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TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG CÔNG NGHIỆP VÀ XÂY DỰNG

BÀI GIẢNG MÔN HỌC TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH TIN HỌC

Dùng cho hệ Cao đẳng chuyên nghiệp

(Lưu hành nội bộ)

Người biên soạn: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương

Người phản biện: Tô Thị Thu Vân

Uông Bí, năm 2011

CONTENTS Unit 1: What is a computer? page 3

Unit 3: Computers capabilities and limitations page 15

Unit 4: Hardware and software page 21

Unit 6: The central processing unit page 33

Unit 7: Primary and secondary memory page 38

The following collection of texts is collected from various textbooks.The texts are shortened, simplified and adapted to fit the skill level and interests

of the learners in addition to meet the demand of the society

The collection, with five units, provides the learners with the technicalterms in informatics with the hope that they can read, understand and translatesimple technical textbooks, and magazines in English As a result, learner cancommunicate with their partners in the future jobs

This collection is for students at the industry and construction ofcollege

The author is always available to welcome any of your feedback,suggestions, corrections or comment

By: Trịnh Thị Thu Hương

Unit one WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

< 1 > A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electroniccircuits that operates switches or magnetize tiny metal cores The witches, likethe cores, are capable of being in one of two possible states, that is , on or off;magnetized or demagnetized The machine is capable of storing andmanipulating numbers , letters and characters The basic idea of a computer isthat w can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turncertain switches on and turn others off, or that magnetize or do not magnetizethe cores

< 2 > The basic job of computer is the processing of information For thisreason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in theform of instructions called a program and characters called data, performmathematical and /or logical operations The program, or part of it, which tellsthe computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed tosolve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory

< 3 > Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers However,most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities First,computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition,subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation Second, computershave a means of communicating with the user After all, if we couldn’t feedinformation in and get results back, these machines wouldn’t be of much use.However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers)are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems,medical instruments, etc

< 4 > Some of the most common methods of inputting information areused punched cards, magnetic tape, disks, and terminals The computer’s inputdevice (which might be a card reader, a tape drive or disk drive, depending onthe medium used in inputting information) readers the information into thecomputer

For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer whichprints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows theresults on a TV- like screen

< 5 > Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions The kinds

of decision which computer circuit can make are not of the type: “ Who wouldwind a war between two countries?” or “ Who is the richest person in the world

?” Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is onenumber less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greaterthan another?

< 6 > A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, eventhousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored It can find thesolution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do thejob A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has not

originality; it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exerciseany value judgment There are times when a computer seems to operate like amechanical ‘ brain’, but its achievements are limited by the minds of humanbeings A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do andgives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulse can move at thespeed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic- logicaloperations almost instantaneously A person can do everything a computer can

do, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job wasfinished

* Vocabulary

intricate: phức tạp, rối rắm

minicomputer: máy tính mini

exponentiation: số mũ, sự nâng lên lũy thừa

originality: tính độc đáo, tính sáng tạo

microcomputer: máy vi tính

punched card: bìa đục lỗ

terminal: thiết bị đầu cuối

CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube): ống đèn tia âm cực

display screen: màn hình hiển thị

* Grammar notes

I/ The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what wewant by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, orthat magnetize or do not magnetize the cores

Khái niệm cơ bản về máy tính là ( rằng) chúng ta có thể khiến cho máy thựchiện điều mà chúng ta muốn bằng cách đưa vào những tín hiệu, những tín hiệunày bật một số công tắc lên và tắt một số công tắc khác hoặc những tín hiệu này

từ hoá hoặc không từ hoá các lõi

“ That we can make the machine do”: là mệnh đề bổ ngữ (Predicate clause )đứng sau động từ “ To be”:

Ví dụ : - The truth was that he never saw her:

Sự thật là anh ta chưa bao giờ trông thấy cô ta

- The trouble is that you get very little time:

Điều rắc rối là anh có rất ít thời gian

“ That turn contain switches on and turn others off ” là mệnh đề phụ tính ngữhạn định, trong đó “ That là đại từ quan hệ ( Relative pronoun)

Ví dụ: He that sows iniquity shall reap sorrơ

Kẻ gieo gió sẽ gặp bão

- Any students that wants to pass his examination must work hard

Bất cứ sinh viên nào muốn thi đỗ đều phải cố gắng học tập

- “What we want” là mệnh đề phụ tân ngữ ( Objective clause)

Ví dụ: - I don’t know what you are talking about

Tôi không biết anh đang nói về cái gì

- I’ll do just what I say

Tôi sẽ làm chính điều tôi nói

II/ Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers

Người ta nhận biết rằng máy tính có rất nhiều ưu thế nổi bật

Subjecttive Infinitive Construction ( Cấu trúc động từ nguyên dạng làm chủngữ)

Ví dụ: - She was thought to be honest:- Người ta nghĩ rằng cô ta trung thực

- He was believed to have been murdered: - Người ta tin rằng nó đã bị ám sát

- He is said to be a good doctor: - Người ta nói rằng anh ta là một bác sĩ giỏi

Exercises:

1 Main ideas

Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did youeliminate the other choices?

1 Computers have changed the way in which many kinds of jobs are done

2 Instructions and data must be given to the computer to act on

3 Computers are machines capable of processing and outputting data

4 Without computers, many tasks would take much longer to do

2 Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are true or false ( T/F) by referring

to the information in the text Then make the necessary changes so that the falsestatements become true

1 ………… A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn’treceived information to do so

2 ………… All computers accept and process information in the form ofinstructions and characters

3 ………… The information necessary for the solving problems is found inthe memory of the computer

4 ………… Not all computers can perform arithmetic operations, makedecision, and communicate in some ways with the user

5 ………… Computers can still be useful machines even if they can’tcommunicate with the user

6 ………… There are many different devices used for feeding informationinto a computer

7 ………… There aren’t as many different types of devices used for givingresults as there are for accepting information

8 ………… Computers can make any type of decision they are asked to

9 ………… Computers can work endlessly without having to stop to restunless there is a breakdown

3 Locating information

Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expresses Giveline references as in the example below

………1/ Computer accept information, perform mathematical and/or

logical operations then supply new information

………2/ All computers have three basic capabilities

………3/ A computer is machine that canbe made to operate by

receiving signals

………4/ A computer cannot work without being told what to do

………5/ A computer can make three types of decisions

………6/ The fundamental job of a computer is processing information

………7/ A computer can do the work of hundreds of people in a very

CRT display

1 Every computer has circuit for performing arithmetic operations,

operating……… or magnetized………

2 A ………with a screen is normally referred to as a ………unit

3 A computer is a……… that process information in the form

of ……… and ……… and can store this information in a

Unit 2 CHARACTERISTICS

< 1> Computers are machines designed to process electronically,specially prepared pieces of information which are termed data Handling ormanipulating the informations, adding information or making comparisions iacalled processing Computers are made up of millions of electronic devicescapable of storing data or moving them, at enormous speed, through complexcircuits with different functions

< 2 > All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless ofmake or design Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to themachine, after which the machine acts on it, and a result is then returned Theinformation presented to the machine is the input; the internal manipulativeoperations, the processing, and the result, the output These three basic concepts

of input, processing and output occur in almost every aspect of human lifewhether at work or at play For example, in clothing manufacturing, the input isthe pieces of cut cloth, the processing is the sewing together of these pieces, andthe output is the finished garment

Figure 2.1

< 3> Figure 2.1 shows schematically the fundamental hardwarecomponents in a computer system The centerpiece is called either the computer,the processor or usually, the central processing unit (CPU) The term “computer” includes those parts of hardware in which calculations and other dataminipulations are performed, and the high-speed internal memory in which dataand calculations are stored during actual execution of programs Attached to theCPU are the various peripheral devices such as card readers and keyboards ( twocommon examples of input devices) When data or programs need to be savedfor long priod of time, they are stored on various secondary memory devices orstorage devices such as magnetic tapes or magnetic disks

< 4> Computers have often been thought of as extremely large addingmachines, but this is a very narrow view of their functions Although a computercan only respond to a certain number of instructions, it is not a single-purposemachine since these instructions can be combined in an infinite number of

SEC storage

sequences Therefore, a computer has no known limit on the kinds of things itcan do; its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those using it.

< 5> In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of thekind in use today were being developed, they were very expensive to own andrun Moreover their size and reliability were such that a large number of supportpersonnel were needed to keep the equipment operating This has all changednow that computing power has become portable, more compact, and cheaper

< 6> In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed theway in which many kinds of work are performed Computers can remove many

of the routine and boring tasks from our lives, thereby leaving us with more timefor interesting, creative work It goes without saying that computers havecreated whole new areas of work that did not exist before their development

* Vocabulary:

Pieces of information: những khối thông tin

Regardless of: không phụ thuộc vào, không liên quan đến

To present: trao cho, tặng, cung cấp cho

Clothing manufacturing: việc sản xuất quần áo

Schematically: bằng sơ đồ, bằng biểu đồ

Centerpiece: trung tâm, trung tâm điểm

Central processing unit: bộ xử lý trung tâm

Peripheral device: thiết bị ngoại vi

Input device: thiết bị vào, thiết bị nhập

Output device: thiết bị ra, thiết bị xuất

Single-purpose: đơn năng, chỉ có một tác dụng

Sequence: thứ tự, trình tự, tuần tự

Versatility: linh hoạt,có thể sử dụng vào nhiều việc

Such that: Đến nỗi, đến mức

Ví dụ: - The force of the exlosion was such that all glass windows werebroken

Tiếng nổ mạnh đến nỗi tất cả các kính cửa sổ đều vỡ

- His behavior was such that everyone disliked him

Tư cách của nó hèn đến nỗi mọi người đều ghét nó

II/ This has all changed now that computing power has become portable,more compact, and cheaper.

Tất cả những điều đó đã thay đổi hoàn toàn vì giờ đây máy tính đã trở nên

dễ mang, gọn và rẻ hơn

Now that: Vì, vì rằng

Ví dụ: - Now that you’re grown up, you must stop this childish behavior

Vì cháu đã lớn rồi, cháu phải bỏ lối cư xử trẻ con đó đi

- Now that the fog melted away, they hurried off

Vì sương mù đã tan, họ vội vàng ra đi

* Exercises:

1 Main ideas

Which statement or statements best expresses the main idea of the text? Why didyou eliminate the other choices?

1 Computers have changed the way in which we live

2 All computers have an input, a processor, an output and a storagedevice

3 Computers have decreased man’s workload

4 All computers have the same basic hardware components

2 Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are true or false ( T/F) by referring tothe information in the text Then make the necessary changes so that the falsestatements become true

1 ………… All information to be processed must be prepared in such away that the computer will understand it

2 ………… Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, datacan be either stored or moved about high speeds

3 ………… Not all computers can process data given to them and produceresults

4 ………… The basic concepts of data processing are restricted tocomputers alone

5 ………… The processor is the central component of a computer system

6 ………… All other devices used in a computer system are attached to theCPU

7 ………… Memory devices are used for storing information

8 ………… Computers are very much restricted in what they can do

9 ………… Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people

to operate them than in the past

10.………… Computers haven’t changed oyr working conditions verymuch

2/ Then arithmetic and/or decision- making operations are

performed

………3/ Computers are limited by man’s imagination more than

anything else

………4/ All the equipment used in a computer system is the hardware

………5/ Computers are electronic machines used for processing data

………6/ If programs or data need to be kept for a long time, they are stored on tapes or disks

……….7/ First the computer accepts data

……….8/ Finally, new information is presented to the user

4 Contextual reference:

Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to

1 which are termed data (l.2)

2 or moving them ( l.6)

3 the machines acts on it ( l.10)

4 They are stored on ( l.25)

5.It isn’t a single- purpose machine( l.29)

6 The kinds of things it can do (l.31)

7 of those using it (l.32)

8 they were very expensive to own.(l.34)

9 Moreover, their size and reliability.( l.34)

10 That didn’t exist (l.42)

5.Word forms:

First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences

Then check the differences of meaning in your dictionary

1.imagination, imagine, imaginable, imaginative, imaginary

a A computer is limited in its ability by the ………… of man

b Some people are good at inventing……… stories

c It is practically impossible to………… the speed at which a computer calculates numbers

2.Addition, add, added, additional, additionally, additive

a Many terminals can be……… to a basic mathematical operations b……… and subtraction are two basic system if the need arises

d When buying a system there is often no………… charge for the programs

3 Complications, complicate, complicated, complicating , complicatedly,

a There can be many………… involved in setting up a computer in an old building

b It is sometimes a very………… process getting into a computer installation for security reasons

c It is sometimes very………… to explain computer concepts

4 difference, differ, different, differently, differential, differentiate,

a There isn’t a very big………… in flowcharting for a program to be written in Cobol or Fortran

b There are many………… computer manufacturers today, and a buyermust be able to………… between the advantages and disadvantages ofeach.

c The opinions of programmers as to the best way of solving a problemoften………… greatly

5 Reliably, rely on, reliable, reliability,

a Computers are………machines

b If you don’t know the meaning of a computer term, you can’t always

…………an all- purpose dictionary for the answer

c Computers can do mathematical operations quickly and………

7a Content review

Try to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them

in the Glossary Then complete the following statements with the appropriatewords (Some can be used more than once) Make sure you use the correct form,i.e singular or plural

Summarize the text on “Characteristics” by completing the following table

2 Control unit3

8.Translate into English:

Một hệ thống máy tính gồm nhiều thành phần cơ sở Một thiết bị nhập chphép nhập dữ liệu và chương trình vào máy Dữ liệu và chương trình được chứa

ở bộ nhớ trong của máy tính Dưới sự điều khiển của chương trình, bộ xử lý củamáy tính thao tác trên dữ liệu, chứa các kết quả trở lại trong bộ nhớ, cuối cùng

các kết quả được gửi ra một thiết bị xuất, ví dụ như màn hình hoặc máy in.Ngoài các máy tính hiện đại đều sử dụng các thiết bị nhớ như đĩa từ, băng từ đểlưu trữ lây dài dữ liệu và chương trình.

Một máy tính xử lý dữ liệu một cách tự động mà không cần sự can thiệpcủa con người Tuy nhiên máy tính không thông minh Chúng không thể quyếtđịnh một cách độc lập khi nào cộng, trừ, so sánh, hay cần nhập dữ liệu Để mộtmáy tính thực hiện được các chức năng mà không cần sự can thiệp trực tiếp củacon người, thì phải cung cấp cho máy tính một tập hợp các lệnh gọi là chươngtrình để hướng dẫn nó Chương trình được chứa một cách vật lý bên trong máy,khiến cho nó trở thành một chương trình được lưu trữ ( stored program) Vì vậy,một máy tính có thể được định nghĩa như một cái máy xử lý dữ liệu thành thôngtin dưới sự điều khiển của một chương trình được lưu trữ trong máy

Unit 3 COMPUTERS CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

< 1> Like all machines, a computer needs to be directed and controlled inorder to perform a task successfully Until such time as a program is preparedand stored in the computer’s memory, the computer “ knows” absolutelynothing, not even how to accept or reject data Even the most sophisticatedcomputer, no matter how capable it is, must be told what to do Until thecapabilities and the limitation of a computer are recognized, its usefulness cannot be thoroughly understood

< 2> In the first place, it should be recognized that computers are capable

of doing repetitive operations A computer can perform similar operationsthousands of times, without becoming bored, tired or even careless

< 3> Secondly, computers can process information at extremely rapidrates For example, modern computers can solve certain classes of arithmeticproblems millions of times faster than a skilled mathematician Speeds forperforming decision- making operations are comparable to those for arithmeticoperations but input-output operations, however, involve mechanical motion andhence require more time On a typical computer system, cards are read at anaverage speed of 1000 cards per minute and as many as 1000 lines can beprinted at the same rate

< 4> Thirdly, computers may be programmed to calculate answer towhatever level of accuracy specified by the programmer In spite of newspaperheadlines such as “ Computer Fails” these machines are very accurate andreliable especially when the number of operations they can perform everysecond is considered Because they are man-made machines, they sometimesmalfunction or breakdown and have to e repaired However, in most instanceswhen the computer fails, it is due to human error and is not the fault of thecomputer at all

< 5> In the fourth place, general- purpose computers can be programmed

to solve various types of problems because of their flexibility One of the mostimportant reasons why computers are widely used today that almost every bigproblem can be solved by solving a number of little problems- one after another

< 6> Finally, a computer, unlike a human being , has no intuition A personmay suddenly find the answer to a problem without working out too many of thedetails, but a computer can only proceed as it has been programmed to

< 7> Using the very limited capabilities possessed by all computers, thetask of producing a university payroll, for instance, can be done quite easily Thefollowing kinds of things need be done for each employee on the payroll First:Input information about the employee such as wage rate, hours worked, tax rate,unemployment insurance, and pension deductions Second: Do some simplearithmetic and decision making operations Third: Output a few printed lines on

a cheque By repeating this process over and over again, the payroll willeventually be completed

* Vocabulary:

To direct: chỉ dẫn, chỉ đạo, hướng dẫn

Sophisticated: tinh vi, tinh xảo

Decision-making: lô gic, thực hiện các quyết định

Comparable: có thể so sánh với, ngang bằng với

To involve: kéo theo, liên quan tới

General- purpose: đa năng, đa dụng

Flexibility: tính linh hoạt, mềm dẻo

Deduction: sự, khoản trừ đi, khoản bị khấu trừ

Pension deduction: tiền đóng bảo hiểm xã hội

To output: đưa ra, xuất ra, gửi ra

- Such women as Nam knew, thought he was charming:-Những người đàn bà

mà Nam biết nghĩ rằng anh ta là người quyến rũ

II/ It should be recognized that computers are capable of doing repetitiveoperations:-Phải công nhận rằng máy tính có khả năng làm những thao tác lặp đilặp lại

“ It” trong câu là chủ ngữ giả, chủ ngữ thật là mệnh đề phụ danh từ mở đầubằng “ that”

Ví dụ: - It is natural that birds of a feather flock together:-Lẽ tất nhiên làngưu tầm ngưu mã tầm mã

- It is said that England was the first country to have railways:

Người ta nói rằng nước Anh là nước đầu tiên có đường xe lửa

3 A Computer is useless without a programmer to tell it what to do

2 Understanding the passage

Decide whether the following statements are true or false ( T/F) by referring

to the information in the text Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true

1 ………….A computer can not do anything until it has beeb programmed

2 ………….A computer is a useless machine if its capabilities and limitations are unknown

3 ………….A computer can repeat the same operation over and over again forever if permitted

4 ………….The speed at which different computer components function is considered to be one of the limitations of a computer

5 ………….Computers do not usually make mistakes unless they breakdown

6 ………….A computer can think and solve problems by itself

7 ………….A computer is a single- purpose machine in that it can not programmed to solve various types of problems

8 ………….Computers can solve big problems by following a series of simple steps

9 ………….A computer usually solves problems by doing some mathematical and decision-making operations

10.………….Computers are used because they are fast and exact

3 Locating information

Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expresses Give line references as in the example below

………1/ A computer can do the same operation millions of time without stopping

………2/ A computer must work out the details of a problem before reaching a solution

………3/ A computer needs to be told what to do ………4/

Computer can solve all kinds of different problems ………5/ Knowledge of a computer’s capabilities and limitations is important ………6/ A computer can process information very rapidly ……….7/ Computers are exact and dependable ………

8/ Input and output devices operate more slowly than the arithmetic and decision-making devices 4/ Contextual reference Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to 1 no matter how capable it is (l.4)

2 to those for arithmetic operations (l 14)

3 they are man-made machines ( l.22)

4 they sometimes malfunction ( l.22)

5 because of their flexibility ( l.26)

6 one after another ( l.28)

7 one after another ( l.28)

8 as it has been programmed to ( l 31)

9 the following kinds of things need be done( l.34)

1 repetition, repeat, repetitive, repeatedly, repeating

a There are some people who…… … arrive late to class whenever they’reworking on a program because they forget the time

b A computer can do…… ….operations without getting tired or bored

c …… …., which can be a boring and unproductive task has beeneliminated with the use of computer

d A computer can…… … the same operation over and over againaccurately without becoming bored and tired

2 Comparison, compare, comparatively, comparative

a Renting a computer isn’t…… … to owning one

3 repairs, repaired, repairable, repair

a When the computer is down it need to be…… …

b Electronic equipment often takes a long time to…… …

c …… ….to a computer system are often done by the same company whomanufactured the system

4 accuracy, accurate, accurately

a A computer is always…… … in its results if well prepared

b …… … is on of the advantages of using computers in research or instatistical analysis

c Computers can produce results quickly and…… …

c those which compare numbers

d decides what the program is to be

6b Decide which of the following statements are computer capabilities or

limitations ( C/ L)

1………… directed and controlled

2………… must be told what to do

3………… capable of doing repetitive operations

4………… never gets bored or tired

5………… fast and careful

6………… input-output operations are slower

7………… very accurate and dependable

8………… man-made machine

9………… can solve different types of problems

10………… Finds a solution after working out all the details

11………… Can’ t think for itself

12………… producing a payroll is an easy task

7/ Translate into English:

Máy tính điện tử, cũng như bất kỳ một máy móc nào khác, được sử dụngbởi vì nó có thể làm một số công việc tốt hơn và hiệu quả hơn con người Mộtmáy tính có thể nhận thong tin và sử lý thong tin nhanh hơn bất kỳ một conngười nào Một người bình thường sẽ phải mất một phút để cộng mười số có 7chữ số, nhưng trong cùng thời gian đó, một số máy tính điện tử có thể cộng tới

1000 triệu số hoặc nhiều hơn nữa Tuy nhiên máy tính không có khả năng suydiễn độc lập Một máy tính chẳng thể làm được bất cứ một công việc gì, cho dùđơn giản đến bao nhiêu, nếu không được điều khiển bởi một chương trình nằmtrong bộ nhớ chính của nó Máy tính chỉ có thể làm việc theo đúng các chỉ thịcủa chương trình, nó không biết tự đặt câu hỏi: “ Không hiểu điều này nghĩa là

gì nhỉ?” Vì vậy các kết quả mà máy tính điện tử trả lại cho người sử dụng hoàntoàn phụ thuộcvào các dữ liệu và chương trình nhập vào máy có đúng haykhông? Nếu máy tính của một công ty điện thoại in ra một hoá đơn yêu cầu mộtkhách trả 0,00 đồng, thì khi đó không phải là máy tính ngớ ngẩn, mà là do nó đãthực hiện đúng một lệnh ngớ ngẩn của chương trình

Unit 4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.

<1> In order to use computers effectively to solve problems in ourenvironment, computer systems are devised A “ system” implies a goodmixture of integrated parts working together to form a useful whole Computersystems may be discussed in two parts

< 2> The first part is hardware- the physical, electronic, andelectromechanical devices that are thought of and recognized as “ computers”.The second part is software- the program that control and coordinate theactivities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data

< 3> Figure 4.1 shows diagrammatically the basic components of computerhardware joined together in a computer system The centerpiece is called eitherthe computer, the processor, or usually the central processing unit ( CPU) Theterm “ computer” usually refers to those parts of the hardware in whichcalculations and other data manipulations are performed, and to the internalmemory in which data and instructions are stored during the actual execution ofprograms The various peripherals, and so on, are attached to the CPU

Figure 4.1: Hardware components of a basic computer system

< 4> Computer software can be divided into two very broad systems software and applications software The former is often simply referred

categories-to as “ systems” These, when brought incategories-to internal memory direct the computer

to perform tasks The latter may be provided along with the hardware by asystems supplier as part of a computer product designed to answer a specificneed in certain areas These complete hardware/software products are calledturnkey systems

< 6> The success or failure of any computer system depends on the skill withwhich the hardware and software components are blended A poorly chosensystem can be a monstrosity incapable of performing the tasks for which it wasoriginally acquired

Environment: môi trường

To devise: nghĩ ra, sáng chế, phát minh

Mixture: sự pha trộn, sự trộn lẫn, sự kết hợpIntegrated: được hợp nhất, thống nhất lại

Turnkey system: hệ thống trao tay

To blend: pha trộn, kết hợp lại với nhau

Monstrosity: vật quái dị, thứ quái dị

Originally: bắt đầu, từ đầu, ban đầu

- He comes here in order to learn English- Anh ta đến đây để học tiếng Anh

- She arrived early in order to get a good seat- Bà ta đến sớm để có đượcchỗ ngồi tốt

II/ Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories-sustems

software and applications software The former is often simply referred to as “

system” Phần mềm máy tính có thể chia rộng làm 2 loại- phần mềm hệ thống vàphần mềm ứng dụng Phần mềm hệ thống thường đơn giản được gọi là hệ thống

- The former (đại từ ): Cái trước, người trước, vấn đề trước

- The latter (đại từ ): Cái sau, người sau, vấn đề sau

* Example: Of these two men, the former is dead, the latter is still alive: Tronghai người đó, người trước đã chết, người sau còn sống

- Of the two methods I prefer the former: Trong hai phương pháp tôi thíchphương pháp trước

* Exercises:

1 Main ideas

Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did youeliminate the other choices?

1 ………….Only hardware is necessary to make up a computer system

2 ………….Software alone doesn’t constitute a computer system

3 ………….A computer system needs both hardware and software to becomplete

2 Understanding the passage

Indicate whether the following ideas are stated or not stated ( S/NS) in the text

1 ………….A system implies a good mixture of parts working together

2 ………….Input and output devices operate more slowly than the decisionmaking devices

3 ………….The control unit and the arithmetic-logical unit are part ofprocessor

4 ………….The computer is the hardware

5 ………….Software is the programs on cards, tapes,and disks

6 ………….The processor is usually referred to as the CPU

7 ………….The word “computer” means the processor and the internalmemory

8 ………….Systems software is usually referred to as programs

9 ………….Complete hardware/software products are called turnkeysystems

10.………….Computers process specially prepared items of information

3 Locating information

Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expresses Giveline references

………1/ The hardware consists of the physical devices of the computer

………2/ In order to solve problems, an appropriate computer must bedeveloped

………3/ The “computer” is the CPU and the internal memory

………4/ The success or failure of a computer system depends on theproper mixture of hardware and software