help the quantitative records with qualitative records While