Iec 62132 5 2005

NORME INTERNATIONALE CEI IEC INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 62132 5 Première édition First edition 2005 10 Circuits intégrés – Mesure de l''''immunité électromagnétique, 150 kHz à 1 GHz – Partie 5 Méthode de la[.]

Applicabilité

Cette norme s’applique aux CI qui peuvent réaliser des fonctions "isolées" lorsqu’ils sont utilisés sur une carte d’essai physiquement petite

The RF immunity of these integrated circuits (ICs) can be measured under predefined conditions Additionally, the method allows for measurements on application boards, providing users with an indication of the expected immunity once the ICs are implemented.

Cette méthode permet de classifier les CI pour des fonctions dédiées ó les contraintes de la

EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) is applicable to various devices, including wireless phones and other communication tools It is crucial for applications where EMC properties are essential for optimal performance, such as in automobiles and process control and measurement equipment, as well as any other products that manage critical functions.

Philosophie de la mesure

The workbench method is based on IEC 61000-4-6 This publication outlines a procedure where power and signal cables are attached to a small test board, measuring ≤ λ/2, which is approximately 0.15 m at 1 GHz These connected cables act as the dominant antennas, allowing the induced RF disturbance to be injected into the test board through these "antennas."

It is important that the test card and its connected cables are partially supported by a material with a low dielectric constant, assuming that $ \varepsilon_r = 1 $; refer to section 7.7 for more details.

Connected cables will serve functions such as power supply, communication, and other signal interfaces, and these cables are typically not geometrically aligned in the same plane as other cables.

The impedance of antennas in common mode has been standardized to 150 Ω, with tolerances across various frequency bands By injecting either a voltage in series or a current into these common mode impedances, the RF immunity test is conducted.

L’injection directe de perturbations RF au boợtier du CI est trốs faible − voir ộgalement la

CEI 62132-2 serves as an additional measurement method, often overlooked in comparison to the disturbances injected into the connected cables Due to the induced currents flowing through the reference of the test board, an indirect coupling between the voltages and currents within the enclosure is also established.

The chosen concept highlights the workbench method, demonstrating the impact of the test card assembly, the decoupling of the IC power supply, the RF performance of the discrete components used (such as capacitors and inductors), and the measurements taken on the IC, including on-chip decoupling, filtered inputs, and the use of Schmitt triggers.

Additionally, similar operating modes (by software or function) must be employed for the various integrated circuits (ICs) submitted for testing to enable comparison Furthermore, different operating modes with an IC facilitate the comparison, allowing for the determination of the contribution of individual blocks within the IC.

LICENSED TO MECON Limited - RANCHI/BANGALORE FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.

A common-mode port serves as a virtual node in a circuit or connector, where the signal represents the vector sum of all signals, including ground, relative to a reference port For instance, the bottom of the Workbench Faraday cage acts as an external reference In scenarios with multiple wires at a common-mode port, this node can be created using a passive summation network.

In a shielded multi-wire cable, the cable's screen serves as the common-mode port terminal, making it the designated common-mode point.

This standard applies to ICs that can perform "stand-alone" functions when used on a physically small test board

The RF immunity of these integrated circuits (ICs) can be assessed under specific conditions, enabling measurements on application boards This approach provides users with insights into the anticipated immunity of the ICs once they are integrated into their systems.

This method enables the classification of integrated circuits (ICs) for specific functions where electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements are essential It is particularly relevant for ICs utilized in cordless telephones, communication devices, and applications where EMC characteristics are crucial for optimal performance, such as in automotive systems, process measurement, control equipment, and other products that manage critical functions.

The workbench method, based on IEC 61000-4-6, involves connecting supply and signal cables to a compact test board with dimensions not exceeding λ/2 (0.15 m at 1 GHz) In this setup, the attached cables act as the primary antennas, allowing for the injection of induced RF disturbances into the test board.

NOTE The test board and its connected cables thereto should be partly supported by material with low dielectric constant, as such ε r = 1 is assumed, see also 7.7

Connected cables serve essential functions including power supply, communication, and various signal interfaces Typically, these cables are not aligned geometrically in the same plane as other cables.

The common-mode impedance of the antenna per port is standardized to 150 Ω, with specific tolerances across different frequency bands The RF immunity test is conducted by injecting either a voltage in series or a current through these common-mode impedances.

The direct injection of RF disturbance into the IC package is minimal, as outlined in IEC 62132-2, and is often insignificant compared to disturbances introduced via connected cables Additionally, induced currents can flow through the test board's reference, leading to indirect coupling between the voltages and currents within the package.

Because of the concept chosen, the workbench method shows the effect of the test board layout, the IC supply decoupling, the RF performance of the used discrete components

Montage d’essai de base

RF immunity measurements must be conducted above a metallic reference plane, as illustrated in Figure 1 for an open setup, in accordance with IEC 61000-4-6 By defining common mode impedances using coupling and decoupling networks, it is possible to calculate the relationships between the applied disturbance voltage during RF immunity testing and the locally generated E/H fields.

Concept du banc de travail

En principe, le couplage et le découplage sont similaires à la méthode donnée dans la

CEI 61000-4-6, voir la Figure 1 Avec cette méthode sur banc de travail, une petite cage de

Faraday is utilized with discrete resistors connected at various points in common mode (to the PCB ground) or access mode (relative to the signals) on the test board to represent coupling.

Support non métallique Plan de référence

Générateur de signaux RF Amplificateur de puissance RF

Figure 1 – Méthode de mesure de l’immunité conduite − Montage général

Decoupling of power and/or other I/O lines occurs through integrated inductances on ferrite cores, which exhibit impedances greater than 150 Ω at the relevant frequencies, along with crossover filters installed through the cage wall The basic setup of the workbench is detailed in section 7.3.

Les conditions d’essai doivent être telles que décrites dans la CEI 62132-1

La méthode sur banc de travail peut être utilisée pour des essais absolus ou comparatifs de

CI, sur la carte d’essai normalisée prédéfinie, ainsi que pour la mesure d’applications de cartes définitives

When measurements are taken using a test board different from that specified in IEC 62132-1, the test board must be described in a way that allows for the repeatability of the measurement If necessary, a copy of the setup and circuit diagram should be included in the test report.

The RF immunity measurements shall take place above a metallic reference plane, see

In an open set-up as per IEC 61000-4-6, common-mode impedances are established through coupling and decoupling networks (CDNs) This allows for the calculation of the relationships between the applied disturbance voltage during RF immunity testing and the locally generated electric and magnetic fields.

In principle coupling and decoupling is similar to the method given in IEC 61000-4-6; see

This article discusses the use of a small Faraday cage in a workbench method, where discrete resistors are connected to various common-mode points or signal ports on the test board to simulate coupling effects.

Non-metal support Reference plane

RF signal generator RF power amplifier

RF source (generator and power amp) connected to one of the CDNs in turn All other coupling and decoupling networks CDNs need to be terminated with 50 Ω

Figure 1 – Conducted immunity measurement method − General set-up

The decoupling of supply and other I/O lines is achieved through inductances constructed on ferrite cores, which provide impedances greater than 150 Ω at relevant frequencies, along with feed-through filters mounted on the cage wall The fundamental configuration of the workbench is detailed in Subclause 7.3.

The test conditions shall be as described in IEC 62132-1

The workbench method can be used for either absolute or comparative testing of ICs, either on the predefined, standardised test board, or for the measurement of definitive application boards

When measurements are conducted using a test board that differs from the specifications outlined in IEC 62132-1, it is essential to provide a detailed description of the test board to ensure that measurements can be reliably repeated Additionally, if required, a copy of the layout and circuit diagram should be included in the test report.

L’équipement d’essai doit satisfaire aux exigences décrites dans la CEI 62132-1

In the context of the RF immunity test, the open-circuit voltage of the test generator is established The addition of a series resistance (100 Ω with the coupling network) does not impact this open-circuit voltage Therefore, no compensation should be applied during the immunity test.

Le générateur d’essai utilisé doit satisfaire aux exigences suivantes:

The RF generator is designed to cover the entire range of relevant frequencies and can be amplitude-modulated by a 1 kHz sine wave with a modulation depth of 80% It features both automatic scanning capability and manual control options.

NOTE 1 La profondeur de modulation de 80% peut également être appliquée tout en maintenant le niveau de crête RF; voir la CEI 62132-1

The T1 attenuator, typically ranging from 0 dB to 40 dB, features frequency characteristics suitable for managing the level of the disruptive test source Often, T1 is integrated within the RF generator, as illustrated in Figure 2.

• L’interrupteur RF S1 est utilisé pour commuter le signal perturbateur au cours des essais d’immunité S1 peut être inclus dans le générateur RF, et est facultatif; voir la Figure 2

A power amplifier (PA) may be required to boost the signal when the output from the RF generator is inadequate It is essential for the PA to operate at the correct frequency to cover the relevant range Additionally, the distortion level must be at least 20 dB below the amplitude of the carrier signal.

When a circuit with a combined analog/digital function is applied to the test board, the operational frequency must be filtered to eliminate the harmonics or sub-harmonics generated by the RF generator and the RF power amplifier using appropriate filters.

Low-pass/high-pass filters should be applied as needed to prevent the interaction of functional signals with the measured voltages The filters used must be detailed in the test report.

• Affaiblisseur T2 (fixé à 6 dB, Z o = 50 Ω), avec une puissance nominale suffisante T2 est destiné à réduire le défaut d’adaptation entre le générateur ou l’amplificateur de puissance

(50 Ω) et les dispositifs de couplage (150 Ω) T2 doit être situé aussi près que possible du dispositif de couplage.

Note 2 T2 can be included in the coupling device, but it may be excluded if the output of the generator or power amplifier remains within specifications under the given load condition.

Les dimensions physiques du banc de travail peuvent être telles que décrites à l’Annexe A de la présente norme

Généralités

Le montage doit être conforme à la CEI 62132-1

The test equipment shall meet the requirements as described in IEC 62132-1

For the purpose of the RF immunity test, the open-circuit test generator voltage is defined

Adding series resistance (100 Ω with the coupling network) does not affect this open-circuit test generator voltage As such no compensation shall be applied during the immunity test

The test generator used shall meet the following requirements:

The RF generator is designed to cover the entire frequency range of interest and can be amplitude-modulated by a 1 kHz sine wave with an 80% modulation depth It features both automatic sweep capability and manual control options for enhanced versatility.

NOTE 1 The 80 % modulation depth can also be applied while maintaining the peak RF level, see

• Attenuator T1 (typically 0 dB – 40 dB) of adequate frequency rating, to control the disturbing test source level T1 may be, and often is, included in the RF generator, see

• RF switch S1 is used to switch the disturbing signal during immunity testing S1 may be included in the RF generator, and is optional, see Figure 2

A power amplifier (PA) is essential for boosting the signal when the output from the RF generator is inadequate It must operate at the correct frequency to encompass the desired range, and the distortion should be maintained at least 20 dB below the carrier amplitude.

When implementing a mixed analogue/digital circuit on a test board, it is essential to suppress the harmonics and sub-harmonics generated by the RF generator and RF power amplifier within the functional frequency range using suitable filters.

Low-pass and high-pass filters will be utilized as needed to avoid interference between functional signals and the measured voltages The details of the filters used will be included in the test report.

• Attenuator T2 (fixed at 6 dB, Z o = 50 Ω), with sufficient power rating T2 is provided to reduce the mismatch from the generator or power amplifier (50 Ω) to the coupling devices

(150 Ω) T2 shall be located as close as possible to the coupling device

The coupling device may include NOTE 2 T2, but it can be omitted if the generator or power amplifier's output stays within specifications under the specified load conditions.

The physical size of the workbench is described in Annex A

The set-up shall conform to the IEC 62132-1

Blindage et champs ambiants

The Faraday cage on a workbench is a shielded setup that does not require additional shielding It provides a shielding effectiveness of at least 40 dB within the frequency range of 10 MHz to 1 GHz.

A non-shielded assembly similar to that of IEC 61000-4-6 can be utilized when the resulting fields generated by the assembly do not cause interference with other devices.

Montage du banc de travail

Le montage du banc de travail pour effectuer les mesures d’immunité RF est représenté à la

Figure 2 illustrates the test card as defined in IEC 62132-1, positioned on an insulating support 30 mm above the lower plate, with the integrated circuits (ICs) to be tested facing the lower plate.

Connexions à la carte d’essai

All functional connections, such as power and auxiliary devices, to the test card in testing or to the dedicated test card, are powered through dedicated filters mounted on the cage wall All wires from these filters must be wound on ferrite ring cores to create a high common mode impedance (ZL CM ≥ 300 Ω at 150 kHz) between the test card and the reference (wall/floor) of the cage.

Cage de Faraday sur banc de travail (WBFC)

*) Doit être échangé à chaque accès

Source de signal ~ c.c Analyseur dans le domaine temporel (TDA)

100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω Fe rri te ** ) Fe rri te ** )

Figure 2 – Montage pour les essais d’immunité RF à l’aide de la méthode de la cage de Faraday sur banc de travail

5 Les chiffres entre crochets renvoient à la bibliography

The workbench Faraday cage is a shielded setup that eliminates the need for additional shielding It must achieve a shielding effectiveness of at least 40 dB across a frequency range of 10 MHz to 1 GHz.

A non-shielded setup compliant with IEC 61000-4-6 may be utilized, provided that the fields produced do not interfere with other equipment.

The workbench set-up for carrying out the RF immunity measurement is shown in Figure 2

The test board, as defined by IEC 62132-1, is positioned horizontally on an insulating support, elevated 30 mm above the bottom plate, with the integrated circuits (ICs) to be tested facing downward towards the bottom plate.

7.4 Connections to the test board

All functional connections, including power supply and auxiliary equipment, to the test board are routed through dedicated filters mounted on the cage wall To achieve a high common-mode impedance of at least 300 Ω at 150 kHz, all wires from these filters must be wrapped around ferrite ring cores, ensuring effective isolation between the test board and the cage's reference points.

*) Shall be interchanged at each port

Signal source ~ d.c Time domain analyser (TDA)

Figure 2 – Set-up for RF immunity testing using the workbench Faraday cage

6 The figures between brackets refer to the bibliography

Points en mode commun

For repeatability, the selected common mode points must be unambiguous, as the resulting current distribution will depend on the location of these common mode points Under the influence of the test generator signal E, the magnetic field H and the common mode impedance coupling will manifest upon application.

The test generator must be sequentially connected to the injection accesses The most unfavorable reaction of the equipment under test (EUT), including detection, jitter, and continuous shift, should be recorded Subsequently, the test card must be rotated 90°, and both measurements should be repeated The final result should represent the figure of the most unfavorable case.

Circuit équivalent pour les mesures d’immunité

Figure 3 – Influence du nombre choisi de points en mode commun

The number of common mode points, specifically 2, 3, or 4, must be recorded in the test report, as this number significantly influences the measured results An estimated error of 4 dB is observed between applications with 2 or 4 connections completed Therefore, it is recommended to use a setup with only 2 connected accesses, while leaving all other connections open or decoupled using ferrite cores.

In comparative measurements using the standardized test card, four measurements must be taken using the two points in common on opposite sides of the test card sequentially The first two measurements should be conducted as illustrated.

Tensions should be injected in series with each 100 Ω load, while a 50 Ω resistor completes the circuit Other measurements will be similar, but the test board will be rotated 90°, connecting the two common mode points to adjacent sides of the test board The maximum response during various injections in all orientations must be collected.

To ensure repeatability, it is crucial to select clear common-mode points, as the resulting current distribution is influenced by their location The application of the test generator's signal will lead to E-field, H-field, and common impedance coupling.

The test generator will be connected to the injection ports in succession to record the worst-case reaction of the Equipment Under Test (EUT), including detection, jitter, and DC-offset Following this, the test board will be rotated by 90°, and the measurements will be repeated to ensure a comprehensive worst-case figure is obtained.

Equivalent circuit for immunity measurement

Figure 3 – Influence of selected number of common-mode points

The test report must document the number of common-mode points used, specifically 2, 3, or 4, as this selection significantly impacts the measured results.

Figure 3 An error of 4 dB is estimated between applications where 2 or 4 ports are terminated

As such, a set-up with only 2 ports connected is recommended while all other connections are left open or decoupled by using the ferrite cores, see Figure 4

For comparative measurements using the standardized test board, four measurements are conducted by alternating between the two common-mode points located at opposite sides of the board The initial two measurements involve injecting voltages in series with each 100 Ω load, while a 50 Ω resistance terminates the other load, as illustrated in Figure 4 The subsequent measurements follow a similar procedure, but the test board is rotated by 90°, connecting the common-mode points at adjacent sides All responses during the various injections across different orientations are recorded.

Figure 4 – Position des points en mode commun

The number and placement of common mode points must be determined to accurately represent the final application The typical connections for common mode points on the test board should be located on the PCB ground plane, near or at the signal input, power supply, and signal output, as illustrated in Figures 2 and 4 Two points should be designated: one for injecting the disturbance signal and the other for termination, which must be sequentially connected to the available common mode points on the test board.

Généralement, un point en mode commun doit être connecté à chaque endroit sur la masse

A PCB, or a group of wires or cables, is connected to the test board It is important to treat multiple wires that are geometrically positioned in the same direction within the application as a single cable For small test boards (≤0.01 m²), it is recommended to have two common mode points, with a maximum limit of five Additionally, a photograph of the setup used can be included in the test report.

Cage de Faraday sur banc de travail – Application pratique

Les dimensions physiques de la cage de Faraday sur banc de travail sont représentées aux

Les connecteurs de traversée BNC sont montés sur la paroi latérale à une hauteur de 0,03 m

In general, five connectors are sufficient: two types of joints to successively connect the common points of the test card (input, output, and power), and three additional types of crossings for other functional needs The connectors can be positioned on opposite sides, for instance, with two on one side and three on the opposing side walls of the enclosure.

Appropriate input/output signal connectors and crossover filters must be installed on the workbench wall to ensure the EST operates as intended For instance, the following elements can serve as guidelines:

• 4 filtres en pi (2 x 1,35 nF + 8 àH); voir la Figure A.3

Le choix de ces filtres de traversée passe-bas est tel que, dans un environnement de 50 Ω, la performance des signaux fonctionnels jusqu’à quelques 100 kHz n’est pas affectée

Davantage de filtres spécifiques ou d’autres filtres spécifiques peuvent être utilisés si néces- saire Ceux-ci doivent être décrits dans le rapport d’essai

Figure 4 – Position of common-mode points

The placement and quantity of common-mode points must align with the final application requirements Typically, these points are connected on the PCB ground plane, located near the signal input, power supply, and signal output It is essential to utilize at least two common-mode points: one for injecting disturbance signals and another for termination, ensuring they are connected sequentially to the available common-mode points on the test board.

In PCB design, it is essential to connect a common-mode point at each location where a group of wires or cables interfaces with the test board When multiple wires run in the same geometric direction, they should be treated as a single cable, especially in the context of small test boards.

For areas measuring less than or equal to 0.01 m², it is recommended to have two common-mode points, with a maximum limit of five Additionally, including a photograph of the setup in the test report is advisable.

7.6 Workbench Faraday cage – Practical implementation

The physical dimensions of the workbench Faraday cage are shown in Figures A.1 and A.2

BNC feed-through connectors are mounted at the sidewall at a height of 0,03 m In general,

Five connectors are adequate for the test board, including two bulkhead types for connecting the selected common-mode points (input, output, and supply) and three feed-through types for additional functions These connectors can be positioned on opposite sides of the cage, with two on one side and three on the opposite sidewalls.

To ensure the Equipment Under Test (EUT) operates correctly, suitable I/O signal feed-through connectors and filters must be installed on the workbench wall For guidance, specific examples can be referenced.

• 4 pi-filters (2 x 1,35 nF + 8 àH); see Figure A.3

The choice for these low-pass feed-through filters is such that, in a 50 Ω environment, the performance of functional signals up to a few 100 kHz is not affected

More or other specific filters may be used when necessary These shall be described in the test report

Le découplage se produit en ajoutant une inductance en mode commun afin de créer une impédance en mode commun élevée dans la gamme de fréquences comprise entre 150 kHz et

At 1 GHz, an impedance of at least 300 Ω at 150 kHz is required to meet the specifications outlined in Table C.2 This impedance is achieved using a non-conductive, absorbing ferrite material, such as NiZn, with a relative permeability value of r ≥ 1000 The minimum number of windings is determined by the size and type of ferrite used.

The common mode impedance of 150 Ω is supported by experimental results [1], [2] The proposed method can also be applied with lower common mode impedances, such as 50 Ω, when deemed suitable for a specific application It is important to note that deviations from the nominal value of 150 Ω should be reported in the test report.

The assembly of a BNC chassis connector, consisting of four 390 Ω resistors in series connected in parallel and a crocodile clip, is necessary to adjust the impedance in common mode, as illustrated in Figure A.4 It is important that the overall diameter of the conductor is maintained.

The conductor must be positioned 0.03 m above the reference plane, typically the bottom of the cage, with a characteristic impedance of 150 Ω ± 50 Ω for the transmission line A standard length of 0.1 m is usually adequate, although other lengths are permissible as long as the impedance requirements are met.

To ensure a measurement height of 0.03 m between the bottom of the test cage on the workbench and the test card, an insulating support, such as polystyrene foam, should be utilized.

Carte d’essai

Depending on the measurement objectives, various types of test cards can be utilized For pre-compliance testing, any test card is acceptable as long as the distance between the edge of the test card and the walls of the chamber is 0.06 meters or more For absolute comparison, the test card must conform to the specifications outlined in IEC 62132-1.

Généralités

Les procédures d’essai sont décrites dans la CEI 62132-1 Cet article décrit des exigences spécifiques pour le banc de travail

• L’essai doit être réalisé avec le générateur d’essai connecté à chaque accès successivement, tandis qu’une résistance de 50 Ω termine tous les autres accès des dispositifs de couplage/découplage

For comparative testing using the standardized test card, it is recommended to utilize two points in common mode, connected in opposition to each other Both access points should be measured with a spectrum analyzer or selective voltmeter, recording the maximum values at each frequency (maximum hold position) The test card should then be rotated 90°, and two additional measurements with the analyzer in maximum hold position must be repeated This process ensures that a measurement of the most unfavorable case is conducted.

Decoupling is achieved by incorporating common-mode inductance to establish high common-mode impedance within the frequency range of 150 kHz to 1 GHz This is accomplished using absorptive, non-conducting ferrite materials such as NiZn, with materials having a relative permeability ($ \mu_r $) of at least 1,000 being suitable The required number of windings varies based on the ferrite's size and type, with a minimum common-mode impedance of 300 Ω at 150 kHz necessary to meet the impedance criteria outlined in Table C.2.

The common-mode impedance of 150 Ω is supported by experimental findings [1], [2] This method can also accommodate lower common-mode impedances, such as 50 Ω, when suitable for particular applications Any deviations from the standard value of 150 Ω must be documented in the test report.

To establish the common-mode impedance, a BNC chassis connector, four 390 Ω series resistors in parallel, and an alligator clip will be utilized, as illustrated in Figure A.4 The overall conductor diameter must be 13 mm ± 1 mm, positioned 0.03 m above the reference plane, typically the bottom of the cage This configuration results in a transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 150 Ω ± 50 Ω, as shown in Figure A.5.

0,1 m usually is sufficient Other lengths are allowed as long as the impedance requirements are met

The measuring height of 0,03 m between the bottom of the workbench cage and the test board under test shall be assured by using an insulating support e.g polystyrene foam

Different types of test boards are utilized based on the measurement purpose: for pre-compliance testing, any PCB is acceptable as long as the distance from the board's edge to the cage walls is at least 0.06 m; for absolute comparison, the test board must conform to the specifications outlined in IEC 62132-1.

The test procedures are described in the IEC 62132-1 This clause describes specific requirements for the workbench

• The test shall be performed with the test generator connected to each port in turn, while a

50 Ω resistor terminates all other ports of the coupling/decoupling devices

For effective comparison testing with the standardized test board, it is recommended to utilize two common mode points connected oppositely Measurements should be taken at both ports using a spectrum analyzer or selective voltmeter, recording the maximum values at each frequency in max-hold mode After this, the test board should be rotated by 90°, and the measurements should be repeated with the analyzer still in max-hold mode, ensuring a comprehensive worst-case measurement is achieved.

Applicability

This standard applies to ICs that can perform "stand-alone" functions when used on a physically small test board

The RF immunity of these integrated circuits (ICs) can be assessed under specific conditions, and the method enables measurements on application boards This approach provides users with an indication of the anticipated immunity once the ICs are integrated into their systems.

This method enables the classification of integrated circuits (ICs) for specific functions where electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements are essential It is particularly relevant for ICs utilized in cordless telephones and various communication devices, as well as in applications where EMC characteristics are crucial for optimal performance, such as in automotive systems, process measurement, control equipment, and other products that manage critical functions.

Measurement philosophy

The workbench method, based on IEC 61000-4-6, involves connecting supply and signal cables to a compact test board with dimensions not exceeding λ/2 (0.15 m at 1 GHz) In this setup, the attached cables act as the primary antennas, allowing for the injection of induced RF disturbances into the test board.

NOTE The test board and its connected cables thereto should be partly supported by material with low dielectric constant, as such ε r = 1 is assumed, see also 7.7

Connected cables serve essential functions including power supply, communication, and various signal interfaces Typically, these cables are not aligned geometrically in the same plane as other cables.

The antenna's common-mode impedance per port is standardized to 150 Ω, with specific tolerances across different frequency bands The RF immunity test is conducted by injecting either a voltage in series or a current through these common-mode impedances.

The direct injection of RF disturbance into the IC package is minimal, as outlined in IEC 62132-2, and is often insignificant when compared to disturbances introduced via connected cables Additionally, induced currents can flow through the test board's reference, leading to indirect coupling between the voltages and currents within the package.

Because of the concept chosen, the workbench method shows the effect of the test board layout, the IC supply decoupling, the RF performance of the used discrete components

The article discusses the importance of capacitors and inductors in integrated circuits (ICs), highlighting measures such as on-chip decoupling, filtered inputs, and the use of Schmitt triggers It emphasizes the need for consistent operational modes across different ICs to facilitate effective comparison Additionally, it notes that varying the operational modes within a single IC can help assess the contributions of individual blocks.

RF immunity measurements must be conducted above a metallic reference plane, as illustrated in Figure 1 for an open setup, in accordance with IEC 61000-4-6 By defining common mode impedances using coupling and decoupling networks, it is possible to calculate the relationships between the applied disturbance voltage during RF immunity testing and the locally generated E/H fields.

4.4 Concept du banc de travail

En principe, le couplage et le découplage sont similaires à la méthode donnée dans la

CEI 61000-4-6, voir la Figure 1 Avec cette méthode sur banc de travail, une petite cage de

Faraday is utilized with discrete resistors connected at various points in common mode (to the PCB ground) or access mode (relative to the signals) on the test board to represent coupling.

Support non métallique Plan de référence

Générateur de signaux RF Amplificateur de puissance RF

Figure 1 – Méthode de mesure de l’immunité conduite − Montage général

Decoupling of power and/or other I/O lines occurs through inductances integrated on ferrite cores, which represent impedances greater than 150 Ω at the relevant frequencies Additionally, crossover filters are installed through the wall of the cage The basic setup of the workbench is detailed in section 7.3.

Les conditions d’essai doivent être telles que décrites dans la CEI 62132-1

La méthode sur banc de travail peut être utilisée pour des essais absolus ou comparatifs de

CI, sur la carte d’essai normalisée prédéfinie, ainsi que pour la mesure d’applications de cartes définitives

When measurements are taken using a test board different from that specified in IEC 62132-1, the test board must be described in a way that allows for the repeatability of the measurement If necessary, a copy of the setup and circuit diagram should be included in the test report.

Basic test set-up

The RF immunity measurements shall take place above a metallic reference plane, see

In an open set-up as per IEC 61000-4-6, the common-mode impedances are established through coupling and decoupling networks (CDNs) This allows for the calculation of the relationships between the applied disturbance voltage during RF immunity testing and the locally generated electric and magnetic fields.

Workbench concept

In principle coupling and decoupling is similar to the method given in IEC 61000-4-6; see

This article discusses the use of a small Faraday cage in a workbench method, where discrete resistors are connected to various common-mode points or signal ports on the test board to simulate coupling effects.

Non-metal support Reference plane

RF signal generator RF power amplifier

RF source (generator and power amp) connected to one of the CDNs in turn All other coupling and decoupling networks CDNs need to be terminated with 50 Ω

Figure 1 – Conducted immunity measurement method − General set-up

The decoupling of supply and I/O lines is achieved through inductances on ferrite cores, which provide impedances greater than 150 Ω at relevant frequencies, along with feed-through filters mounted on the cage wall The fundamental configuration of the workbench is detailed in Subclause 7.3.

The test conditions shall be as described in IEC 62132-1

The workbench method can be used for either absolute or comparative testing of ICs, either on the predefined, standardised test board, or for the measurement of definitive application boards

When conducting measurements with a test board that differs from the specifications outlined in IEC 62132-1, it is essential to provide a detailed description of the test board to ensure that measurements can be reliably repeated Additionally, if required, the test report should include a copy of the layout and circuit diagram.