Iec 61675-2-2015.Pdf

IEC 61 675 2 Edition 2 0 201 5 08 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Radionuclide imaging devices – Characteristics and test conditions – Part 2 Gamma cameras for planar, wholebody, and SPECT[.]

Radionucl de imaging devices – Charact erist ics and t est condit ions –

Disposit ifs d’ magerie par radionucléides – Caract érist iques et condit ions

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R adionucl de imaging devices – Charact erist ics and t est condit ions –

Disposit ifs d’ magerie par radionucléides – Caract érist iques et condit ions

d’essai –

Part ie 2: Gamma- caméras pour l'imagerie planaire, l'imagerie du corps ent ier et

l'imagerie SPECT

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD 4

INTRODUCTION 6

1 Sco e 7

2 Normative ref eren es 7

3 Terms an def i ition 7

4 Test method 15 4.1 General 15 4.2 Planar imagin 16 4.2.1 SYS EM S NSITIVITY 16 4.2.2 SP TIAL RE OLUTION 18 4.2.3 SP TIAL NON-LINEARITY 2

4.2.4 NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS 2

4.2.5 INTRINSIC ENERGY RE OLUTION 2

4.2.6 Intrin ic MULTIPLE WIN OW SP TIAL REGIS RATION 2

4.2.7 COUNT RAT p r orman e 31

4.2.8 Shield le kage test 3

4.3 Whole od imagin 3

4.3.1 Scan in con tan y 3

4.3.2 SP TIAL RE OLUTION without s at er 3

4.4 Tomogra hic imagin (SPECT) 3

4.4.1 Test of PROJECTION ge metry 3

4.4.2 Me s rement of SPECT SYS EM S NSITIVITY 41

4.4.3 Scat er me s rement 4

4.4.4 SPECT SYS EM SP TIAL RE OLUTION 4

4.4.5 Tomogra hic image q al ty 5

5 Ac omp n in doc ments 5

5.1 General 5

5.2 General p rameters for GAMMA C MERAS 5

5.2.1 COL IMATORS 5

5.2.2 Shield le kage values 5

5.2.3 Pre-set P LS AMPLITU E A ALYS R WIN OWS 5

5.2.4 INTRINSIC ENERGY RE OLUTION 5

5.2.5 COL IMATO de en ent q antities 5

5.2.6 COUNT RAT C ARA T RIS ICS 5

5.2.7 Me s red COU T RAT that is 8 % of the cor esp n in TRUE COU T RAT 5

5.2.8 Dimen ion of the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW 5

5.2.9 Non-u if ormity c aracteristic 5

5.2.10 INTRINSIC SP TIAL RE OLUTION (FWHM an EW) of the DE ECTOR HEA without COL IMATO 5

5.2.1 INTRINSIC SP TIAL NON-LINEARITY 5

5.2.12 Intrin ic MULTIPLE WIN OW SP TIAL REGIS RATION 5

5.3 GAMMA C MERA b sed whole od imagin s stem 5

5.3.1 Scan in con tan y 5

5.3.2 SP TIAL RE OLUTION 5

5.4 SPECT 5

5.4.1 Cal bration me s rements of COR 5

5.4.2 Me s rement of he d ti t 5

5.4 3 Me s rement of COL IMATOR hole misal g ment 5

5.4.4 TRA SVERS RE OLUTION (radial an tan ential) 5

5.4.5 AXIAL RE OLUTION 5

5.4.6 Axial PIXEL size 5

5.4.7 Tran axial PIXEL size 5

5.4 8 DE ECTOR POSITIONING TIME 5

5.4.9 NO MALIZ D VOLUME S NSITIVITY 5

5.4.10 SC T ER FRA TIONS SF i an SF 5

5.4.1 Scan set up an phantom A TIVITY con entration 5

5.4.12 Image q alty 5

5.4.13 Ac urac of AT EN ATION cor ection an s at er cor ection 5

5.4.14 Ac urac of SPECT an CT image registration 5

In ex of def i ed terms 6

Bibl ogra h 6

Fig re 1 – Ge metry of PR JECTIONS 9

Fig re 2 – Cyl n rical phantom 14 Fig re 3 – Cu et e 17 Fig re 4 – Slt phantom 19 Fig re 5 – Source ar an ement for intrin ic me s rements 2

Fig re 6 – Calc lation of FWHM 2

Fig re 7 – Evaluation of eq ivalent width (EW) 2

Fig re 8 – Uniform source 2

Fig re 9 – Smal s ielded lq id source 2

Fig re 10 – Source p sition for s an in con tan y f or whole od imagin 3

Fig re 1 – Cyl n rical phantom 4

Fig re 12 – Phantom in ert with holders f or the s at er source 4

Fig re 13 – Evaluation of s ater f raction 4

Fig re 14 – Re ortin tran verse resolution 4

Fig re 15 – Cros -section of b d phantom 51

Fig re 16 – Phantom in ert with holow spheres 5

Fig re 17 – Placement of ROIs in the phantom b c grou d 5

Ta le 1 – RA ION CLIDE an ENERGY WINDOWS to b u ed f or p rf orman e

me s rements 16

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

RA DIONUCLIDE IMA GING DEVICES –

CHA RA CTERISTICS A ND TEST CONDITIONS –

Part 2: Gamma cameras for planar, wholebody,

and SPECT imaging

1 Th Intern tio al Ele trote h ic l Commis io (IEC) is a worldwid org niz tio for sta d rdiz tio c mprisin

al n tio al ele trote h ic l c mmite s (IEC Natio al Commite s) Th o je t of IEC is to promote

intern tio al c -o eratio o al q e tio s c n ernin sta d rdiz tio in th ele tric l a d ele tro ic f i ld To

this e d a d in a ditio to oth r a tivitie , IEC p bls e Intern tio al Sta d rd , Te h ic l Sp cif i atio s,

Te h ic l Re orts, Pu lcly Av ia le Sp cif i atio s (P S) a d Guid s (h re f ter ref ere to a “IEC

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in th s bje t d alt with ma p rticip te in this pre aratory work Intern tio al g v rnme tal a d n

n-g v rnme tal org niz tio s laisin with th IEC als p rticip te in this pre aratio IEC c la orate clo ely

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a re me t b twe n th two org niz tio s

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p te t rig ts IEC s al n t b h ld re p n ible f or id ntifyin a y or al s c p te t rig ts

International Stan ard IEC 616 5-2 has b en pre ared by s bcommite 6 C: Eq ipment for

radiothera y, n cle r medicine an radiation dosimetry, of IEC tec nical commit e 6 :

Electrical eq ipment in medical practice

This secon edition of IEC 616 5-2 can els an re laces the f irst edition publ s ed in 19 8 an

its Amen ment 1 publ s ed in 2 0 , as wel as IEC 6 7 9:2 0 , IEC 6 7 9:2 0 /COR1:2 0 ,

an IEC 616 5-3:19 8 It has b en reformat ed, updated, an p rtly al g ed with NEMA NU 1

-2 0 Due to the lac of market s are of SPECT-s stems o erated in coin iden e mode al

s c tests have b en removed

The text of this stan ard is b sed on the f ol owin doc ments:

Ful inf ormation on the votin for the a proval of this stan ard can b f ou d in the re ort on

votin in icated in the a ove ta le

This publcation has b en draf ted in ac ordan e with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2

In this stan ard, the folowin print typ s are u ed:

– T R S DE INED IN CLA S 2 OF THIS S A D RD OR LIS ED IN THE INDEX OF DE INED T R S:

SMAL C PITALS

The req irements are folowed by sp cif i ation f or the relevant tests

An ex A is for information only

The commite has decided that the contents of this publcation wi remain u c an ed u ti the

sta i ty date in icated on the IEC we site u der "htp:/we store.iec.c " in the data related to

the sp cific publcation At this date, the publ cation wi b

• reconfirmed,

• with rawn,

• re laced by a revised edition, or

• amen ed

The test method sp cif ied in this p rt of IEC 616 5 have b en selected to ref lect as mu h as

p s ible the clnical u e of GAMMA CAMERAS for planar imagin , PLA AR WHOLE ODY IMAGING

EQUIPMENT, an SINGLE P OTON EMIS ION COMP T D TOMO RA H (SPECT) It is inten ed that

the test method are car ied out by man facturers there y ena ln them to des rib the

c aracteristic of the s stems on a common b sis

This p rt of IEC 616 5 sp cifies terminolog an test method f or des ribin the c aracter

istic of GAMMA C MERAS eq ip ed with P RAL EL HOLE COL IMATORS for planar imagin

Ad itional tests are sp cified for those GAMMA C MERAS that are ca a le of planar whole od

imagin (PLA AR WHOLE OD IMAGING EQUIPMENT) or SINGLE P OTON EMIS ION COMP T D

TOMO RA H (SPECT) These GAMMA C MERAS con ist of a gantry, sin le or multiple DE ECTOR

HEA S, an a computer for data ac uisition, proces in , storage, an display The DE ECTOR

HEA S may contain sin le or multiple s inti ation cry tals or sol d state detectors

No test has b en sp cif ied to c aracterize the u if ormity of recon tru ted images b cau e al

method k own so far wi mostly ref lect the noise of the image

The folowin doc ments, in whole or in p rt, are normatively ref eren ed in this doc ment an

are in isp n a le f or its a plcation For dated ref eren es, only the edition cited a ples For

u dated referen es, the latest edition of the referen ed doc ment (in lu in an amen ments)

a ples

IEC 6 7 8:2 0 , Medic l ele tric l e uipme t – Glos ary ofdefin d terms

IEC 616 5-1:2 13, Radio u lde ima in devic s – Ch ra teristics a d test c nditio s –

Part 1: P ositro emis io tomo ra hs

3 Terms and def initions

For the purp ses of this doc ment the terms an def i ition given in IEC 6 7 8 an

IEC 616 5-1 (some of whic are re e ted here for con enien e), an the f olowin terms an

definition a ply

3.1

ADDRE S PIL UP

<GAMMA C MERA false ad res calc lation of an artificial event whic p s es the ENER Y

WIN OW, but is formed fom two or more events by the PILE U E F CT

3.2

AXIAL FIE D OF VIEW

dimen ion of a slce throu h the TOMOGRA HIC VOLUME p ralel to an in lu in the SYS EM

A IS

Note 1 to e try: In pra tic it is s e ifie o ly b its a ial dime sio giv n b th dista c b twe n th c ntre of

th o termo t d fin d IMAGE PLA E plu th a era e of th me s re A IAL SLICE WID H me s re a EQUIV LE T

WID H (EW)

3.3

AXIAL RE OLUTION

for tomogra h with s ff i iently f i e axial sampln f ulfi in the sampln the rem, SP TIAL

RE OLUTION alon a lne p ralel to the SYS EM A IS

3.4

CENTRE OF ROTATION

COR

origin of that co rdinate s stem, whic des rib s the PR JECTIONS of a tran verse sl ce with

resp ct to their orientation in sp ce

Note 1 to e try: Th CE TRE OF R T TION of a tra s ers slc is giv n b th inters ctio of th S S EM A IS with

th mid-pla e of th c re p n in OBJECT SLICE

Note 2 to e try: Th s c n n te to e try c n ern th Fre c te t o ly

3.5

COL IMATOR AXIS

straig t l ne whic p s es throu h the ge metrical centre of the exit f ield an entran e f ield of

the COL IMATO

3.6

COL IMATOR FR NT FACE

s rf ace of the COL IMATOR whic is closest to the o ject b in imaged

3.7

COORDINATE SYS EM OF PR JECTION

Cartesian s stem of the IMAGE MATRIX of e c two-dimen ional PROJECTION with axes X

pan

NOT Th FIX D C O DIN T S S EM X, Y, Z h s its origin at th c ntre of th TO O RA HIC VOLUME (s own a a

c ln er, th Z-a is b in th S S EM A IS Th C O DIN T S S EM OF PR JECTION X

p, Y

p

is s own f or a

PR JECTION A GLE θ For e c θ, th o e-dime sio al PR JECTION of th mark d OBJECT SLICE h s th a dre s

ra g s own (h tc e ) Within this ra g th CE TRE OF R T TION is proje te o to th a dre s X

p(of fs t)

Figure 1 – Geometry of PR JECTIONS

COU T RATE CHARACT RIS IC

f un tion givin the relation hip b twe n o served COU T RAT an TRUE COU T RAT

IE C

[SOURCE: IEC 6 7 8:2 0 , rm-3 -21]

3.1

DE ECTOR FIE D OF VIEW

FOV

region of the detector within whic events are in lu ed in the display image, an f or whic al

p rf orman e sp cif i ation are provided

Note 1 to e try: Th n te to e try re ardin th a bre iatio c n ern th Fre c te t o ly

3.12

DE ECTOR HEAD TIL

deviation of the COL IMATOR A IS f rom orthogonal ty with the SYS EM A IS

3.13

DE ECTOR POSITIONING TIME

f action of the total time sp nt on an ac uisition whic is not u ed in col ectin data

3.14

EMIS ION COMPUT D TOMOGRAPH

ECT

imagin method for the re resentation of the sp tial distribution of RA ION CLIDE in selected

two-dimen ional slces throu h the o ject

width of that rectan le havin the same are an the same heig t as the resp n e f un tion,

e.g the POINT SPREA FU CTION

plane as ig ed to a plane in the OBJECT SLICE

Note 1 to e try: Us aly th IMAGE PLA E is th mid-pla e of th c re p n in OBJECT SLICE

INTRINSIC ENER Y RE OLUTION

FUL WIDTH AT H LF MA IMUM of the ful energ a sorption p ak in the INTRINSIC ENER Y

SPECTRUM for a sp cified RA ION CLIDE

3.21

INTRINSIC ENER Y S ECTRUM

me s red histogram of pulse heig ts f or the DE ECTOR HEA without COL IMATOR

Note 1 to e try: Th p ls h ig t s o ld b e pre s d a c re p n in e erg

3.2

INTRINSIC NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS

NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS of the DE ECTOR HEA without COL IMATOR

INTRINSIC S ATIAL RE OLUTION

<GAMMA C MERA SP TIAL RE OLUTION in air f or a sp cif ied RA ION CLIDE me s red without the

COL IMATO

3.2

LINE SOURCE

straig t RA IOA TIVE SOURCE a proximatin a δ-f un tion in two dimen ion an b in con tant

MUL IP E WIN OW S ATIAL REGIS RATION

me s red p sition of a source as a fu ction of the ENER Y WINDOW setin

3.2

NOR ALIZ D VOLUME S NSITIVITY

VOLUME S NSITIVITY divided by the A IAL FIELD OF VIEW of the tomogra h or the phantom len th,

p

= 0 (se Fig re 1)

3.31

PARALL L HOL COL IMATOR

COL IMATO with a n mb r of a ertures, the axes of whic are p ral el

PIL UP E F CT

false me s rement of the pulse ampl tu e, d e to the a sorption of two or more gamma ray ,

re c in the same radiation detector within the RE OLVING TIME

exten ed o ject is f ormed by movin the DE ECTOR HEA (S) or the o ject in the axial direction

tran formation of a thre -dimen ional o ject into its two-dimen ional image or of a

two-dimen ional o ject into its one-dimen ional image, by integratin the ph sical pro erty whic

determines the image alon the direction of the PR JECTION B AM

Note 1 to e try: This pro e s is math matic ly d s rib d b ln inte rals in th dire tio of PR JECTION a d

determines the smalest p s ible volume in whic the ph sical pro erty whic determines the

image is integrated d rin the me s rement proces

Note 1 to e try: Its s a e is lmite b th S A IAL RE OLU IONin al thre dime sio s

Note 2 to e try: In SPECT th PR JECTION B AM u u ly h s th s a e of a lo g thin div rgin c n

<GAMMA C MERA ratio b twe n the n mb r of s atered photon an the s m of s atered plu

u s atered photon for a given exp rimental set-up

ratio of COU T RAT as me s red on the SINOG AM to the A TIVITY con entration in the phantom

Note 1 to e try: In SPECT th me s re c u ts are n t n meric ly c re te f or s ater b s btra tin th

SCA T R FRACTION

[SOURCE: IEC 616 5-1:2 13, 3.6]

3.4

S ATIAL NON-LINEARITY

deviation of the image of a straig t LINE SOURCE fom a straig t lne

Note 1 to e try: Th S S EM A ISof a GAM A CAMERA with rotatin d te tors is th a is of rotatio

[SOURCE: IEC 616 5-1:2 13, 3.1.2.7, modified – The note to entry has b en c an ed]

SYS EM NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS

NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS of the DE ECTOR HEA with COL IMATOR

3.51

SYS EM S NSITIVITY

<GAMMA C MERA with a sp cified COL IMATOR an ENER Y WIN OW, the ratio of the COU T

RAT of the DE ECTOR HEA to the A TIVITY of a plane source of sp cific dimen ion an

containin a sp cified RA ION CLIDE placed p rp n ic lar to an centred on the COL IMATOR

A IS u der sp cif ied con ition

Note 1 to e try: Se als Fig re 2

Dime sion in mil l imet re

Figure 2 – Cyl ndric l pha tom

3.5

SYS EM S ATIAL RE OLUTION

<GAMMA C MERA SP TIAL RE OLUTION in a s aterin medium f or a sp cif ied COL IMATOR, or a

sp cified RA ION CLIDE, an at a sp cified distan e f om the COL IMATOR FR NT FA E

TOMO RAPHIC VOLUME

ju ta osition of al volume elements whic contribute to the me s red PR JECTIONS f or al

COL IMA O FR N FACE (GAM A CAMERA)

Material p lymeth lmeth crylate

Note 1 to e try: For a rotatin GAM A CAMERA with a circ lar field of view th TO O RA HIC VOLUME is a s h re

pro id d th t th RA IU OF R T TION is larg r th n th ra iu of th f i ld of view For a re ta g lar field of view,

th TO O RA HIC VOLUME is a c ln er

[SOURCE: IEC 616 5-1:2 13, 3.1.2.8, modified – A note to entry has b en ad ed

3.5

TRANSVERS POINT S READ FUN TION

recon tru ted two-dimen ional POINT SPREA FUN TION in a tomogra hic IMAGE PLA E

Note 1 to e try: In TO O RA H , th TRA S ERS POIN S RE D FU CTION c n als b o tain d f rom a LIN SOUR E

lo ate p ralel to th S S EM A IS

[SOURCE: IEC 616 5-1:2 13, 3.3.3]

3.5

TRANSVERS RE OLUTION

SP TIAL RE OLUTION in a recon tru ted plane p rp n ic lar to the SYS EM A IS

Note 1 to e try: Th dime sio s of th VOX L are d termin d b th dime sio s of th c re p n in MA RIX

ELEME T via th a pro riate s ale fa tors a d b th s stems S A IAL RE OLU ION in al thre dime sio s

[SOURCE: IEC 616 5-1:2 13, 3.2.2]

4 Test methods

4.1 Ge eral

Al me s rements s al b p r ormed with the P LS AMPLITU E A ALYS R WIN OW set as

sp cified in Ta le 1 Ad itional me s rements with other set in s as sp cif ied by the

man facturer can b p r ormed Before the me s rements are p r ormed, the tomogra hic

s stem s al b adju ted by the proced re normal y u ed by the man facturer f or an in tal ed

u it an s al not b adju ted sp cial y f or the me s rement of sp cif i p rameters If an test

can ot b car ied out exactly as sp cif ied in the stan ard, the re son for the deviation an the

exact con ition u der whic the test was p rf ormed s al b stated cle rly

Table 1 – RADION CLIDE a d ENER Y WIN OWS

c), th former is n t in lu e a a s ita le RA ION CLID Howe er, it ma b u eful in s me

circ msta c s, e.g for q alty c ntrol

Unles otherwise sp cified, e c

DE ECTOR HEA

in the s stem s al b c aracterized by a f ul

data set

Unles otherwise sp cified, SPECT c aracterization s al b provided f or an ac uisition

coverin the minimal rotation req ired to o tain a complete set of data (e.g 12 ° for a thre

-he ded s stem) If the tomogra h is sp cified to o erate in a non-circ lar orbitin mode

in uen in the p rf orman e p rameters, test res lts f or the non-circ lar orbitin mode s al b

re orted in ad ition

Unles otherwise sp cified, me s rements s al b car ied out at COUNT RAT S not ex e din

2 0 0 cou ts p r secon

4.2 Pla ar ima ing

4.2.1 SYS EM S NSITIVITY

4.2.1.1 Ge eral

SYS EM S NSITIVITY is a p rameter that c aracterizes the ef fectivenes of a s stem to identif y

the radiation emited f om a RA IOA TIVE SOURCE, i.e the rate at whic events are detected in

the presen e of a RA IOA TIVE SOURCE with low A TIVITY where COU T LOS E are negl gible

The me s red COU T RAT f or a given A TIVITY an RA ION CLIDE de en s on man f actors,

in lu in the detector material, its size an thic nes , the size an s a e of the RA IOA TIVE

SOURCE in lu in its a sorption an s ater pro erties, an in trument’s de d time, energ

thres old an COL IMATOR

4.2.1.2 Purp s

The purp se of this me s rement is to determine the detected rate of events p r u it of

A TIVITY f or a stan ard volume source of given dimen ion an a sp cif ied COL IMATOR

within the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW of the GAMMA C MERA an o serves the res ltin COU T

RAT From these values the SYS EM S NSITIVITY is calc lated The test is critical y de en ent

up n ac urate as ay of A TIVITY as me s red in a dose calbrator or wel cou ter It is diff i ult

to maintain an a solute cal bration with s c devices to ac uracies b t er than ±10 % Absolute

referen e stan ard of the a pro riate RA ION CLIDE s ould b con idered if hig er degre s of

ac urac are req ired

4.2.1.4 RADION CLIDE

The RA ION CLIDE u ed for this me s rement s al b a pro riate f or the COL IMATOR energ

sp cification an c osen f om Ta le 1

4.2.1.5

RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

The c l n rical phantom of p lymeth lmethacrylate as sp cif ied in Fig re 2 s al b u ed The

source c vet e s own in Fig re 3 s al b fi ed with the a pro riate RA ION CLIDE an s al b

placed in the c ln rical hole with the dimen ion s own in Fig re 2; the remain er of the hole

s al then b fi ed by the c ln rical in ert, the dimen ion of whic are also s own in Fig re 2

The phantom, in lu in the source, s al then b placed on the COL IMATOR FR NT FA E

(distan e d = 0) an centred on the COL IMATOR A IS

Dime sion in mil l imet re

Figure 3 – Cu et e

NOT Me s reme ts of S S EM S N ITIVIT with ut s ater, u in th s urc c v te of Fig re 3 pla e at a

dista c of 0 cm f rom th C L IMA O FR N FACE, ma b c rie o t in a ditio to this te t

4.2.1.6 Data col e tion

With an ENER Y WIN OW setin as sp cif ied in Ta le 1, at le st 2 0 0 0 cou ts s al b

ac uired an the data ac uisition time recorded to calc late the

2/1

ac q

2/1

T

TT

T

TA

Ss

SP TIAL RE OLUTION determines the a i ty of an imagin s stem to re rod ce the sp tial

distribution of a RA IONU LIDE in an o ject The me s rement is p r ormed by imagin LINE

SOURCE in air without COL IMATOR (INTRINSIC SP TIAL RE OLUTION) an with COL IMATOR u in

s at erin material (SYS EM SP TIAL RE OLUTION), resp ctively The me s rement of SYS EM

SP TIAL RE OLUTION in lu in s at er is more re resentative of the clnical situation when

me s rin a p tient, where s the INTRINSIC SP TIAL RE OLUTION c aracterizes the DE ECTOR

HEA p rf orman e without the COL IMATOR

4.2.2.2 Purpos

The purp se of this me s rement is to des rib the a i ty of the camera to c aracterize smal

o jects

4.2.2.3 Method

For al s stems, the SP TIAL RE OLUTION s al b me s red in IMAGE PLA E p ral el to the

COL IMATO FR NT FA E by c aracterizin the width of the LINE SPREA FU CTIONS u in LINE

SOURCE The width of the LINE SPREA FU CTION is me s red by the FUL WIDTH AT H LF

MA IMUM (FWHM) an the EQUIV LENT WIDTH (EW) In order to ac urately me s re the width of

the LINE SPREA FU CTION, its FWHM s al sp n at le st ten PIXELS in the test image Some

GAMMA C MERAS, f or example GAMMA C MERAS with detectors comp sed of multiple cry tals,

may not b a le to ac ieve ten PIXELS in the FWHM in the test image In this case the matrix

u ed f or the test s al b sp cified an pro er interp lation s al b u ed an stated

4.2.2.4 RADION CLIDE

For the me s rement of SYS EM SP TIAL RE OLUTION the RA ION CLIDE for the me s rement

s al b c osen f om Ta le 1 ac ordin to the COL I

MATOR u ed For the me s rement of

INTRINSIC SP TIAL RE OLUTION the RA ION CLIDE s al b

9 m

Tc

4.2.2.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

For the me s rement of SYS EM SP TIAL RE OLUTION, a LINE SOURCE s al b pre ared by

placin a solution containin the selected RA ION CLIDE in a tub with an in er diameter of

1 mm an len th at le st eq al to the lon er detector axis

For the me s rement of INTRINSIC SP TIAL RE OLUTION, a multiple sl t tran mis ion phantom

s al b u ed as s own in Fig re 4

Dime sion in mil l imet re

NOT 1 Slt width 1,0 mm ± 0,0 mm

NOT 2 Slt straig tn s ± 0,0 mm o er a y 3 mm le gth

NOT 3 Slt c ntre s p ratio 3 ,0 mm ± 0,0 mm

Figure 4 – Sl t pha tom

This phantom covers the entire DE ECTO FIELD OF VIEW an s al b placed at the centre of the

detector f ace (COL IMATOR removed) A POINT SOURCE s al b p sitioned in font of the centre

of the detector at a distan e of at le st five times the maximum l ne r dimen ion of the

D = A ppro riate siz e a d s a e for difere t

c mera field of v iew a d larg r th n

D T CTO FIELD OF V IEW

L a s ield pre e ts u c ntrole s ater.

Fig re 5 – Sourc ar a geme t for intrin ic me s reme ts

4.2.2.6 Data col e tion

4.2.2.6.1 SYS EM S ATIAL RE OLUTION (with s at er)

The GAMMA C MERA s al b eq ip ed with the COL IMATOR u der stu y The LINE SOURCE s al

b placed with its axis p rp n ic lar to the COL IMATOR A IS an alg ed p ral el to one of the

X- or Y-axes at the de th of me s rement in water or water eq ivalent material coverin the

whole field of view The air ga b twe n the COL IMATOR FRONT FA E an the s r ace of the

s at erin medium s al b les than 5 mm The de th of the s aterin medium alon the

COL IMATO A IS s al b 2 0 mm in total The me s rement s al b car ied out in thre

p ral el planes with the centre of the source at 5 mm, 10 mm an 15 mm fom the

COL IMATO FR NT FA E The me s rement s al b re e ted with the source al g ed p ral el

to the other electronic axis Data s al b ac uired with a PIXEL size eq al to or les than 10 %

of the FWHM at the de th of me s rement At le st 10 0 0 cou ts s al b col ected in the

p ak p int of e c LINE SPREA FUN TION

4.2.2.6.2 INTRINSIC S ATIAL RE OLUTION

The slt tran mis ion phantom s al b placed on the GAMMA C ME

RA, with the

COL IMATOR

removed Two sets of data s al b o tained The orientation of the sl t tran mis ion phantom

s al b adju ted u ti its sl t axis is al g ed p ral el to the X- or Y-axis, resp ctively At le st

1 0 0 cou ts s al b colected in the p ak p int of e c LINE SPREA FU CTION

4.2.2.7 Data proc s ing

4.2.2.7.1 Data proc s ing for SYS EM S ATIAL RE OLUTION

The SYS EM SP TIAL RE OLUTION profi es of width 3 mm ± 5 mm s al b o tained at rig t

an les to the LINE SOURCE The lateral exten ion of profies s al b to a p int where the

me s red q antity is 5 % of the maximum value, or up to the ed e of the DE ECTOR FIELD OF

VIEW, whic ever lateral exten ion is the smal er The prof iles s al a ut e c other

4.2.2.7.2 Data proc s in f or INTRINSIC S ATIAL RE OLUTION

For the INTRINSIC SP TIAL RE OLUTION profies of width 3 mm ± 5 mm s al b o tained at rig t

an les to the direction of the sl t The profi es s al a ut e c other

4.2.2.8 Data a aly is

4.2.2.8.1 Ge eral

F

UL WIDTH AT H LF MA IMUM

(FWHM) s al b determined by l ne r interp lation b twe n

adjacent PIXELS at half the maximum PIXEL value, whic is the p ak of the resp n e f un tion

(se Fig re 6) Values s al b con erted to mi imetre u its by multipl cation with the

a pro riate PIXEL size

A a d B are th p ints wh re th interp late c rv c ts th ln of h lf ma imum v lu

FWH M = X

B– X

A

Figure 6 – Calc lation of FWHM

EQUIV LENT WIDTH (EW) s al b me s red f rom the cor esp n in resp n e f un tion EW is

calc lated f rom the f ormula (se Fig re 7)

∑

×

=

iiPWC

EW

mC

NOT E W is giv n b th width of th re ta gle h vin th are of th LIN S RE D FU CTION a d its ma imum

v lu C

m

m)

i

Th are s s a e diff ere tly are e u l

Figure 7 – Ev luation of e uiv le t width (EW)

4.2.2.8.2 SYS EM S ATIAL RE OLUTION

From the me s red LINE SPREA FU CTIONS (4.2.2.6.1) the folowin data s al b o tained:

a) the calc lated MOD LATION TRA S ER FU CTION (MTF), presented as a set of gra h with

lne r s al n , for the most central prof ile;

b) the FWHM, FUL WIDTH AT T NTH MA IMUM (FWTM) an EQUIV LENT WIDTH (EW) for e c

LINE SPREA FUN TION me s red Then, for e c source-to-COL IMATOR distan e the

in ices calc lated s al b averaged se arately in the x- or in the y-direction,

resp ctively Final y, the x- an y-in ices s al b averaged to yield the SP TIAL

i+1

X

4.2.2.8.3 INTRINSIC S ATIAL RE OLUTION

From the me s red LINE SPREA FU CTIONS (4.2.2.6.2) the FWHM an EW s al b calc lated

as des rib d in 4.2.2.8.1

4.2.2.9 Report

For e c COL IMATOR the SYS EM SP TIAL RE OLUTION in lu in s ater expres ed as FWHM,

FWTM, an EW s al b re orted as a f un tion of source-to-COL IMATOR distan e ac ordin to

4.2.2.6.1 In ad ition, gra h of the matc in MOD LATION TRA S ER FUN TIONS s al b given

For al s stems, the SP TIAL NON-LINEARITY s al b me s red in an IMAGE PLA E p ral el to the

detector font f ace by me s rin the deviation f om a straig t l ne of the lnes in the image of

4.2.3.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

For the me s rement of SP TIAL NON-LINEARITY, a multiple sl t tran mis ion phantom s al b

u ed as s own in Fig re 4 This phantom covers the entire DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW an s al

b placed at the centre of the detector face (COL IMATOR removed) A POINT SOURCE s al b

p sitioned in f ront of the centre of the detector at a distan e of at le st f i e times the maximum

From e c of the two sets of data, profi es s al b o tained f om slces at rig t an les to the

sl t axis exten in not more than 3 mm in the direction of the slt axis The sl ces s al a ut

e c other

4.2.3.8 Data a aly is

4.2.3.8.1 Dif f ere tial non-l ne rity

The location of e c p ak in e c prof ile s al b determined ac ordin to Fig re 6

(p sition E) In e c prof ile the distan es b twe n adjacent p ak location s al b fou d The

diff erential non-l ne rity for the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW s al b determined as the stan ard

deviation of al me s red distan es o tained fom the two data sets (X an Y oriented)

4.2.3.8.2 A bsolute non-l n arity

Absolute non-lne rity s al b determined by le st s uares f itin to eq aly sp ced p ral el

l nes f or e c of the two data sets se arately (X an Y oriented) Absolute non-lne rity s al b

determined as the largest value of the X or Y displacement in mm b twe n o served an f it ed

l nes over the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW

4.2.3.9 Report

The diff erential non-l ne rity f or the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW s al b re orted ac ordin to

4.2.3.8.1 for X an Y

Absolute non-l ne rity s al b re orted ac ordin to 4.2.3.8.2 for X an Y

4.2.4 NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS

4.2.4.1 Ge eral

Uniformity des rib s the a i ty of an imagin s stem to re rod ce the o ject with a local

sen itivity whic is con tant al over the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW

The me s rement is p r ormed by imagin a u iform f l x in ident to the GAMMA C MERA in air

without COL IMATO (INTRINSIC NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS ) an with COL IMATOR u in

s at erin material (SYS EM NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS ), resp ctively The me s rement of

SYS EM NON-UNIFOR ITY OF RE PONS in lu in s ater is more re resentative of the clnical

situation when me s rin a p tient, where s the INTRINSIC NON-UNIFO MITY OF RE PONS

c aracterizes the DE ECTOR HEA p rorman e without the COL IMATOR an the in uen e of

s at er

4.2.4.2 Purp s

The purp se of this me s rement is to c aracterize the a i ty of the camera to re rod ce a

u iform input sig al without ran om local c an es in cou t den ity

4.2.4.3 Method

This is done by c aracterizin the u if ormity of the image of a u if orm photon flu by sp cifyin

dif ferential non-u iformity, integral non-u iformity, an non-u if ormity distribution The test

re orts the maximum deviation fom the average cou t den ity, local y (diff erential non

-u iformity) an over the entire DE ECTO FIELD OF VIEW (integral non-u if ormity) Ad itional y a

thre -clas histogram of PIXEL deviation (non-u if ormity distribution) is sp cified

c osen f rom Ta le 1 ac ordin to the COL IMATOR u ed For the me s rement of INTRINSIC

NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS the RA ION CLIDE s al b

9 m

Tc

NOT In a ditio oth r th n th n cld s lste c n b u e

4.2.4.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

4.2.4.5.1 Me s reme t of INTRINSIC NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS

A source holder an source s al b p sitioned as s own in Fig re 5

4.2.4.5.2 Me s reme t of SYS EM NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS

The me s rement s al b p r ormed u in a P RAL EL HOLE COL IMATO a pro riate to the

RA ION CLIDE u ed The source con g ration s own in Fig re 8, with a RA ION CLIDE selected

f om Ta le 1, s al b placed as close as p s ible to the COL IMATOR FRONT FA E

Dime sion in mil l imet re

Fig re 8 – Unif orm sourc

4.2.4.6 Data col e tion

4.2.4.6.1 Me s reme t of INTRINSIC NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS

Region outside the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW s al b s ielded with le d The PIXELS s al b

s uare The PIXEL size s al b eq al to or les than twice the INTRINSIC SP TIAL RE OLUTION

me s red in terms of FWHM, an stated The me n n mb r of cou ts p r PIXEL s al b

10 0 0 ± 10 % The COU T RAT s al not ex e d 4 0 0 cou ts p r secon

4.2.4.6.2 Me s reme t of SYS EM NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS

The photon f l x re c in the COL IMATOR FR NT FA E s al b u if orm within ± 1 %, me s red

over are s of 1 cm

2

The PIXELS s al b s uare The PIXEL size s al b eq al to or les than the SYS EM SP TIAL

RE OLUTION me s red in terms of FWHM at 5 mm f om the COL IMATOR FRONT FA E an

stated The me n n mb r of cou ts p r PIXEL s al b gre ter than 10 0 0 ± 10 %

NOT For a low e erg P RAL EL HOLE C L IMA O th c u t d n ity s e if i d c re p n s to a pro imately

2 0 0 c u ts/cm

2

or b ter

4.2.4.7 Data proc s ing

Bef ore evaluation of the me s rements des rib d in 4.2.4.6.1 an 4.2.4.6.2, the me n n mb r

of cou ts p r PIXEL s al b determined in a s uare are with side dimen ion eq al to 7 % of

the s ortest dimen ion of the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW Then, PIXELS s al b selected for

in lu ion in the analy is as f olows:

First, al PIXELS at the ed e that contain les than 7 % of the me n n mb r of cou ts s al b

set to zero

Secon , PIXELS that have one of the f our directly a ut ed neig b urs containin zero cou t

s al b ex lu ed fom the analy is an also set to zero The remainin data (i.e non-zero

PIXELS) o tained f om the image of the u iform flu s al b smo thed on e by con olution with

a nine-p int f ilter fu ction of the f olowin weig ts:

121

242

121

In those cases where a PIXEL with zero cou t was in lu ed in the smo thin o eration, the

normalzation co f ficient s al b adju ted ac ordin ly

4.2.4.8 Data a aly is

4.2.4.8.1 Non-unif ormity distribution

The distribution of non-u if ormity over the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW s al b evaluated in the

folowin way:

a) The n mb r of PIXELS f or whic the n mb r of cou ts deviates by 10 % or more f rom the

me n n mb r of cou ts p r PIXEL s al b determined an expres ed as a p rcentage of

the total n mb r of non-zero PIXELS;

b) The n mb r of PIXELS f or whic the n mb r of cou ts deviates by 5 % or more, but les

than 10 %, f rom the me n n mb r of cou ts p r PIXEL s al b determined an expres ed

as a p rcentage of the total n mb r of non-zero PIXELS;

c) The n mb r of PIXELS for whic the n mb r of cou ts deviates by 2,5 % or more, but les

than 5 %, f rom the me n n mb r of cou ts p r PIXEL s al b determined an expres ed as

a p rcentage of the total n mb r of non-zero PIXELS

4.2.4.8.2 Inte ral non-u if ormity

The maximum an minimum value of al non-zero PIXELS

s al b determined From these data

the integral non-u iformity s al b calc lated u in the f olowin eq ation:

4.2.4.8.3 Dif f ere tial non-unif ormity

The image of the u iform flu s al b tre ted as in ivid al rows an column (lnes) Eac

horizontal lne (X direction) s al b proces ed by startin at one en , examinin a set of f i e

PIXELS in lu in the first PIXEL, an notin the PIXELS with the maximum an minimum cou ts

The diff erential non-u if ormity s al b calc lated u in the f ol owin eq ation:

nonal

The set is moved f orward one PIXEL an those f i e PIXELS are examined, an the dif ferential

non-u if ormity is calc lated This proces is contin ed u ti the outermost PIXEL is in lu ed

Then al other horizontal l nes are proces ed in the same way an the dif ferential non

-u if ormity is expres ed as the maximum a solute value

This proces is re e ted for al vertical l nes (Y direction) in e en ently Then the averages of

b th X an Y values are re orted

4.2.4.9 Report

For e c COL IMATOR, the SYS EM NON-U IFOR ITY OF RE PONS s al b re orted in terms of

non-u if ormity distribution (4.2.4.8.1), integral non-u if ormity (4.2.4.8.2), an dif ferential non

The INTRINSIC ENER Y RE OLUTION is me s red to c aracterize the a i ty of a GAMMA C MERA to

se arate photon with dif ferent energies

4.2.5.3 Method

Me s re an energ sp ctrum in low s at er config ration u in a u if orm ir adiation of the

DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW to yield an average energ resolution

4.2.5.4 RADION CLIDE

The source s al b

9 m

Tc

4.2.5.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

A source holder an a source s al b p sitioned as in Fig re 5 The COU T RAT s al not

The INTRINSIC ENER Y RE OLUTION s al b the FWHM of the f ul energ a sorption p ak

expres ed as a p rcentage of this energ

4.2.5.9 Report

The INTRINSIC ENER Y RE OLUTION s al b re orted

4.2.6 Intrinsic MUL IP E WIN OW S ATIAL REGIS RATION

4.2.6.1 Ge eral

MULTIPLE WINDOW SP TIAL REGIS RATION is a me s re of the a i ty of a GAMMA CAMERA to

ac urately p sition photon of diff erent energies when imaged throu h diff erent photo e k

ENER Y WIN OWS

4.2.6.2 Purpos

The purp se of the test is to determine the energ de en en e of the source localzation in the

image whic may res lt in an energ de en ent sp tial s al n

Ga photo e k s al b set as sp cified in

Ta le 1 The COU T RAT s al not ex e d 10 0 0 cou ts p r secon throu h e c photo e k

ENER Y WIN OW

4.2.6.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

A le d-l ned source holder s al col mate the

Ga source in ide a source holder To minimize p netration throu h the side

wal s the source heig t s ould b 5 mm

Dime sion in mil l imet re

NOT 1 Drawin n t to s ale

4.2.6.6 Data col e tion

Images s al b ac uired u in the a ove des rib d col mated

6

Ga source (se Fig re 9),

p sitioned at nine sp cif i p ints on the s rf ace of the detector without COL IMATOR These

nine p ints s al b the central p int, four p ints on the X-axis an four p ints on the Y-axis

The of f-centre p ints s al b located 0,4 times an 0,8 times the distan e f rom the central

p int to the ed e of the FOV of the camera alon the resp ctive axes Se arate images of the

photo e k at e c of these source location The images s al b ac uired with a PIXEL size

of not more than 2,5 mm For cameras with two ENER Y WIN OWS, two images s al b

ac uired at e c p int, one u in the 9 keV photo e k an the secon u in the 3 0 keV

photo e k For cameras with thre or more ENER Y WIN OWS, the 18 keV photo e k s al

also b imaged At le st 1 0 0 cou ts s al b ac uired in the p ak PIXEL of e c photo e k

image

4.2.6.7 Data proc s ing

The displacement of the cou t centroid f om e c other in the X an Y direction s al b

determined f or e c me s rement p int's photo e k images A s uare region of interest (ROI)

centred on the maximum cou t PIXEL as ociated with e c photo e k image s al b u ed to

analy e the in ivid al photo e k images

The PIXEL dimen ion of the s uare ROI s al b a proximately f our times the exp cted FWHM

of the image cou t prof ile to b analy ed Eac image s al b integrated in the Y direction to

determine the X cou t prof ile an integrated in the X direction to determine the Y cou t prof ile

The centroid of cou ts in the X an Y direction s al b determined for e c image f om that

direction's cou t prof ile by the method des rib d b low

4.2.6.8 Data a aly is

The maximum diff eren e in p sition of the centroid of cou ts ac uired fom e c photo e k

s al b determined The largest PIXEL displacement s al then b con erted to mi imetres

The centroid of cou ts in the X an Y direction f or the cou t profies in e c photo e k s al b

determined as folows Fin the maximum cou t PIXE

L in the integrated X or Y profie an

calc late the centroid of cou ts u in the folowin f ormula:

×

=n

i

n

iii

ij

CC

XL

/(

(6)

where

jL

is the calc lated centroid location f or energ win ow where j can eq al 1,2 or 3;

iX

is the X or Y cou t profi e pixel at the i

is the s m over the profi e pixels centred on the maximum cou t profi e pixel The exact

n mb r of pixels wi de en on the FWHM of the cou t profi e an the pixel size The

minimum n mb r of pixels in this s m s al in lu e b th the lef t an rig t half maximum

j

i = 1, 2 or 3;

j = 1, 2 or 3

The maximum displacement is simply the largest D

ij

4.2.6.9 Report

The MULTIPLE WIN OW SP TIAL REGIS RATION s al b re orted as the maximum diff eren e in

sp tial p sition for diff erent ENER Y WIN OWS in either the X or Y direction of the photo e k

cou t centroid f or the nine p ints me s red The values s al b re orted in mi imetres

4.2.7 COU T RATE perf orma c

4.2.7.1 Ge eral

COUNT RAT p rf orman e de en s in a complex man er on the sp tial distribution of A TIVITY

an s aterin materials, whic theref ore s ould simulate clnical imagin situation Therefore

the tests are con u ted with COL IMATOR an s aterin material

COUNT RAT p r orman e in lu es:

a) the relation hip b twe n registered COU T RAT an A TIVITY, i.e the COU T RAT

C ARA T RIS IC;

The COU T RAT C ARA T RIS IC des rib s the con tan y of the GAMMA C MERA sen itivity

at dif ferent A TIVITY levels an is hig ly de en ent on the set-up of the me s rement

con ition

b) a c ec f or ad res er ors cau ed by A DRE S PILE U

The A DRE S PILE U res lts in sp tial distortion in the image an is hig ly de en ent on

the set-up of the me s rement con ition

4.2.7.2 Purp s

The proced re des rib d here is desig ed to evaluate deviation fom the lne r relation hip

b twe n COU T RAT an A TIVITY, cau ed by COU T LOS E , an the evaluation of image

distortion at hig COU T RAT

S, esp cialy those le din to sp tial y misplaced events by

A DRE S PILE U

4.2.7.3 Method

Me s rements of the COU T RAT are p rf ormed at variou A TIVITY levels The variation of

A TIVITY is normaly ac ieved by radio ctive decay No cor ection is made f or COU T LOS E

an s at er Eac me s red cou t s al b taken into ac ou t only on e

4.2.7.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

A c l n rical phantom as des rib d in 4.2.1.5 an Fig re 2 s al b u ed The air ga d

b twe n the s rf ace of the phantom an the COL IMATOR FRONT FA E s al not b more than

is to b me s red by ac uirin a series of images over time (e.g fames) The variation of

A TIVITY is ac ompl s ed by radio ctive decay with me s rements contin in over

a proximately 10 RA IOA TIVE H LF-LIVE The time p r f ame s al b les than one-half of the

RA IOA TIVE H LF-LIF with the ex e tion of the last thre f rames, whic can b lon er The

initial amou t of A TIVITY s al b c osen so that COU T RAT saturation is ex e ded, an the

last f rame s al b ac uired with a COU T LOS of les than 1 %

A b c grou d ac uisition s al b p rf ormed

4.2.7.7 Data proc s ing

The total cou ts ac uired in e c image s al b proces ed Bac grou d cor ection s al b

p rf ormed f or al f rames

The average of the decayin A TIVITY, A

2/1

ac q,

2/1

0,

c al

ac q,

2/1

c al

av e,

TT

T

TT

TT

AA

i

i

ii

From the a ove me s rements, plot the COUNT RAT C ARA T RIS IC (i.e me s red COU T

RAT vers s A TIVITY)

The con ersion factor b twe n A TIVITY an COU T RAT without COUNT LOS s al b

determined f rom e c of the thre f ames with lowest A TIVITY an averaged Care s al b

taken to ac uire enou h cou ts in these f rames to en ure a statistical precision of 1 % or

f om the gra h an stated

To c ec f or ad res er ors cau ed by A DRE S PILE U , prof iles s al b drawn in the X- an

Y-direction over the centre of the image of the source f or selected images: one p ir of profies

at a me s red COU T RAT of a proximately 5 0 0 cou ts p r secon , one p ir at a me s red

COU T RAT

of a proximately 2 0 0 cou ts p r secon , an one p ir at the maximum

me s red COU T RAT

4.2.7.9 Report

The A TIVITY s al b sp cified as the total amou t of A TIVITY within the phantom

Re ort the gra h s owin the COU T RAT C ARA T RIS IC an the A TIVITY level at 2 %

COU T LOS

Re ort the prof iles in the X- an Y-direction over the centre of the source: one p ir of prof iles

at a me s red COU T RAT of a proximately 5 0 0 cou ts p r secon , one p ir at a me s red

COU T RAT of a proximately 2 0 0 cou ts p r secon an one p ir at the maximum

me s red COU T RAT

The complete s rf ace of the DE ECTOR SHIELD an the joints s al b swe t with a col mated

source se rc in f or the maximum le kage

The RA ION CLIDE is selected fom Ta le 1 ac ordin to the COL IMATOR u der stu y

4.2.8.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

A smal col mated source, as i u trated in Fig re 9, with d not larger than 2 mm an t not les

than 10 mm, total y f iled with the RA ION CLIDE

4.2.8.6 Data col e tion

The source s al b placed in contact with the external s rf ace of the DE ECTOR SHIELD an the

joints The entire s rf ace of the DE ECTOR SHIELD s al b swe t an the COUNT RAT S

The maximum le kage COU T RAT S at the re r an the side of the DE ECTOR SHIELD s al b

recorded Also the maximum le kage COU T RAT at joints in the s ield s al b recorded

4.2.8.8 Data a aly is

Expres the ratios of the thre maximum le kage COU T RAT S as a p rcentage of the

ref eren e COU T RAT

4.2.8.9 Report

The thre maximum le kage ratios s al b re orted

The RA ION CLIDE an the COL IMATOR u ed s al b stated

4.3 Wholeb dy ima ing

4.3.1 Sc nning consta c

4.3.1.1 Ge eral

For whole od image cre tion with a PLA AR WHOLE OD IMAGING EQUIPMENT the sp ed of the

relative movement of the GAMMA C MERA an the o ject s al b con tant

4.3.1.2 Purpos

The purp se of this me s rement is to test the con tan y of GAMMA C MERA motion in the

s an in direction

4.3.1.3 Method

With a RA IOA TIVE SOURCE atac ed to the DE ECTOR HEA of a GAMMA C MERA, the whole od

image cre tion proces wi prod ce in the final image a con tant n mb r of cou ts p r u it of

axial distan e provided that the s an in sp ed is con tant

4.3.1.4 RADION CLIDE

The RA ION CLIDE to b employed f or this me s rement s al b

9 m

Tc

4.3.1.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

A smal source s al b atac ed to the COL IMATO at the centre of the DE ECTO FIELD OF

VIEW The A TIVITY of the source s al b adju ted to yield a COU T RAT of a proximately

10 0 0 cou ts p r secon , throu h a 2 % P LS AMPLITU E A ALYS R WINDOW, in the

DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIE

W

4.3.1.6 Data col e tion

The s an sp ed an the ac uisition matrix s al b in the ran e recommen ed f or clnical u e

Two s an s al b p rf ormed alon the f ul s an in len th L (Fig re 10) as sp cif ied by the

MA UFA TURER u in diff erent sp ed The image of the source s al b recorded

Dime sion in mil l imet re

a) S urc p sitio f or re olutio me surement

paralel to the dire tio of motio

b) S urc p sitio f or re olutio me surement

perpen icular to the dire tio of motio

Key

L ful wh le o y s a nin le gth (a s e if i d b th ma ufa turer

Fig re 10 – Sourc positions f or s a ning consta c f or wholebody ima in

4.3.1.7 Data proc s ing

A prof ile throu h the image of the source in the direction of the motion is drawn This profie

s al have a width b twe n 2 mm an 3 mm in the direction p rp n ic lar to the direction of

motion, an s al contain at le st 10 0 0 cou ts p r profie bin

4.3.1.8 Data a aly is

The analy is s al b p rormed over L, ex lu in 2 mm at the en s of the prof ile F r this

region of analy is the me n value M of the cou ts p r profi e bin s al b calc lated For e c

bin the p rcent deviation f rom M is determined an the maximum p rcent deviation fom M

An deviation gre ter than ± 4 stan ard deviation of M (as umin Pois on statistic ) is

in icative of non-u if orm s an in motion The location of s c deviation an their values

s al b noted

4.3.1.9 Report

Re ort s al in lu e a gra h of the p rcent deviation f rom the me n value of cou ts an the

maximum p rcent deviation f om this me n The deviation gre ter than ± 4 stan ard

SP TIAL RE OLUTION determines the a i ty of an imagin s stem to re rod ce the sp tial

distribution of a RA IONU LIDE in an o ject The me s rement is p r ormed by imagin LINE

SOURCE in air with COL IMATOR It is as umed that the motion as ociated with the whole od

s an wi not aff ect the SP TIAL RE OLUTION in the f i al image

4.3.2.2 Purp s

The purp se of this test is to valdate the con isten y of SP TIAL RE OLUTION in whole od

s an

4.3.2.3 Method

SP TIAL RE OLUTION without s ater s al b me s red p ral el an p rp n ic lar to the

direction of motion, an expres ed as FUL WIDTH AT H LF MA IMUM (FWHM) of the LINE SPREA

4.3.2.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

The sources s al con ist of ca i ary tub s, e c havin an in ide diameter of les than or

eq al to 1 mm an a len th of at le st 12 mm

The activity of the sources s al b a proximately eq al an s al b adju ted to yield a COU T

RAT b twe n 3 0 0 an 10 0 0 cou ts p r secon , u in an P LS AMPLITUDE A ALYS R

WIN OW set ac ordin to Ta le 1, with b th ca i ary tub s in the DE ECTOR FIELD OF VIEW

The sources s al b placed on the whole od s an in ta le on a f lat s p ort with low

aten ation

For the me s rement of resolution p ralel to the direction of motion, b th ca i ary tub s s al

b placed in the centre of the s an ed f ield of view, p rp n ic lar to the direction of motion;

the secon source s al b placed p ral el to the f irst one at a k own distan e of at le st

10 mm as s own in Fig re 10

For the me s rement of resolution p rp n ic lar to the direction of motion, b th ca i ary tub s

s al b placed in the s an ed field of view, p ral el to the direction of motion; the secon

source s al b placed p ral el to the first one at a k own distan e of at le st 10 mm as

s own in Fig re 10

NOT It ma b p s ible to p sitio f our s urc s simulta e u ly in th D T CTO FIELD OF VIEW of th GAM A

CAMERA a d to c mbin th twome s reme ts into o e s a

4.3.2.6 Data col e tion

The s an sp ed s al b in the ran e recommen ed f or cl nical u e Scan s al b p rf ormed

b th a ove an b low the ta le for the two source p sition des rib d in 4.2.2.5 The camera

s al b p sitioned at a distan e of 10 mm f rom the sources to the COL IMATOR FR NT FA E

The PIXEL size s al b no larger than 2 % of the FWHM of the SP TIAL RE OLUTION with the

COL IMATO b in u ed The s an ran e s al b at le st thre times the axial len th of the

detector an s al cover al sources

4.3.2.7 Data proc s ing

Prof iles of width 3 mm ± 5 mm s al b o tained at rig t an les to the direction of e c LINE

SOURCE The profi es s al a ut e c other

The FWHM s al b calc lated f or e c profie u in a Gau sian fit method Ad itional y, for

e c LINE SOURCE the cor esp n in p ak p sition s al b calc lated f rom the profi e

For b th p irs of LINE SOURCE an e c detector he d the PIXEL size s al b determined fom

the k own LINE SOURCE sp cin an the cor esp n in p ak p sition

4.3.2.8 Data a aly is

The values of the FWHM s al b averaged se arately f or the tub s p ralel an p rp n ic lar

to the direction of motion, for the me s rement a ove an b low the ta le The values s al b

stated in mi imetres

4.3.2.9 Report

The FWHM values s al b re orted se arately f or the me s rements a ove an b low the

ta le an in the direction p ralel an p rp n ic lar to the direction of motion The

COL IMATO an s an sp ed u ed in p r ormin the me s rements s al b re orted

4.4 Tomographic ima ing (SPECT)

4.4.1 Te t of PROJECTION geometry

4.4.1.1 Ge eral

The recon tru tion of SPECT data sets req ires a precise k owled e of the ge metry of the

PR JECTIONS In p rtic lar al lnes of esp n e mu t b p rp n ic lar to the axis of rotation

The four key f actors that influen e the con isten y of the ge metry of ac uired PROJECTIONS

are the cor ectnes of CENTRE OF R TATION, the DE ECTO HEA TILT, COL IMATOR hole

al g ment, an multiple-he d co- egistration

An er or f re recon tru tion req ires the k owled e of the p sition of the PR JECTION of the

COR into the co rdinate s stem X

p, Y

p

f or e c PR JECTION (i.e f or e c PR JECTION A GLE)

of that sl ce For a circ lar rotation of the detector an for an ide l s stem, the PR JECTION of a

POINT SOURCE at the COR wi b at the same p sition X'

If al holes of a P RAL EL HOLE COL IMATOR are p ralel, the OF S T is con tant for al source

p sition within the me s rin volume, as umin lne rity of the p sitionin electronic

Ad itionaly for multiple-he d s stems al detectors mu t b matc ed to image the same

volume, for example have the same PIXEL size, OF S T, an co rdinates in the z-direction

Esp cial y the OF S T of the in ivid al DE ECTOR HEA S ne d to b al g ed to e c other

4.4.1.2 Purp s

To as ure the con isten y of the ge metry of ac uired PR JECTIONS

4.4.1.3 Method

The tests s al b p rormed f or al COL IMATO s For multiple-he d s stems al an ular

DE ECTOR HEA con g ration an al COL IMATOR combination s al b tested

4.4.1.5 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE distribution

4.4.1.5.1 CENTRE OF R TATION (COR) a d DE ECTOR HEAD TIL

Thre POINT SOURCE location are req ired The sources s al b p sitioned radial y at le st

5 cm fom the SYS EM A IS The axial location (Z) s al b at the centre of the DE ECTOR FIELD

OF VIEW an the other two, ± 1/3 of the A IAL FIELD OF VIEW f rom the centre If more than one

POINT SOURCE is u ed at the same time, as ure that the location of e c source is selected in

s c a way that the centroid of its

PROJECTI

ON can b evaluated in e en ently

4.4.1.5.2 COL IMATOR HOL MISALIGNMENT

A POINT SOURCE s al b placed seq ential y at al intersection of an orthogonal grid, lyin in

the X, Z plane, coverin the f ield of view The distan e of the grid l nes s al b 10 cm a art

4.4.1.6 Data col e tion

For e c DE ECTOR HEA a minimum of 3 PROJECTIONS eq aly sp ced over 3 0° are ac uired

an displayed as a SINOGRAM The RA IUS OF R TATION s al b set to 2 cm or hig er

At le st 10 0 0 cou ts p r view s al b ac uired The PIXEL size s al b les than 4 mm

4.4.1.7 Data proc s ing

4.4.1.7.1 CENTRE OF R TATION (COR)

For the calc lation of the centroid X

p(θ) of the source in the X

p

direction, 5 mm wide strips in

the Ydirection centred arou d the Y

p

p sition of e c source s al b u ed This s al b done

for e c PR JECTION A GLE θ

NOT If th re is a D T CTO H A TILT th p sitio of th ima e of th POIN SOUR E wi mo e n t o ly in th X

p

dire tio , b t als in th Y

pdire tio To d termin th X

p

mo eme t n t in u n e b th Y

p

mo eme t (or a

re s n ble amo nt of h a tit), th c ntroid is c lc late u in th 5 mm wid strip Th s b cript p ref ers to th

proje tio s a e (s e Fig re 1

4.4.1.7.2 DE ECTOR HEAD TIL

The DE ECTOR HEA TILT is determined by calc latin the centroid Y

p(θ) of the image of one